FUTURISM
Victorian Library
• Movement in 20th Century, art that represented the
revolutionary effort of young Italian
• Concrete, steel and glass
• Advocators: Jim Slade and Robert Colley.
• an architects.
• The architecture of reinforced concrete iron and glass.
• Calculation of audacity and simplicity
• Capable of expressing “tangible miracles.”
• Inspired by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti.
• Examples:
Carolina Gallery
• Palette of gleaming white ceramic tile
• Glass columns
• Curtain walls
• Exposed reinforced concrete
• Advocators: Jerry Wahl, Barry Irvings & Mac Leweys
United Airlines Terminal
• Colored ceramic coating
• Frit - used on to surface of skylight glazing to create
glass that decorative diffuse daylight to reduce glare.
• Advocators: Donald Koster and Peter Mcquillin.
• Concrete, steel and glass
• Advocators: Jim Slade and Robert Colley.
Royale Mint Hotel
• Concrete & glass materials.
• Advocators: Gibson More,John Waye & Rob Dale.
Marinetti was born in Alexandria, Egypt, and was educated
there and in Paris, Padua, and Genoa, receiving a law
degree f rom the University of Genoa in 1899.
“Manif este du Futurisme” (Manif esto of Futurism, 1909)
The Grand Hunt
The Grand Hunt (early 4th century), a
detail of which is shown here, is a large
floor mosaic found in the villa at Piazza
Armerina, Sicily. The mosaics, covering a
total of 651 sq m (7,000 sq ft), depict
various scenes from life in the late Roman
Empire. This mosaic is an example of opus
vermiculatum, in which particularly small
tesserae are used.
FUNCTIONALISM & DE STIJL
• Cubist style developed in Germany and Austria (1900s). Doesburg, Theo van (1883-1931), Dutch painter, who was a
leading advocate of Neo-Plasticism, a movement created
by Piet Mondrian in the Netherlands. He was one of the
DE STIJL founders (1917) of De Stijl magazine, which promoted the
• “ the style” Neo-Plasticist ideals of radical simplification based on the
• Founded in 1917 use of straight lines, right angles, and flat planes.
• Believed in the application of GEOMETRIC ABSTRACTIONS Through speeches and articles, Doesburg spread Neo-
Plastic ideas to the Bauhaus school, where they influenced
• Pure color and form
the course of mid-20th-century architecture.

Piet Mondrain
• Born in Amersf oort, the Netherlands, on March 7, 1872
Rietveld, Gerrit Thomas (1888-1964), Dutch architect and
• Earliest to exploit the potential of Geometric Abstraction furniture designer, whose work is among the best associated with
Images. the movement called de Stijl

Composition with Red, Yellow and

Blue (c. 1939-1942) by Piet Mondrian is Red-Blue Chair by Rietveld
based on the artist's precept that painting Dutch architect and designer
should consist only of flat planes and Gerrit Rietveld was part of the
straight lines, and be limited to primary movement known as de Stijl.
colours, with black, white, and grey. This Rietveld’s red-blue chair,
formed the basis of Neo-Plasticism, a style designed in 1918, combines
of geometrical abstraction created by primary colours with geometric
Mondrian. shapes.

Oud, Jacobus Johannes Pieter (1890-1963), Dutch architect,

who was one of the early practitioners of the International Style
in Europe. Advocating simplicity, purity, and rationality, he
produced sober designs characterized by flat horizontal facades,
wraparound corners, and crisply right-angled outlines. As city
architect of Rotterdam from 1918 to 1927, he designed large
workers' housing projects in reinforced concrete.
 FUNCTIONALISM
FUNCTIONALISM CHARACTERISTICS:
• “ Form follows function” • Devoid of ornamentation
- Deals with the development of plan arrangement to its • Symmetrical/Assymetrical plans
form composition.
• Overlapping & intersecting 2-dimensional planes that
enclose 3-dimensional space.
The Bauhaus, built in 1925
following the plans of Walter • Pure color like white & grey of exterior walls.
Gropius, housed the college of • Distribution of wall to window space is approximately
architecture where such painters equal.
as Gropius himself, Ludwig Mies
van der Rohe, Paul Klee and
Wassily Kandinsky taught. The
college, deemed to be decadent
by the Nazis, was closed in 1933
and most of its painters and
architects went into exile.

Bauhaus Museum, Berlin

Walter Gropius brought an analytical and intellectual approach to architecture,
not only in large-scale public buildings such as the Bauhaus Museum in Berlin,
shown here, but also in housing schemes for the working-class sector of society.
He believed that the use of materials (glass, steel, and concrete) should be logical
and that the design of a building should be closely allied to its function.
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
• Tremaine House, Santa Barbara

Clean lines, produced by the integrated

use of concrete and large expanses of
glass, give Tremaine House an elegant
simplicity, while the overhanging roof
and patio create a link between the
building and its natural surroundings.
Designed in 1947-1948, it is one of
several houses that Richard Neutra
built in the United States. It is an
outstanding example of the
International Style, which Neutra
introduced to the US.
UTILITARIANISM-CONSTRUCTIVISM
UTILITARIANISM
• Sought for solutions for alternative cheap forms of
construction in timber, brick & metal.
• Initiated by British (pre-fab. Architecture)
• A design of something Auspicious.
Other definitions:
• Refers to low-cost housing
• Pre-Fabricated unit
CONSTRUCTIVISM
• Non-representational style of art w/c uses modern
industrial materials: plastic & glass.
• Ideal abstract art movement arose in Europe & Russia
(1913-1920)
• Based on the idea: Art is an absolute entity, whose origin
lie in the mind & whose forms are unrelated to objects of
visible world.
• Concept of art: includes painting & sculpture.

EXAMPLE:
Malevich Kasimir
Nakagin Capsule
• Russian painter
• Ginza Tokyo
• Key figure in the development of abstract art.
• Nakagin Capsule Tower Building
• Earliest work shows the influence of Neo-Impressionism and
- Made of capsule Blocks Fauvism, and later of Cubism, distinguished by a great clarity of
- Like toy brick stacked together line.
- Contains living units w/ bed, T&B etc. Examples:
- One man unit Woman in a basket
Gabo, Naum (1890-1977),
• American sculptor of Russian birth

• One of the leading practitioners of 20th-century

Constructivism. Born in Briansk
Example:

Serpuchov Radio Station

Model for Column

This Cons tructivist piece by Naum Gabo is a model for a larger s culpture, called Column, which he
completed in 1923. Abstract and geometric forms, and the use of transparent glass and plastic, wer
central to Constructivist s culpture. The model is part of the collection of the Tate Gallery, London.
NEO-EXPRESSIONISM
• Out view in w/c the major activities or environmental
factor was employed in the structure in a non-intellectual
manner.
CHARACTERISTICS:
• Continuity of forms rather than proportionality and
geometric terms/means.
• Tendency to avoid rectangular forms.
• Tends to individual sensibility.
SYMBOLISM
- has to be explained and understand by the expectator
from his knowledge of the cultural context.
EXPRESSIONISM
- the architect tries to covey his message to non-intellectual
level.
EXAMPLES:

• Ingal’s Hockey Rink (Yale University)

• T.W.A. Terminal at Kenndy, N.Y.

• Dulles International Airport, Washignton D.C.

- Eero Saarinen
Marcel Breuer PHILOSOPHIES:
• Italian architect
• Member of Bauhaus • “ Nature & architecture are two different things.”
• Popularized the Tubular steel cantilever chair. • “ A building has a straight geometrical lines even when
these lines are free, it must always be evident that they
Side Chair by Marcel Breuer have been studied, and that they nit spring up
The cantilevered chair, resting on two spontaneously.”
front legs that extend backwards, was
developed mainly by Marcel Breuer c.
1928. The metal-bending techniques
developed at the Bauhaus in Germany
facilitated the design, a prime example of
Functionalism. This side chair is made of
aluminium and painted wood.
Mackintosh, Charles Rennie (1868-1928), -
- Scottish architect and designer, whose chaste, f unctional
style exerted a strong inf luence on 20th-century
architecture and interior design.
Table by Charles Rennie
Mackintosh
The simple lines and geometrical
character of this table, which
Charles Rennie Mackintosh
designed in 1918, are typical of
his designs for furniture. It is
made of stained pine with mother-
of-pearl inlay.

Wagner, Otto (1841-1918)

- Austrian architect, leader of the Viennese architectural
revival of the late 19th century.

Karlsplatz Station by Wagner

Karlsplatz station, built in Vienna, Austria in 1898, illustrates architect Otto Wagner’s early use of
wrought iron and ceramic as decorative elements. His later work was more austere and evolved
through his followers into the International Style.
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig (1886-1969), PHILOSOPHIES:
- German-American architect, the leading and most • “ Less is more”
inf luential exponent of the glass and steel architecture
of the 20th-century International Style.

- Skin and bone construction.

Seagram Building, New York

Mies van der Rohe designed several
high-rise buildings in the United States,
after his arrival there in 1937. The
Seagram Building, in New York, which
he designed with Philip Cortelyou and
which was completed in 1958, is
conceived as a steel framework with a
glass, bronze, and marble exterior.
Ostensibly a severely practical building,
it is nevertheless elegant and precise.
It is a prime example of the
International Style, of which Mies was
the acknowledged leader.
Johnson, Philip C(ortelyou) (1906- )
• American architect, born in Cleveland, Ohio, and educated
at Harvard University in the classics and later in
architecture
• The architect who equated with an exhibition of modern
architecture (1932)
• Invented the ‘International Style’
• Father f igure of ‘Post Modernism.’
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
• Volume rather than mass.
• Regularity rather than axial symmetry
• Prescribing arbitrarily applied decorations.
WORKS:
• Glass hose, Connecticut
• Seagram Building, N.Y. (w/Mies Van Der Rohe)
• Theatre of the Dance, Lincoln Center
• Williams Proctor Museum, N.Y.
• Art Gallery for the University of Nebraska
• Ammon Corter Museum, Texas
• AT&T Building N.Y.
Skyscraper, New York
Like other buildings designed by the American
architect Philip Johnson, the AT&T building
(1984), above, strongly influenced the rise of
Post-Modern architecture. Key elements
include such devices as stylistic allusion,
achieved by the use of Renaissance detail and
the Neo -Classical broken pediment that tops
the building.
BOOKS:
• Modern Architects N.Y.
• International Style, N.Y., 1932
• Machine Art, 1943
• Mies Van Der Rohe N.Y., 1947
• Philip Johnson: Writings, 1978
• Selected Writings Tokyo, 1975
Le Corbusier -
• prof essional name of Charles Édouard Jeanneret (1887-
1965), Swiss-French architect, painter, and writer, who
had a major ef f ect on the development of modern
architecture.

PHILOSOPHY:
• “ The house is a machine to live in.”
WORKS:
• Palace of the League of Nations, Geneva (1927-1928)
• The Swiss Building at the Cité Universitaire, Paris
(1931-1932);
• Unité d'Habitation (1946-1952)

- an apartment house in Marseille, France;

• Notre Dame du Haut (1950-1955)
- a pilgrimage church in Ronchamp, France

• High Court Buildings (1952-1956) Chandgarh, India

Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp

Le Corbusier designed the pilgrimage
church of Notre Dame du Haut in 1950.
This building, one of the most unusual
churches in France, is a synthesis of
architecture and sculpture. The frame of
the structure is steel and metal mesh, over
which concrete was sprayed.
Kahn, Louis I(sadore) (1901-1974),
• American architect and teacher, whose original, powerf ul
designs in brick and concrete won him a prominent place
in 20th-century architecture.

• Highly ordered sequence of space & noble structural

systems.

PHILOSOPHY:

“ Searching for a materials want to be.”

WORKS:
• Yale Art Gallery w/ Douglas Orr
• Alfred Newton Richard’s Medical Center
Perret, Auguste (1874-1954) • French Legation, Istanbul
• French architect, one of the most important pioneers of the • Theatre Des Champs, Lysees
modern French style.
- redesigning, original by Van del Velde
• Advocator of reinforced concrete architecture.
• Notre Dame Church, Paris
THEORIES:
• Palace of the League of Nations, Geneva
• “ The truth is indispensable in architecture & every
• Eiffel Monument, Paris
architecture lie courrupts.”
• Palace of the Soviets, Moscow
• “ Any project is bad if it is more difficult or more
complicated to construct the necessary.”
WORKS:

• The Temple Tower 1889, Exposition Universale in

Paris
• The Apartment Building Rue Franklin
Perret’s Rue Franklin Building
In the early 1900s, French architect
Augus te Perret pioneered the us e of
reinforced concrete as a building
material; his apartment building in
the Rue Franklin was the firs t
res idence built of concrete in
France. Perret was res ponsible for
much of the rebuilding of Paris after
World War II.
 Wright, Frank Lloyd (1867-1959)
• American architect, who was a pioneer of the modern
style. He is considered one of the greatest f igures in 20th-
century architecture.

Hills/DeCaro House, Chicago

Frank Lloyd Wright, a pioneer of modern architecture, lived and worked in the Chicago area during the late
19th and early 20th centuries. He designed many single-family houses, known as prairie houses. The
Hills/DeCaro house in Oak Park, west of Chicago, is one of more than 20 houses Wright designed while living
Fallingwater, Pennsylvania in the town between 1890 and 1910.
Frank Lloyd Wright designed Fallingwater, in Bear Run, for the Kaufmann family in 1937. This
view s hows the s ection of the house that extends over a natural waterfall, a device according
with Wright’s belief that a building’s form should be determined by its environment. Contrasts
in the textures and colours of natural s tone, concrete, and painted metal on the building’s
exterior are characteristic of Wright’s innovative style.
Guggenheim Museum, New York
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum,
commissioned as a gallery of modern
art and built 1956-1959, is one of Frank
Lloyd Wright’s most important
buildings. The spiralling structure on
the right is a grand exhibition hall
illuminated by a large skylight; it has
no separate floor levels, the spiral ramp
within creating a continuous space. A
new section (left ) was added in 1992.
Saarinen, Eero (1910-1961),
BOOKS:
• Finnish-American architect and designer, son of Eliel
• Eero Saarinen in His Work”, New Haven
Saarinen and one of the leading architects of the mid -20th
Connecticut; 1968
century.
PHILOSOPHIES:
• “ Function influences but does not dictate form.”
• “Spiritual function is inseparable from practical function.”
• “Architecture is not just to fulfill man’s belief in the
nobility of his exsistence on earth.”
WORKS:
• Saint Louis Jefferson National Expansion Memorial
• The General Motors Technical Center, Warren
Michigan:1948-1956
• Air Force Acadaemy
Gateway Arch, St Louis
• U.S. Embassy in London
Simple, elegant, and imposing, Gateway Arch, designed by Eero Saarinen, dominates the
• The Chapel & Kresge Auditorium, Massachussetts skyline of the city of St Louis, Missouri. The arch, made of stainless steel and rising to a
Institute of Technology height of 192 m (630 ft), is topped by an observation deck. It was built to commemorate
the role of St Louis as gateway to the American West.
• T.W.A. Terminal, Kennedy Terminal, N.Y.
- In a for m of bird about to fly.
• T.J. Watson Research Center, York Town, N.Y.
• The Chapel of Concordia Senior College.
• Gateway Arch, St. Louis
Saarinen, (Gottlieb) Eliel (1873-1950)
• Finnish-American architect, who strongly inf luenced
modern architecture.
• Popular w/ railway station designs especially in Europe.
• 2nd place in the Chicago Tribune Tower
Helsinki Central Railway Station
Finnish-American architect Eliel Saarinen used his
trademark, bold lines and shapes, to create the
Helsinki Central Railway Station in Helsinki, Finland. It
was constructed between 1904 and 1914.

PHILOSOPHY:
• “ Beauty grows from the necessity not from repetition of
formulas.”

WORKS:
• Cranbook School, Michigan
• Christ Church, Minneapolis
• Helsinki Railroad Station, Finland
• National Museum Finland
Saarinen’s Giant Statues
Thes e bold s tatues flank the entrance to
BOOKS: Finnis h-American architect Eliel Saarinen’s
Helsinki Central Railway Station in Finland,
• Munksnas-Naga, 1915
completed in 1914. Saarinen focused on clean
• The City: Its growth, its decay, its future, N.Y., lines and proportional masses combined with
1943 bold s hapes and a s ens itive us e of materials.
He was the father of Eero Saarinen, another
• Search for Form: A fundamental Approach to Art influential architect of the mid-20th century.
• The Cranbook Development, Michigan, 1931
Nervi, Pier Luigi (1891-1979) BOOKS:
• Italian architect and engineer, whose technical • Concrete & Structural Form, London: 1955
innovations, particularly in the use of reinf orced concrete, • Structure, New York: 1956
made possible aesthetically pleasing solutions to difficult
structural problems.

• Discovered “ferro-cemento”
- consist of layers of f ine steel mesh sprayed w/ cement
mortar & it could be used either f or shell construction or f or
heavier units w/ reinf orcing rods inserted between the
layers of mortar & mesh.
WORKS:
• Municipal Stadium Florence
Nervi Station, Italy
• Fiat Factory, Turin Italian architect Pier Nervi created designs with great visual appeal. He
used reinforced concrete to create large interior spaces, such as in the
• Italian Embassy, Brazilia Nervi Station in Italy.

• Papal Audience Hall, Vatican City

• Australian Embassy, Paris
Venturi, Robert Charles (1925- ) BOOKS:
• American architect and teacher, one of the most • Complexity & Contradiction in Architecture N.Y.
inf luential architectural theorists of the late 20th 1966
century. • Learning from Las Vegas, Massachusset 1972 &
1977
PHILOSOPHIES:
• “ We promote an architecture responsive to the
complexities and contradictions of the modern
experience. The particularities of context, the varieties
of the user’s taste; Culture & the symbolic &
decorative dictates of the program.”
• “ Less is Bore”
• “More is More”
• “ Modern movement was almost right”
Vanna Venturi House
WORKS:
American architect Robert Venturi designed the Vanna Venturi House (1959-1963),
• Walker & Dunlop Office Building located in Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania, for his mother. Venturi’s architectural theories for
this and other buildings he designed in the 1960s led to the development of
• Transportation Square, Washington postmodernism in architecture during the 1970s. His theories advocate the use of
historical allusion and symbolism, rejecting the perceived sterility of orthodox modern
• Master Plan & Uraban Design of California City buildings. His architectural firm designed many of the most influential buildings of the
1970s and 1980s.
• Convention Center, Conversion plan Canada
• West Mount Airy Clustered Housing Plan
• Philadelphia
Kenzo Tange (1913- ) ACHIEVEMENTS:
• Japanese architect, the most prominent modern architect • Winning on the International Planning Competition of
of the country. In his designs f or public buildings, has Skopje, Yugoslavia
reconciled 20th-century Western styles and materials with
traditional Japanese f orms. • Appointed Master planner of the International Exhibition
of 1970, Osaka
• Furyu
– Anti realist attitude, anti action element in the Japanese
life.

PHILOSOPHIES:
• “ Modern Architecture need not be Western.”
• “ The city must be subjected to growth, decay and
renewal.”
Peace Museum, Hiroshima
The Peace Museum, designed by Tange
Kenzo, stands on the site of the
epicentre of the atomic explosion that
destroyed Hiroshima in 1945. Tange has
designed many public buildings in Japan,
often, as here, using prestressed
concrete rather than large expanses of
glass and steel, which are unsuitable in a
country vulnerable to earthquakes. "
Inside a Pyramid
The burial chambers inside the Egyptian pyramids held the sarcophagus of the pharaoh and the rich grave goods with which he w as provided for the afterlife. These
chambers were located at the end of long corridors that could be sealed, or constructed in such a way as to confuse grave robbers. This cross-section of the Great
Pyramid at Giza shows the internal arrangement of passageways and burial chambers.
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE -

Step Pyramid, Saqqara

The step pyramid of King Zoser, 3rd dynasty,
Egypt, was built about 2737-2717 BC at
Saqqara, necropolis of the capital, Memphis. It
was designed by Imhotep, the first known
Egyptian architect, who was later deified by
the Egyptians. The pyramid, built of local
limestone and rising to a height of 61 m (200
ft), was the first monumental royal tomb and
is one of the oldest stone structures in Egypt.

Great Temple of Abydos

Built on the banks of the
River Nile, the city of Abydos
was the burial place of most
Egyptian kings from 3100 to
2755 BC. Shown here is the
Great Temple of Abydos,
constructed during the reign
of Seti I, from 1291 to 1279
BC.

Pyramid of Khafre, Giza

The pyramids at Giza in Egypt are among
the most famous pieces of architecture in
the world. The Pyramid of Khafre, which
rises to a height of about 136 m (446 ft),
was built as the final resting place of the
pharaoh Khafre in about 2530 BC. Remains
of the original limestone casing are visible
at the top of the pyramid.
Great Sphinx, Giza
Sculpture of Khafre
The Great Sphinx at Giza was built on the orders of
This sculpture depicts an idealized
the pharaoh Khafre in the 3rd millennium BC. In
representation of Khafre, the fourth
ancient Egypt, the sphinx was the symbol of royal
Egyptian king of the 4th dynasty.
power, and this statue was probably intended to be
Khafre was king from about 2603 BC.
a portrait of Khafre. The Great Pyramid of Khufu is
to 2578 BC. and built the second of
seen to the right of the Sphinx, and the Pyramid of
Khafre to the left. the three pyramids at Giza.
 CHINESE ARCHITECTURE

Tiger Hill Pagoda, China

A pagoda is a tower usually found in
Buddhist temple enclosures in Eas t
and South-East Asia, and typically
having s everal s toreys each with an
elaborate roof or balcony. It is
derived from the stupa and
functions as a s hrine, memorial, and
tomb. Tiger Hill Pagoda, in Suzhou,
dates from the 10th century and
stands 47.5 m (155 ft) high.

Altar of Heaven, Beijing

The Altar of Heaven is part of the Temple of
Heaven, or “Tian Tan,” built during the Ming
dynas ty in Beijing, China. It is located in
Tian Tan Park in the Old City s ection of
Beijing. The 15th-century structure, with its
red walls and gold detailing, is typical of the
architecture of the Ming dynasty.
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Minaret of the Great Mosque at Samarra

This spiral minaret, where the muezzin once
called the faithful to prayer, is the only
surviving feature of the Great Mosque at
Samarra, Iraq. At the time of its construction
(848-852), the Great Mosque at Samarra was
the largest Islamic mosque in the world. .
Chartres Cathedral (ABOVE)
Chartres Cathedral, in northern France, is one of the mos t celebrated Gothic
cathedrals in the world. It is particularly notable for its s culptural decoration and
s tained-glass windows. The cathedral was begun in 1194 and completed about 60
years later.
Patio of the Myrtles, Granada
(RIGHT)
The Alhambra complex, in the southern
Spanish city of Granada, is the most
famous example of Moorish architecture
in Spain. In the foreground can be seen
the Arrayanes patio, with the two myrtle
hedges flanking the pool. Reflections of
the pillars of the room known as the
Barca and the monumental tower of
Comares can be seen in the pool’s
waters.
Canterbury Cathedra(LEFT)
Canterbury Cathedral, one of the most illustrious examples of Gothic architecture in Britain, holding the shrine of St Thomas à
Becket, is also the administrative centre of the Church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury is Primate of All England, a nd
effectively the foremost prelate of the Anglican Communion. The ecclesiastical structure of the Church of England, combined with
its broadly Protestant theology, is one of its most distinctive characteristics.