Separatíon of
Solídsfrom Liquíds
H Y D R A U L IS
'l!.tt¡ícol
sctllí.¡t!t tanks eqttipped u'tlh |ict ('onteyor
r\r:curatc, r:flicir:nt, h1'rlnrtrlic sc¡ritratiorr of
solids from liquids is frequently an integral p:rrt
of a manufacturing process or a requirement of
process-water or waste-water treatment. A com-
plete separation processmay consist only of rela-
tively simplc seditnenLation basins or it may be
quite complex and include pre-screening, condi-
tioning, classifying, thickening, etc. The objective
may be merely solids removal to prevent pollution
by the discharged water, or it may include solids
rccovcry, or condiüioning, separ:rtiou :rnd thickcn-
ing of solids for {urther t,reatment in t'hc rllilnu-
faclurir-rgproccss.
ll:rn1' ftrct.ors¿rlfccl tltc rrltillr¿ttc cllttitlc of
the separation or conditioning process and equip-
ment. The degree of separation required, the
characler of the üquid and tl're solids as well as
space limitations are a few major factors which
dictate the choice of tanks, apparatus and flow
arrangement to satisfy a particular problem. Vis-
cosity, temperature, pH and specific gravity of
'Ihe sl'rape,size and
the liquid must be considered.
specific gravity of the solids are equally important
to the design.
'l'hc
rrltirlr¿rtrl r¡sc of thc cn<l Protlrtcts of
446
C H A I N
rÉ,+FJP+tFir ¡:{{+,i."ry.-;:a!ñiF!!FFtr* .''rdr.-f6F* E?t
CE P A R A T I O N
Slwlgc (lolleclors-
separation, together lvilh the commercial I'alue of
these producl;s, occasionally dictates the final
design ¿rnd thd degree of treatment that is neces-
sary or econotnically justifiable.
'f¿rnks
or basins are made of steel, concrete, or
woocl. They nray be routtd, rectangular or square.
The shape of the tank is determined usurtlly to
efficiencl' within
obtain the greatest hydraulic
the range of allorvable flows and velocit,ies fbr the
particular products being handled. It rna¡r be
neccssary to clcvi¿rtc fronl lhe prcfcrrerl ílrrílllge-
ment iu orcler t.o ovcrcortle limitalions o[' space,
heaclloss, ct.c. I,'rcclucntly, iü is dcsir¿rl:lr' {o re-
vamp cxisting tanks and usc them in tho ¡lrocess.
Particular care must be taken in some instances
to prevent corrosion of the basins and eqrri¡rtnent,
or to prevenl, contaminatiotr of the procltrc:t,s.Non-
ferrous metals, glass, plastics, rubber, t:l.c-, can
be employed for structures and equipment in
such unusual cases. Chemical treatment can be
used to adjust the pH of the liquid to ¡rrevent
corrosion. 1'he choice of materials mav clepend
on'lirst cost, rnaintenance cost, durability, or
architectural design. Basins can be ol)cn to
atmosphere or completely housed.
B E L T C O M P A N Y
Fs*,r'14$mgmp|1F1ew"i."ism
,{

\
{,
i
{
soridst,ír;tiíl,
HYDRAULICSEPARATION-Continued
{
, t l,l q h y r l r a r r l i c s e ¡ r a r a l i o r r .
i tnlckening of solids-in liquids classification or g.:l]"n. Once separated.from the liquid,
-ünits solids
rougnly ¡nto three classificaiions.can be divided musl be conveved, to other pro"u..
uIt imare disposár. or l.o
i r.l¿rssilie¿r
I i<¡lr includes
".:l:,llL*,írñii;.;
ment sometimes is an integrál part ;s eqpp_
srmple applical,ions where ttre- those relatively
^l,h:,!"r,,,
or auxiliary elevating and óf lt " ","rrn".,
¡L á."vi"g^i¡q"ia
water,or some equally low-visco"iív-'fiqui¿ i, may be required. Ch,emicals, .conveying'e-quipment
ana whón rLed', require
d tlte solids arg relativery grse rn particle
size and and feeding sysrems as wel as
srorage
f}tgh 1n sp_ecificgraviry. TIie soliis-iirái ;;':1il;¡u,.1*
L- this cl_assificatioñhavé a specific-gruuiiv iu[ into
áf *o." Cg''p1lly offcrs a size and rype
3,1,-l_2:99?"d u. parricle size of iOO "iu"-t (O.rS Slr_ll':-Il^"tt
.d, mr¡umeters), or larger. cranrier to.meet p-ractióallyuny ""q.,i.ér,i"nt.
¡;qurpment. handles nowi_varvinÉ-iióm Rex
of

r.l¿rssi tir.:rI ir¡¡r includes gauons a minute to hundreds u ruw

.\, {I 'rl .¡ tr.( r s , l ) c Í r r l nrgc l r t i v r ' l v .I i g l r r .i r ' d low_viscosit.y per.d.a.v.'l'hisvariet.y
,'Il-q.;:l::::l "f;llii";;i gallons
l i l l c r rtrt , r i r r l . uinni"iii'n,]¿-uipo.¡",,"o
s < ¡ l i r l si n { l r i s t , l : r s s i t . i c r i l . i o r i . " i , ,r,i u
i f : : y i l , " sizc
stighrly
. ¡ ¡ r c r r r c r ^ r h i , ;l;t , ; " . l ; ; " i . I ' - , , , , , 1 , r
* . i fb lcs t.heC Irai n I iel.of.g.l
u " , , ' i,,1, ¡ r .cn:r
rn(lr)t.
r L-rigiire;.'iá'.'to*iiiro,. t""n t,_
I)roccss l.o suil^thc- sinrplcst o""iiro rrlo*t
parrrcte as low as 25 m.icrons.Wiiirin necds. Ttre chain-B;ii-É;;;"
"orila-"p"oi'
- same classificalion falt this Í::,Ítjls,rlmlted to one or t$ ¡s not

- it:^ld,lor
ressLhan the carrying liquid.
.liquiás'üor.¡"g'iilrurrl"
other liOyi{s,.!ra1,¡r,gu "pu"i-fic
lravity ñ ;"#',?iT;#::b:. i:
H",l#"Hi,
? y:jl¡ lt", for .round, d¿.;;,i;;;; íi;l; ra
'fl¡c
rhirrl cl¿rssifie¿rtiorr
t-l8!!.-d¡rty.'. inexpensive equipment ls-useA nks.
- contains those app.lica_ relatrvely light riork bul,.iugged, for
tions involvins water o.,r,o." ri"óo*'iiqiiá! heavy-equip_
ing solids of micron size with..a ¡ur._ m e n t i s provided to he;-v't;u ¿;",-iri,
- specific gravity ¡obs. A balanced design" :,rI" can.-be üñ ic
bul, slightly greater than the l¡q"iá.
fiiir"classi- liom l"his combination-of a w-ide oÉtáñru,r,o,r,y
- inctudes atso rh.o^scrptli¿;ii;; .ong":'Ji t'vpu.
l,_"^{i:l
üremely accurate classificati,on *'ñu.u n*- and sizes and a backgrou"a or iá.i"JKJJ.i"r,"u.
- or sepa"ái-ion is
lequired and where the supernatant '"áiij. must T h e - s e ¡ l q r a l i o r ¡ o f a . s o l i < l
'iá liquid
clear ", ii;i¿;d the classification of solid,so¡.llquia" . f r o r r - rn I i q u i r l , o r
- |¡.e..exceptionally.
lew mlcrons in size- "r " car.iü Uy u
li::id, i. primarilya rrydrauri-cs=püiiñ.'i
In some casesil_may be necessary ough study_ of t¡o"_
-
Lhan.one classificat-ion,olse-paration to include more promote eflicientthe hydraulic c'onáitións'which
seqaratjon "" ;ñ;iñ;tion of
obtain the desired results. Íf" f*"Tltá?u"_ny in order to the so.lidsqill determine
- the most suitábie
a roughing proce$s t" ¡u ióliowJ<i "üi"i,r.u t u ftelaüively large and heavy parti"l".-óu" moun".
t curate separation in a second ü o"_ arated q.uickly nnd cheapl¡i
iñrár"tog". nr"_ rn small basins. dthi;l;;"ü;ries
ú" *up_
and
¡- :r_,,9"q1{the scparatecl solids-the*"ái""""'ár" ", O_ smalter, or as irsAs rtre"p.;ti¿T;' "LJ'üu"o,rru*
¡ected to further ,r:11T"I,, 6 ;ñ;il;:t";ñ. -"::ttig-rig;rrf,'Ál.J'rruurly
pult,lllu approaches that of ttre
b lflification
or concentra[ion. Cl.remical .9f .srz€ or a. grea[er degree musü be maintained qyr4g .tiqu1a, slbwer velocities
condit]á"¡"! "f tlre accurate separaüionand more
liquid and solids is commonly resorted control of distributión and- cóüection
b to obtain _the desired ,"."it".
--^C"f"_"iát to in order must be provided.
advantage as a. coagulu,.,I"io"iro_otu u"u
¡- ::,"{ lo, ,l rorrghing tanh very frequently
precedesthe
sedrmentation or as a.n,electrolyte to chinge separation ünit in orde¡. to ;"piiit"i'"i"'.sify
i<¡nizationof the particles ;"d the
h¡ lil;.;"'irldraulic thicken those solids which ar-e or
separation. Slurrv blankets_caú readily treated,
b ro proíide " nt""i"s'rn!áirñ"witr,in
be déíetoped
ll::*l reducing rheroáJ'oi'inán"iií¡,is
unir.
:,f:1i:llv uversrze particles are, apt to cause
tt)e tank. I velocitiesin the final lre.atme"t ""ii. aiii"r.nüg
- 'l'hc hne screeningis often desirableát "áJ-Liulv üóu.ru o.
corrccl L.r¡rc <¡f r,l¡rrilir.r or concentrator ."¿i-
b nrechanismfor á'given inslallation menta[iontank.
can be deler_ 'l'llr..
:Tl"da only a*t¡"i."g[ ;i,'d; o?.'"íi¿irio,,,
+ and _by
careful analvsrs o^t the material
handled. A wide chóice of -uiurinl*lnt to be
clroir.r.of nlr.clr¿rnic¿rl
handtethe separared", thük;;ud er¡rri¡rlrrr.rrt
mined by the characteristics-ái"lr,"".Jlialláiiá.'il ¿"t""_
to
f- ment must be available, in order_to uq*p_
selves..{geeS¿ r"r^p"rq pjáü ;; büi;is tn"__
meet all requirements...Coarse, o satisfactorily
often
l- requires different handling.ttrán
Urasiü"riu teriul
fine, ñ"iii ,n^_
are suiüable for certain'materiaü*fr"r""" f¡gf,t,
fluffy m^aterialsmust t¡e m-ovedgently
terial. Strong acid or alk-atine'*oi"iio"J'i;qri.* or even
l- from rhe bortom "¡-niiiá ¿h; ""ñá_,¡"i'so_"
)Lr)usual
prccautions t;" p.9u""t "ip¡.i'á'ot"rioro_ I:lr9\",1
licl<cncd sotids rnly tre- '
l- Lron.ol' struc[ures ano cqulpment.
teri¿rl must f-¡e handlecl'rrv'-i"iiei,',Ijá" Abrasive ma_ hanclledi1.njne ünes when
'll{.,llr.l,i hd, by
. áil'riiir' r" bc
others are most suit_
l- e q u r p m e n t .P a r t . ss u b i
r,d.óoá ir¡.J,;il;'r'il.iT','.l r:J"iI *' rre wea
Jurnulo
f,
r nrusL r¡qur(ts may bc sufficiently lluid atter sepáration l,Í,,l.,u"v".". piánüL"ro'""oi¡¿" o.
l- 'l'hr.
¡lrolrtr.rrr of' srr¡rirrlliorr, classificalion or
l?.-l^oy.,florn
prpes
rhe.rank"".r"""- tii"t"eil'";¡tn
whcreas other solids or liquiái--nrúst Uru
manually or mech¿rnically skimÁeJ" be
t lric'kening is lrequently a f;;;
matcrial,s-ürrating st¡rl¿rce. the

O F M I L W A U K E E

tfr'}fu=--
Detritus (GríD Clmmbers
TYPES
r'ela- chambersserve¿rlsoi'onrairrtaitrproperveltlrlilltls
l J o r : ¡ r c i t l c s l c f l i r : i c l r c r ' . L h e s c p a - r a I i o rolI
it*uv solid.s frorn liquids can be ltesl under all florv varialions'
il""fil"ie",
"riüi"d ili'long,' narrow channels - of moderate Several sizesand typ.esof channels and.equipnernt All
itq;d;"ptúr i%"g, rlarrow chan'els pr.ovide ac- are available to suri;il-&;l¿" .conditions'
at high ñ;;;?-iü" Ctil Chambers pfovlde an excit¡sive
curate velocrty ttto di.ttit"ttion contiol
which - impropcrly-icp-
irá* *t"t,-á"á usually providc. lcss than ¿rone- .áéi."ut"tiorr fcaltrrc by
p"tióa lt a velocitv of.less than ;;;J;;Crial, ^;; or maierial with,exce.ssive fitrtrs
ñ;"ü-á;i-tiioti b" returned to the chan.el for
;;-i;.;"i,;;--eiavity ü*'"¿ when handl*g solids with a á,';;;^ffi;,
cxcecding 2'5' Channel. length resettling.
""J"ih"
i,!".l"Iii?""iü'*itlt liquiii <lepth; lo'g chantrcls rü¡.ir,' t'.t ^f:::.:l'-:,;llllT,,f*.1*:1,t"':,r:::
being rcquircd for dcep-florvdepths' tremelv abrastve con
Rex Grit
:i;;';i¿.;^il i-p"tLá"i consideration'
Charltrel cross secLions for Itex llqui¡rnrcrlL ültiit'i*ñ desisned fo-r tilcle
.it"pt" and can be constructed verv *ouer-econditions.
"-üu-itipt" lP, .;.;*"t:"rivelv
Touglt' rugge(.l'. corrosr()l'l-
;;;;üii""lu
lor
-Z-ivt"L*l'"Chain--Bclt
;;;;;i¿;iÑ. units *re of{en used
;-ii;"; ñe* is usctl on
grcatercapácily or llexibiliLyin opcra[tott' ;Ti^ üñ.^;i' "q"ip*"ttL' Harclcned' re'en'irlrle
properl'v- wearilg shoes arc ptó";{"d f.gr scrapers irnd
\'-clociLics ¿rrocorttrollul rrstrllly by spi""t*t "ie of Rex Temperirn*' Sub-
á"'Jiéi*á-ó-pátiio"ut weirs or flu-mes Lo obtain ffik;:. are the pal'ented self-ali¡¡ning
;;;;A Iiéarirtgs
DroDerseparalloll au all rangcs of llorv'^Occasion- hearing arcas'
iiü"iri"'rti¿.r"i." or uniis wlich follow grit typé'with liberal

,f< -- B <-l

D I F F U S E RP I P E

PLAN VIEW

STEEL
¡ : LI G H T S

REFUSE CAN OR H O US I N G S E C T I O N _B B
RETURNCHUTE

WATER LEVEL

' !,tt!-Q*a.l!qyArs!
-lor s¡noll Jktus it sh'llout c/t'¡¡t¡t'rfs'
lict''l ype trfI Gilt Colltc!i¡tp lú¡tti¡ttttcttl

I t c x . l . ¡ ¡ l c } l l ( i r i t ( l < l l l t : t : t i l r g - ' | , i ¡ r r i ¡gp;i'il;

l r r r r : r r l ' , ñ;ffig;.
l r o ü t , o n r aiüt r t l .¿""L
r r l ¡ a is
r r ii'cli'ed t l eaboul
l r t : l i l r c daL | J i rde-
c k L t l 30 e¡rrlirri'rl|.
suitabte fbr average flows_up. ro 3,500 th;^ñ;: t.iáffó* piop"t draining' s. t'at t'e doliv-
c'annel, is li*itcd ro applicalio's whcre üñáJ
ú"i.-* ü; E'"¿*ori¿""'." i;l^il;"lv 'l'licbc 'arrtlied
mav
ro,. of ctra'.ct i- r":5'ii;;;';' f*; -i";-.-;f;t^i;i; ñtil;"gk'' 9:y^.í::*
ot-o"^"unvcvors' spaci'g.f
operari.gttoor.t'or,giJ,.;.;'ii.;"^it scrapers-u"¿ "b""4 of co'véyor are vari¿rbie to
;¡ ii;i; tvÉo i*iárá
to co'struct ','.r,.rp,.'irrrñ; equipnrent
áü.igti.-Ói*,*"it r"il^uu"h application. Normallv the
-nu,
of a single unit or ^;iii;";ri i" uÁpr" "ótiJ"-"urryl'g-capacity when travt'ling
and equipment are ";;;;ii#ü""?o".iri".i- us u"fnüf"ot per minute' thertrby
first cost and operaung cost. ;;p*á*-^1o*
life of the equipmenLconsiderirblv'
'fhe equipment cotrsisls of single- or .d,ouble- PFñ;ü;qjñe c<¡uip-
"ih; Ve'y *'"ly,is iL necessaryLo-operatethe
strand ltex Z-Mctal'--Chain Bclion *ttid:i;;i tr.",it- rrro.e t'utt t few ho-urs dailv' alt'oug' it is
s*apers are mou'reg;T¿Ñü; .;i";i"ü rüLutv designed for continuous duty'
thJ'tiil
scrapers corlvey ,uriná" .;lil"- utone
tl.i¡¡tc:|¡orinfortrrati('lonl{e\Z'NI(:|al,SccpagcsSll.:-)lil,rliortlix.ussitr¡r<ltl{cx,I-crlr¡*ritrrSpreke|s,S&:l)rge25G.

448
C H A I N B E L T C O M P A N Y

."d
R
R Detritus (GriD Chambers
F
R TYPES-Continued
R
R *r-+ .:}.-DRIVE UNIT

E
R PROPOR
c'--l I
TI O N A L

R II
i ilj - - 4,
WATq& LLVLL
d - | A
. ,. -'
.- NEH
tt;
IIIH
FLOW I

R l-L[f
I l l :
l--l',, BUCKETS S T I R R I N GF L I G H Í S

tr .* .-FT?;
L*a
:]:É::]::
!:;'."'::'.r.r':l

tr
sEcroN A A cJ B-
9qc,-T-loN..- S E C T T OC
NC
'l'Vpe -.lor
Iter IIL) Grtt Collecling Equipmenl tneliu¡¡t /or¡ i¿ s/¿qllor: r,[¡¡r¿ls

'I'y¡re
l: llex l l l i G r i t C o l l e c t i n g E < ¡ r r i ¡ r n r e n ri s
suitable for flows of from 700 gpm up to 1?,500
in several sizes to suit the solids-handling re-
quirements.
¡; gpm per single unit. The equipment consists of Oonveyor s¡rt-'erlsare moderate to minimize wear.
t- two strands of Rex Z-Metal. Chain Belt on
which V-shaped buckets are mounüed at regular
All buckets and scrapers are provided with re-
l- intervals. The buckeüs travel along the tank boü-
newable, hardened wearing shoes. The buckets
can be fitted with perforated, false bottoms and
t- lom and convey the settled material toward thc drainage holes to dewater the solids o¡r the
E influenl end of the channel, where the buckets
elevate the material t.o ¿rsulficienl height above
vertical run of the conveyor so that the solids
are relativety dry and suitable fbr discharge
l- the operating floor for discharge into suitable directly into cans, hoppers, or'onto conveyors.
l: containers. Stirring scrapers may be interspersed
between the buckets at regular intervals to agitate
All machinery above thc operating floor is com-
pletely housed to present a neat appearance, and
¡; the settled solids and further improve separation large access doors are provided. The channels
t; or removal of undesirable fines. Buckets are made themselvesmay be covered, if preferred.
l;
t;
l-
l: _ HOUSING
SCREW
CONVEYOR

t;
-- SÍORAGE
HOPPER
- i-tousrN6

t:
GRIT RETURN DISCHARGE TO
DRIVE ,CHUTE CHUTE SUITAELE
GRIT CAN CONTAINER
EUCKEI -DOOR
¡:
E ¡

t
GRIT RETURN
CHUTE
¡; sEcIlo!\uA
l: I
¡: FLOW

t:
t; IIodiJícolion ol Iit,r'l'ypc I'll') llquipntnt to sti! du:p rhttnntlt.

]: i\lorlilic¿rtions of the ¿rbove-ntcnLionerl de- for solids storage within the housing of the
t: '
sign may include special arrangements to suit
particularly deep channels. Vertical lifts of 30
equipment. Conveying equipment also can be
built into the structure to provide ¡¡rechanical
¡: feet are not unusual. Provision can be made also unloading of the storage bins.
tr .Note: !-or information on llex Z-Metal, ree pages 5ll-513.

E 449
¡-
O F M I L W A U K E E

r'
 Detritus (GriD Chambers RK
and Washers
TYPES-Continued
f'A

HOUSING

STORACE
HOPPER

DISCHARGETO
SUITASLE
CONTAINER--

/ GRIÍ RETURN
't) CHUfE

CHANNEL \
SCRAPER
, / . <

BUC K Ef

.CROSS COLLECÍOR

S E C fI O N . A A
llcr 1'y pe tI 'l Grit Oolleclt¡tg Dt¡rtí¡tment-for etlrenrcIy lorge Jlores'

'l'.r'¡rc from the lransverse sump and elevates them to

Ilex ll'\ Grit Collcr:ting lir¡rri¡rrncnt is
reconunended for extremeiy iarge flows (iu excess a poinl of discirarge above the oper:rting floor'
of 25 MGD), or for conditions where large The solids are dewatered in bhe draining buc:kets
quantities of solids are lo be handled. and are discharged in a relatively dry slate'
the elevator
Each unit consists of two strands of chain belt Storage bins can be provided within
on which conveying or agitating flights or scrapers housings, and conveyors---for mechanically han-
-can be incorporated in the
are mounted at regular intervals. The flights dling the solids
convey the separated solids toward the influent design.
ends of the channels at which points the solids are This design is ideally suited for relativelv wide
discharged into the path of a transverse bucket tanks. Frequently one transverse bucket eievator
elevator. This bucket elevator picks up the solids can serve two longitudin¿rl channels.

(GRIT)WASHERS
DETRITUS
(llefer lo o¡r¡rosile ¡rrgc)

Vhcn extrcrnely close se¡urral-ion of organic the bottom of the wedge-sirapedtank.

and inorganic material is required, or where a
removes tht: solids
closer cl¿rssificationis required than can be ob- An incli¡red screw conveyor
is often from the tank boltour, dewzrters thenr, irtl<l de-
tained with the collecting equipment, it
Iivers them at the desired point above the oper-
desirable to include a detritus washer (classifier).
ating floor. All solids-bearing liquid flow-* several
I'he Ilcx \\''¿rshcr (Cl¿rssilier) includes a wedge- timel th¡ough the venturi section which houses
1;:
shaped tank in which an impeller-type agitator is the impeller, with the result that the solids are
mounted. The size and shape of the tank, to- actually scrubbed to assure proper separation of
gether with the arrangement of inlet and outlet fines from coarse particles.
weirs and baflles, is such that close velocity con-
trol may be maintained. A recirculating flow is Solids, to be washed or classified, can be deliv-
maintained within the tank at the proper velocity ered to the washer in a dry state and the necessary
to prevent sedimentation of undesirable fines and flushing or scouring water then be added sepa-
yet allow sedimentation of the desired coarse rately. It is also feasible to flush the solids into
particles. The fines are flushed out over the the washer, thereby supplying the necessar.r'wash
effiuent weir and the coarse particles settle to water at the same time.

450

C H A I N B E L T C O M P A N Y

L.
Bf,

Detrítus (GríD Washers

-SPUR CEAR DRIVE

SIDE fLEVATION

AUXILIARY WASH
q1

v
,WATIR

PUMP MOTOR rffD SPOUT

WATER SIAL

SCREW IMPELLER

INSPECTION PLATE

VENTURI Sf(¡[¡ON

AfARINC

GRIT
I D E W A T E R I N 6 SCRfW

DRAIN PLUC

Ret l)etrilu¿ lltttsher (classifier)-wíth enlarged delail vi.eu -illustrating princíple of operolíon,

O F M I L W A U K E E
 Sed,iment ution (Thí ckeníng)

¡ Ch¿rin llclI Cor"n¡ranyh:rs h¿rdrvidc cx¡rerictrce

Ilex Clarificr ('fhichelrcr) Iit¡tri¡rtttcttL, which
in the design and application of tanks and equip-
comes within this classification is that which is
ment of all sizes and shapes.Proven equipment is
comrnonly used in water, sewage' or industrial-
available for round, square' and rectangular tanks'
waste treatment for the removal of relatively
l

Many manually-cleaned tanks have been rnodern-

light, inorganic matter or settleable organic matter'
ized by revamping lhem to ar:commodate clarifier
In conlrast to detritus (grit) chambers- which
equipment.
have less than a one-minute-detention period--
; clarifiers in this classification have detention
t]
periods ranging from ll0 r¡inutes to several hours'
fr
r l
Normally, horizontal liquid velocities within the
llectangular Tanks
17/2incb pet With ConveYor Sludgc Collectors
i.
:i.
basin or tank should not exceed
second or 2l/2 feet per minute' Overflow rales are
'fhe recL¿rngul:rr tanh is by far the most ¡ropular
usually limited to not more than 1,500 gallons
per square foot of tank surface per day' unit for sedimentation and skimming' This is
true becauseof the superior efficiency of the tank
l)rre to Ihc naLttrc of nlltr:ri¿rl l r r : i r r gl r ¿ r n r l l t ' r l ' from all viewpoints-'hydraulics, solids czrpar:it'y'
the hydraulic efficiency of tanks wilhin this classi- skimming, first cost, operating cost, and main-
fication is very important. Relatively minor short- tenance. The cost is especially low when mtrltiple
circuiting or irnproper distribution will have units are installed in a cotnpact grouping' Com-
serious effects on the performance o[ thcse tanks' mon walls effect a considcrablc s:rving in cotr<:ret'e'
space, and labor. Usually one or rnore w¿rllsof
'l'¿r¡¡lisca¡r be either roulrd' squ¿rre'or rectangular'
the sedimentation basins can be common rvalls
The ultimate choice may depend on first cost' with the pump-house wet or dry wells' or other
operating cost, or space limitations at the site' rectangular structures'
Sludge handling capacity as well as the character
of the sludge rnay likewise determine the choice
of tank and equipment. As a general rule, rectan- \\'hen handling relativcly he¿rvt'solids for this
or when detention periods and over-
gular tanks are preferable to round tanks because classification,
are conservative, a single effluent weir
the rectangular tank is hydraulically more stable flow rates
suficient. !'or greater efüciency' how-
ancl yields better results in solids removal, solids is usually
concentration, and skimming. ever. it is often desirable to use H-weirs or other
auxiliary weirs in order to reduce weir velocities
Relatively shallow tanks, with a correspondingly and horizontal velocities'
low overflow rate, are more elñcient than deep
tanks. Long, narrow tanks, rvith a lengt'h-to-width
l,ongitrr<tin¿rl scctions through typical rect'an-
ratio of at least three to one'. are preferred over
gular tanks are illustrated on the opposite page'
short. rvide t¿mks.
P.op". positioning of the conveyor sludge collector
is shown, both for tanks ir-rwhich surface sl<imming
Sedirnclrt ho¡r¡rcrs should be as deep as possible'
is desirable, and those in which it is not a required
rvith steep valley angles to assure a well-concen- of the
function. When surface skimming is a part
trated sludge and complete removal of all sludge' cffected
sedimentation process' scum removal is
of the device shown at the left end of the
All er¡tri¡rrnerrt rvithirr thc tanks should be by means ftrlly-
sectional view, and covered--more
streamlined to prevent deposition of solids on the upper
also to minimize eddy currents' on pug", 461 and 490. The arrangement ol etiuip-
equipment ancl
baflles, sludge removal, etc' repre-
Inlet and eflluent baflles must be carefully posi- ment--weirs, tallk
tioned to provide the besl, possible distribution senls rninimum requiremcnts for elfit:icrrt
justified performance. Modifications of this sinrplified
of flow. Auxiliary weirs are frequently
by improved results when tanks are handling construction may be usecl to suit existinr tanks
ir light, flocculent solid¡' of unr¡sual design.

452
C H A I N B E L T C O M P A N Y
i
{
{
J]EK Conueyor Sludge Collectors
{
{
Ilex Corrvevor Slrrrlge,Colleclors
{ tive, efficierit,and ffexible p_rovicle a posi_
venience of operation, or
means óf .tüág" ana length
scum removal from applications "ño* ,."!!ll operating of life. Most
{ .rectangular-o" sq"üie cfa"i-
ners,.separators, or thickenZrs. cause unnecessarvweight.ij "li*lnitiá"o"d econom.v be_
actual horsepowe-ris réquired- ---'-"'--- <¡¡l lower
niigñt,li'"".up""
feer, combin;A ;it?i';"speed
{ .;p$SlF:j 10
rrlvr or ress, 'l'he
of
assure-sample
. { D
handting of ligbt, flocculent cap-aci[r, yái genile ¡rr:rctic¿rl linrit <¡f^wirltlr of a single
con_
f¡ nrgh capacity Rex Conveyorsolids. Due to their ..","{9":]"age collector i".20 };l: Éo.'wjdÉr
-morJ"parallel
s rarely need opcrate more
rü rs necessary
Sluagl'óollectors
conveyors in each
tiran a fef hoiis aaily.
to install
.two or
lt i" "lr'"i"?ssary
tanr"

ro
¡t Í;l:,irl l.t,.ll fingirrr.r.rs lr¡rve <levelo¡rert and
standardized sevelal tvpes of Rex con-
conveyor. Commón
tl-\,.
conslruct a solid partition.
walf beiweln each
^n_rigtiü"".ffiáyJ=. ro*,
"uv"' süáll ó;Hi:Y'",and on the_tank l¡ottom ancl a
l; tgr . aly install¿rtion.
l-"1,f^".9:,partition.warr
)rs^;rth: proper sizeand type
sr)auow beam at the wat.ersurface.
desirarire"o;;¿;;i;, ¿.I;li,i'"ntX?"Tii,{ l,'r¡r l.rtis i{r():rlcr tl¡:¡'
|; rnro H-exEquipmenr.ü.:líH
S",¡_;li;;i;;'il;;;s, .20fcct irr rvi<ltlt, ancl
for narrowe" tu"t",
"" ,o-c51iolattv it'is áLrio¡f" to
t; tnroughshaftsassurepositive
a[gnrñentoTshafts, hopper
oearrngs, and sprockbts. F;il_-;il
rns¿al a cross collecüing con,u"yo.
i"lü
at the influenr "lr.d.;¡ rh;;#k."óirs Jil;;
t'É".ii
t; u,ctean'rank ^ __ i.,g veyor concentratesal con-
^sr.Tf""g;;;';;stiü
t:;.theI; ñ[':,ill
l^..1._u., *",,,,'
t;
removat aüail times. split, átrsffiiiJ!,ffi"tet",
easrlyrenew¿ble, are stiuu,iliinédi"'p.""J"i- i"t""_
n:1v4
usualy ;'j'¡:'f:.oil:x :itffiffi:
extra cost of the c.oss Jánüyo,
Ierence with tank more tl'ran offset by i"
t; flow^..- Centralized wearing
slroes rei n force scraper_fl-igh
t he¡r ñ ;;';É'u"i*Jula ¡.
,the
g9"tlpiql"g,e¿c.,foi u,. construction
mi iiip'r"'i.plJr.l'*¡,¡"i,
saving in

t: _w€akes
L'orrosron
r.points'. Z_tü;á ;
;ilri,i
and abrasion. M;t"ri;ü"í;; I
unirs
ji.r".i.t, woulcl otherwise lle neeoeo.
'l'rr'r¡
or, lrrrlrr: krrrgil r¡rlirr¿.rl
t; are neat appearing,compact,
""d ;fli.,;;;:
By_proporüioninetn:-.i,gyip-ent
cross collector can bé'
1:rl:d:r;; ;;ñ":!li+i;:i¡iiil,íh
itf i,i
r,ollr.r:lors and a

l; and safely suiü the aDptrcatron, to accuratety s¡oern separatetanks.may.likewisé-¡á*al"iiru"

t.o..,
tr are efi'ected without'sácrifice
I Note: Iror information
-many economies
óf "in-Éi"i,""v,"o.,_ l^.]:FJ,"
operauon
driye equipp.óo
wrrh Jawctutchesto ailow
oI'anyor all unitsat will.
tr on Rex Z_Me tal, *" pog". Stt_"Sí;.

tr
LENGTH OF TANK
VARIAELE

E DR|VE UNIT -

E :,s:;.u¡.},:-- -: \,13¡*LJ.¡ _-tu

E l
rnecr< eNcLts
a

E PIVOTE D
WATER DEPTH
VARIABL E

E
FL¡GNT

r Tff RAIL

E
T t
I
¡
S¡tl,ot th¡t,¡tth rcluutul(r
I a,,r k u . i t h ¡ t n u . i s i , t t t h t ¡ ¡ l . i ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ i ¡ ¡ 4 .

LENGTH OT TANX
AC'JU5TABL E VARIA8LE
wr¡R I
E F F L U e Nt , /
DRIVE UNII
INFLUENT

-ryAl-l E* tEltE_!_r__

HEA''HAFT -
/'
PIVoTEO RIGIO
FLIGHT FL IGHT S TRACK ANCLES
SELF.ALICNING
EeARtN6S
C O L L É CI O R

TEE RAIL

\tt'IioL throultl¿ rrck,il(t4l(ú ltt¡tl; u,i!Itout sA-i¡¡ttLí¡t!

O F M I L W A U K E E
Conueyor Sludge Collectors
Ninc Outstanding, Tilne-Provcn llcx l'e¡tures

l. Z-[Ictal¡ chain bclt. Greatest resistance to corrosion and abrasion'

, Self-aligning, self-cleaning be:rrings on through shafts'
3. OlIset, áplitr-ari"e sptockci. No cantilevered supporting bracket'
4. IIardcne.cl, cen tralized weari n g shoes strengthen scrapers'
¿). Fr¡ll-rvidth shinrming. Positive concentration of scum'
6. s¡rring-lrm"" *.¡t.""g"". Needs no adjustment --removes grease deposits.
cleaning of tank bottom and corners'
Pivotcrl fligh t allows for tank inaccuracies. Assures ¡rositive
,i

B. Nlotorizcd clrive units. Neat appearing-eflicient'

9. cross collcct()rs. For greater sludge concentration and operating ease.
s e e p a g c s5 1 1 - 5 1 3
¡ Note: For information on Rcx Z-Nletal,

S e l f - , \ l i g r r i n q l l c ¿ r r in g s OfT-Sct Drivc S¡rrochet

'],',';i,"1:!,,1!,ii:"'lí ri.¡ Dlür

.({/-^s.¿ :\p:'.\!c::..i.!.,.i,i,,:i!:,,ii,!,y,,,i,i,i1,,'"'"ííf!,,,'iii
[,ii^,i,:,!f ,í::'/':'i:"':i;l!,i,!;;!,;
r:xl,!::i"':,1:,uio!,';'
':ii:t:,;,,iji,,::i:::;:;i:,:j¡::'r':;!,,,,'l;::ilÍ
ii'i,":,::,!j
,',ii, ,lij.:,::!l,i,ii,,iii
;;,,,;ti,:,i"i,:,,,ii "i,,ii
7-
,!ifi¡ii,1iTi,'"-si"i.i:ri-',;;i
i;T!,i::,;':';,i;':::,'!;l|;i.
\ o htht icu]iun reqtt i rt'1

Sr¡rrccgct:
Clcn t r¿rlizctl \\-c:rrirr g Sh<¡rrs
¡

j##,{i,;::íi'!ifi'r
ir:iü'ii*,Wtryf;ri:Wirliti':i;i"ü!íiíti,"l
IleJ SDrittl llrass Squeegte scropes clt'tt
iiit' át i.o,, on,t bóttom; posititclu
*ru¡n ll sctnt trough.
'riiáilu
:i'l's ol
'tt ' t ':! ' 'tt¡.r
Ilron:c u'ttrínLl unr ts
rrtuovnüle uid no adjts!tncnt ís 1t'rct'oru'

4s4
C H A I N B E L T C O M P A N Y
I
I

I
*-á t
 Tow-Bro SludgeRemouers
FORROUNDOR RECTANGULAR
TANKS

.(
'o

.sii,X*:i*- j.,i:¡-..d-*.dg:¡?'ii,3:,*j:+r*tf i
Iüuliul fuuler o/ o lict,l,ou-Iho Slwlgt: [ltntorcr

'I'he
Iler'I'<¡n'-Ilro SlurlgerIlcnlover is the onlv
,:r'ailable sludge ¡emor-al equipmenr w.hich re-
moves sludge, from the tank bottom, by a gentle
suction rather than by the conventional plowing
or scraping of sludge to sludge hoppers. This
suction principle was developed particularly for
handling light, flocculent solids *h""u u minimum
of agitalion. high solld-"u_¡ncentratir_;.n.
o¡C r.pjC
siucige removal are t'eatu¡es vital to good per-
formance. The inherent advantages of tñe suction
principle of Tow-Bro are of great value in many
industrial processesor, in fact, any application
where light, flocculent solids are to be removed
from sedimentation basins.

Advantages
l. Clearer EfTluent. The Tow-Bro sludge re_
leading to the advantages outlined above.
mover, in removing sludge from the entire tank
bottom with a minimum of disturbance, assures 4. Prevents Se¡rticity. This is due to the fact
a better settling condition which directly results that sludge has less chance to become septic
in a clearer effluent than is obtainable *ith othu" becauseit is in the settling tank a shorter length
nrechanisms of time.
2. l-orv Cost. The use of the Tow-Bro immediate_ 5. Greatr:r O¡rerating Irlexibility. Sludge may
ly brings about dec¡easedcosts, both construction be drawn off at faster rate-even with a light
and operating. Tank bottom is pitched only sludge blanket-without a diluting vortex action
enough to insure draining, resulting in less exca_ in the clarified supernatant liquor. This gives
vation, form work, and construction. No sludge greater settling tank capacity, with attendant
hopper or center pier required. Greater solids greater operating flexibility.
conccntration means less volume, result,ing in 6. l,l¿rsyA<l:r¡rtrrliorr. The Tow-Bro nrechanism
snr¿rller piping and less pumping time. Sludge may be easily and successfully adapted to round
volume is smaller, leaving more capacity throughor rectangular tanks, new or existing.
the settling tanks.
For any settling tank handling flocculenü solids,
l¡
3. Grcater Solirls Concentration. The design or any ¡ii
solids sensitive to disturbance during con_ i:
principle of the Tow-Bro insures solids concen_ centration
and removal, the Rex Tow-B-ro is,
tration much higher than obtainable with the from every
standpoint, the best sludge removal
I
conventional scraper-type mechanisms, therebv equipment
available.

455
O F M I L W A U K E E
 Tow-Bro SludgeRemouers

rl
il

l** r,
!'.:;-.¿1'

,{'
t :
;r

t'.
¡.. '1'y
p íc ul l- u nal- N oz¿Ic 1' ou'- ]Jr o
'l'y IJro
)¡ícoL t"lorcLl-No¿zLc'l'ov-

l'larcd-Nozzle'I'orv-liro
rsec illustr¡raio¡r tr( t¡ppor l{'ft)

size. In all urlils, a suitabie collbination of l'¡ozzles

\ \ ; l ¡ ¡ r r t h c l ¡ r r o l l l e l r ri s o l r t : o l ' n r ¡ r r o l i l r g s l r r d ¡ ¡ t r of
t-'ral¡k:tlc¡r t Ir oI' slud ge bl¿rrr litr l' and inleb pipes is selecteclto meet the basis
w i tl¡ ¿r<:orr.si<l
I"lared- design ancl aPPlication.
sludge volumes are large and the Rex
Nozzle Tow-Bro is used. A single-arrn counter-
rcc-
Aithough customarily used in round tanks'
[ii weightecl unit is used in tanks up to 50 feet in having a length-to-width ratio
iurlgnlu"t t""f."
diaáeter, and a double-arm unit is used in tanks units-
of tio to one -also are often used' Twin
hii
ilil:
up to 125 feet in diameter' Where the possibilitv
oi ,t"ir-rg either the single- or double-arm
by the rate
uuit
and
of the single- or double-arm Lypc -are llror in-

,i^tl"d, on-oir. each half of the tank and

driven
F!¡ exists, tire choice is deterrnined drive unit through a line shaft'
¡;;; ; common
f:i
'¡t
fr"q.,átl"y of sluclge wiLhclrawal for :r given tar.rk

$:i
*:f i
ñ,1. t Vaned-Nozzlc Torv-Ilro
fi
* i thirr
lqcc ¡lluslratio¡r 8t uppcr r¡ght)

the he¿rclerrevolves.
'fo insure ren-roval of all
{ii \\'ht'n thtl ¡rroltltrlrl is r¡lrt: lf ttt"tt"i"g thc tank'
¿ t r t : .s t l r ¡ r l l "i.tag" seltling in the ce¡rtral¡lorlions of
$'", slrrrlgcs ()r \t'llcr'(' slrrrlgrl tt¡lt¡¡rtt's extencling lhc
lr<-¡nr ccttlcr ('()lul-¡rll
Lhe liex a spir:tl scral)er
and low moisture conteut is lnaud¿rtory'
áii
ft, Vaned-Nozzle
'I'ow-Bro is used' 'l'his unit dill'ers to ihe first inlet' feeclssludge Lo th¿rt'inlet''
from the Flared-Nozzle Tow-Bro in that rela-
*.1
also rvith
t.ri
inlets are used' Further, the inlets The Vaned-Nozzle Tow-Bro is made
aJ. tively few and is equally
struc- J"gfu- or double-arm construction'
{ir I are centrally located in back of scoop-iike tanks'
the sludge as suilable for rectangular
i; tures that collect, and conceni'rate

RcciprocatingTorv-Ilro
( Scc opPositc P¡ge)

iud''rstrial
'fhc 'l'ou'-l]ro--thc
llcr lLcci¡rro- flocculent sludge or cerlaill types of
i' lhir'ti tv¡rc of readily adapts it to cxisiing
particularly well *it"á f"t
-frurtJfing sludges. Its design
c:r tirr g'I'r-¡rv- lirt¡- is
in long, narrow tanks for tanks with a minimum of alteration to therr''
installátion

456
C H A I N B E L T C O M P A N Y
i''

i
{t*

b
 Tow-Bro Sludge Remou

'Ihc
sirnplicity of this l'orv-Ilro rlcsign is
apparent from the illustration to the right. A
shaft has two sprockets which engage two roller
racks and propels them back and forth. At each
end of the racks are tank-width suction nozzles.
Sludge is withdrawn from the tank bottom by
means of the tank-width nozzles and their hoses,
the latter being connected to a suction pump.
Complete, uniform, and rapid cleaning of the tank
bottom is assured.
Sctlling l:rlrhs of correctsize and proportions,
with srritablc inflrrcnt.and eflhrent designs, atrd
Il.cx 'I'ow-llro Sluclge llemovers, oller rnany ad-
vantages over vacuum filters for w¿rter cl¿rrifica-
tion and waste-recovery applications,
For equal capacity and efficiency, filters usually

+
-b
are more expensive,and require considerably more
maintenance of both filter and au-xiliaries. Thev
are also more sensitive to load fluctuations. I i u 1'ou'- I | ¡ o t " * " It
:':.!"ff,;'l ;: :
t;,:l
;l*i: ¡¡:
uIso t Iuv out sIt

t In PaperMills
+
-b
l,'or rt'rnovirr¡¡ r:lay anrl str¡el< (wood fibers) from
white water, _this type of Rex Tow-Bro Sludge
Remover has been used with marked success. The
simple mechanism -within the tank- made of
co-rrosion-resisting material, eliminates the possi-
bility of stock contamination by rust flakes.- The
gentle suction removal of stock does not pull con-
taminating sand.grains from the concrete, as do
scraplng mecnanBms.
In Water Works
A l ¡ ¡ : r e ¿ r r : c r r r ¡ r r ¡ l a t i o l lisn w a t e r s e t l l i n g I
are easily agitated and difficult to resettle. ,
water is wasted in trying to drain them fror
basins. This problém,*in one water-trea
plant, was solved by using a Rex Tow-Bro S
Remover designed-for installation in one c
existing rectangular settling basins. The firs
proved so successful that a second unit wr
stalled in another similar basin.

Ilc.r'1't¡t-llro i¡tsktlhl ín utilt-truilulut pltnt lt l)¡¡t\t tilit tnl retersíng detice lor Ii¿¡'!'ou¡-llto
r¡ltttu: ¡t¡ut¡ntl. 'illr.-l¡r¡ft rl ¡¿[or¿.

O F M I L W A U K E E
Stratified-FIo Thíckener
'l'hc lt or,rou¡rd sLraLa as rnay be considcrcd tlesirablc' tlsually
¡'dr:rt¡| ic cfticicncl' of rectangular de-
greatly in- three or four layers are enough to obtairr the
thi"k"rr"r", or clarifier basins can be possible uneven distrilxrtion of
uni- si¡ed results. Any
creasedby proper weirs and bafiles to assure layers can be easily co¡rected
liquid within the basin so as the liquid betweén
form distribution of baffie
the full volu¡netric capacity of the basin' by adjusting the proper weirs' Weir. and
to utilize suit any given condi-
"pu"itU "un-b" designed to
possible
f'he Ilcx Str¿rtifictl-l"lo'['y¡rc of l]¿rsin em- tio.r. iariations of weirs and baffies are
of
ploys an exclusive, unique arrangelnent of weirs i" ."lt unusual conditions' !'or the rernoval
wt:ir atrd
oni Uom"" whereby positive control of distribu- floatable solids, ¿l couvcnLional irllcL
main- baffle can be used with s[ralified-llow cflluent
tion and velocities within the basin may be
col-
tri""¿. Short-circuiting is eliminated' horizontal weirs and baffies, and the conveyor sludge
velocities are kept to a minimum, and weir veloci- lector can be arranged for skimming'
ties are extremely low-all desirable features'
The uniform flow through a Rex Stratified-Flo
With the stratified-flow design, the flow- through below'
or Thickener is illustrated diagramatically
the basin is broken up into as many layers

PLANVIEW

INFLUENT E I F L U E NTTR O U G H S EFTTUENT

I N F T U E NTTR O U G H S

ELEVATION
SECTIONAL
S L U D G EH O P P E R

. S L U D G ED R A W - O F FP I P E

Arrangenenl ol tupicat Rex Slratifed-tr'lo Bositt'

or
for mum results. Rex Conveyor Sludge Collectors
Existing cl¿rriliers rlr¿tY bc rer¡rodelcd in Rex Strati'6ed-
the Rex Tow-Bro may be used
greate. ápacity, or improved results, by,using the
tanks Flo Tanks with little modification'
I*"ln"irru ñex Stratified-Flo Principle' New
síze, yet produce maxi-
""" U" kept to minimum

458
C H A I N B E L T C O M P A N Y
4k -\

Vertical-flow, slurry-blankct types of thick-
eners have proven to be particularly effective in
delivering highly clarified effuents with relatively
low detention periods when handling certain types
of solids. Such applications are limited to those
caseswhere a sludge or slurry blanket can be main-
tained without fear of septicity.
Superior results are obtained with this thick-
ener due to the straining or filtering of fine solids
by the slurry blanket. fmproved results are
also attributable to the low, vertical velocities
and the large weir length provided by this design.
'l'hr: 'l'hi<:kcncr
llrrr Vrrrl i-lilo employs a
unique, exclusive, cellular construction obtained
Vertí-FIo Thíckener
by dividing a conventional sedimentation basin
with proper wei¡s and baffies. Extremely long
weir length is obtained with this design. The
adjustable wei¡s allow close regulation of flow dis-
tribution among the cells.
Rcx Conveyor Slutlge Collectors are installed
in the tank to concentrate the sludge at the
influent end of the tank and maintain a fluid
sludge blanket in the zone of flow immediately
below the baffes.
Continuous operation of the conveyor sludge
rernover provides a continuous recirculation of
sludge to the influent end of the basin.

PLANVIEW

INFIUENI ADJUSTABLENOTCHED WEIR WATER I.EVEI.

IEE RA,IL
HOPPER
STUDGE
ELEVATION
SECTIONAL
ER A WO F FP I P E
S T U D GD

tltruttgentenl ol ly¡tíetil Iie¡ 1'trlí-l'lo'l'hicktn¿r.

lixisting basi¡rs nray bc remorlelc<l to provide efficiency. Rex Conveyor Sludge Collectors or the
greater capacity, or improved results, by using the Rex Tow-Bro provide efficient sludge removal
exclusive Rex Verti-Flo Principle. New tanks from rectangular or round Verti-Flo tanks.
can be kept to a minimum size without loss of

459

O F M I L W A U K E E
Skimmers
":IT*T:.Sf'ry,;"F

,L,*M

' l ' h r l n : ¡ r r r ¡ r ' ¿ rol f l l k r ¿ r t ¡ r b l t s: o l i r l s , o r I - i r ¡ t r i t l s , side of the tank and recessedwithin i'hc walls)
fn¡nr thc strrl'¿t<:cof thickeners, clarifiers, or ;;;;yi;r b"tween them- at suitable intervals-
flotation tanks often presents a problenl in manu- t"trífáil steel cross members from which steel
with
lácturing processes,oi wasle-treátment plants' It 'o1tá"tt"cl,In addition to Lhesernembers
i"i'r "iái".i.
hesirableto remove the floating rnaterial iuE" another similar member he's sus-
il;.;t1; or
* üoiatv as it accumulates' eilher conLinuqgsly o"""¿"¿ i.o"r it a skimming blade' The. fli¡;lrts'
í*"p"t", áf tlic sludge-renrt.¡val mcchanisnrrvithin
ór i"t'á."t"ittently- The tloating matcrial should be óngugu theie lugs on lhcir relurn
rsST-
removed with a minirnum of drlutron' Lrl sorne ¿h;i;"i
skimrning blade'. This
i".tá"ó"" the dual function of flotation and,settling ^insi iu"' íná propel tlie
i;i;e?;;;;" --brought the scüm- from the area to rvhich it
;.-"uifoit""a in a single tank. whereas i¡r oLher and concentrated -bv the
i;r"ü;r";" lhe removalót floalable matter may be ñ;;'ü;
the solc function- ""áoéi"l and cónvevs if directly into the scum
Irorrsl'trsce illustraüionabove)'
' I ' h c C h ¡ r i I r I l e r l L ( i o r r r ¡ r ¿ t l l l l r | ¿ l r | | l l ' i t c I t ¡ r r - r¿st.
sliilltrrtirlg cr¡tti¡tltlt'Itt' ttr- In tanks where flotation only takes p.lacc',skim-
r'olrr¡rlcte li¡¡1r of
;lü;f t h e t a n k s u r f a c er n a y b e . c l l i ' c i " t l b y a
¿i;¿iit;manual, semi-autornatic, ánd automatic "o*itl"t" skimming device having its orvn sot¡rce
¡ypes. ¡ ;i;;;;.- The sk"immer then operatp*" o'er the
I n L ¿ r l r l i sl v l l c r r : b < ¡ [ l r s t l r l i l l l c r r t i t t i o r r ¿ r n < l J"tíÁ i""eth of the lank. This device also consists
if"t.Ji.iii lal<: ¡rltcc' the conveyor sludge col- ;Tñ;';;Aürt .Loitt belts ru¡rrüng over hc:r<land
ió"tot l" used wiih provision lor scurn concenlra- t,,ii"ttt"i'i"ts, ulld carryirlg lrctwcctrLltcnr:r scries
'fhe couveyor collcell- ;i';;J-;"*pers ol' acieqüate-s.ize to rt.t'<,rrlplish
l,ion on the upper travel.
i.á1ut ¡f floatiirg material al a qoint.inrnrcdia'tely D r o r ) c sr k i r n n r i n g .( i c t l e r a l l v ,t l t i s .t y ¡ , l co l s l i t m ¡ n c r
i""'."ru-ti¡tti a'tanL surf¿rcc¿tudconccttrtr:tt'e the
.ül"""iif t. n ,"üttt trough, or sliinrrning pi¡re' The
""i"át ^ó"ing of the sciim coucentralion inlo thc ""t.rtttaiou" cnd for lnanual retlroval tr¡ ¿r-t'r'rllcrete' 'l'irus' this
trÑgñ "u" tñen be done either auton.ratically or ái1""ói"i"e-pipe tvpe of scum trough'
manually. "i¡t i" baJióaily a- skimmer, and not' ¿r scum
remover.
When fi¡ral removal of scum is Lo be accompüshed If a concrete scum trough is u'sed,the scttm must
automatically, a concrete scum trougn -rs pro- ;;;;k;J manuallv frorn the Iitluid surface into
;i,i;J, fiit¿J"*ittr u steel lip, or apron. Thc uniL if ttté revolving-pipe tvpe of.ürough
".uáJn "o"uey the scum from the tank surface up hi"-i.""cti. the plpe-
lü;;;t;;;t''á i.tto the troug! is lhc..lk:r. Ar¡to- is used, it is merely neccssaryto.roLalt'
l'"J ñáiÁirthe scuin to flow into it aud .rr out of
rri"ü[-Si.iitirrring l)cvir:c. Esse¡rüi¿rlly, this uniü
;i Ño "d,11"." chain belts (one on each the tank; see next Page.
;;;i""

4ó0
C H A I N B E L T C O M P A N Y
{
{
{
Skimmers
i
{
{
_{

{
{
i
i
i.¡r
L
^h
¡
¡h
ñ
-
¡
.- u",no,fi'o!,o;"¡,',,Tii!íf,!!ii[,f!fJ,;,,,x!.}í!!,*r}i,,""i,Tifi,,,,:;íj:}')l,i!,ll,:#:,,!j',ííiiii|i:!,t,,t##"{u
.h
il 'l'hc
.h llor ltoto-Sl<inr
¡i ^is a-revolving-pipe type of'
"reqüirem'ents, SCUM PIPE
;t troug! that meets all fundamental
,h rf including. accuracy of control, ease of^opération,
,l water-tight
,seal,, and structural strength which
.h if ilmlts oenectron to a m¡nimum.
;1
.t
.b The ltoto-Shim is available in diameters fiom
8 to 20 inches and in lengths up to B0 feet.-- F
¡! There are two types of operating arrangement -.
I
o

+
¡"
14,) lever-operated,. and (b) worm_gear_operated.
r ne rormer rs the srmpler and more economical of
the two, being limited, however, to cases where the
tr
U
fL

lreeboard is three fect or less. (

¡¡ Where. close adjustment and accuracy are neces_
@

sary, the worm-ger-operated type rriay be used.

¡. l nls type É recommended also whenever the free_
board is greater than three feeL.
rb;
Both. types are fitted with renewable, grease_
¡; resisüng, synthetic-rubber seals designed'tdinsurc LEVER-OPERATED
an effective water-tight seal, but at íhe s¿rnle time R E V O L V I N GS C U M
h, permtt easy rotating of'the pipe.
s l¡r sornc-cases, where several tanks are adiacen¿ ro
one another, A cross skilrrnrr:r is ¡¡scrl tá collecl
L anrl concentrate the scum depositecl at theends of
[he üanks by some means.of skimming previously
ti discussed. The cross skimmer ¡s sirñit, to thó
power-operated skimmer described in the second_
\ narasrgph, opposite page. Scum, "oU""téltv
l1{
tne cross-skrmmer, is automatically deposited iir
5, sumps placed -at desirable_locatións álong th; Ret Lever-Operaled Rottskit¡t usedín conjutclion rillt sludot-
5 course of travel, and at the head terminal. r emou
oI mcchanítm. . tr'I ight hu j ust cu ¡i píetzJ,i-*i¡,ilii ;li" rí,',
ilil(r ilas ron¡¿iltretcd ils s.{r¿ in /ront ol thr :rtinnít¡ pipc,

/ü
.L 461

r O F M I L W A U K E E
5
[.
 Aero-Filters

iil op.fat¡o,L o¡| (L 90.|o()t-¿ioil.e'|¿r |td' usi¡t¡J lilc ¡¡¿ulia.

l|er ItIo|ori:ctl Dísc I)ist¡íl¡ulor

as it
i n a n y distributors. Roughly, the llcx Acro-l"iltcr'
O¡rtinrum rcst¡lts rvill bc obtailretl of 26
is known, has a maximum working capacity
pr:o""r" involving the applicaüion of a liquor to a whereas the con-
at a million gallons per acre per day,
filter bed, if the distribution is maintainecl million
is accomplished by ventionál fiIter has a capacity of but 3
uniform, continuous rate. This daY.
as gallons per acre Per
appiying the liquor in as near a rain-like form
poÁsiblewhich serves to keep the momentary rate
having been definitely proven
ie.y lolu, but greatly increasesthe daily capacity With distribution
most important factor contributing to
o,r". tttoi formerly obtainable with conventional to be the
the outstandir.rg success of the Rex Aero-l'ilier'
prodtrce
equipmcnt, Ita" lruet-,devekrped which will
I,toIoRt DUC t. R
lhc ie,sirccl rain-likc effect' ¡urd whostl o¡rt'rrrtiou
sut,f!Rf rNC cllANNl.t, 'l'lrcse
will co¡rform to the fbllowing crileria'
ex-
criteria have been formulated from countless
pcrinren{.s, both irl thc ficld and laboralory'

( a ) T'he tot'al volurne of liquor apptied by t'hc dis-

MOfOR SPtDER PLAfE
tributor on at least 90 per cent of the filter
surface must not vary more than plus or minus
/ _---
EASI PLAff

'-- S P I D E RS T U D S 25 per cent from the average application on at

teast gOper cent of said filter surface when op-
VANED CONE erating over the designedrange in rates'

D|SC
.------
.- RISER PIPE (b) The maximum interval between applic;rtions
not
of.liquor upon any given filter radius mrrst
COLLAR

. NRIIP
SP L EP I P E
ER
"*.u"d 3 secondswhen the distributor is oper-
ating at Lheminimuln permissible rat'e'
Asunúly o! Iirtr ltlolorí:ul Disc l)isltilttkr'

462
C H A I N B E L T C O M P A N Y

t:

gq!!FÉ
h* 'qmr-%s#ffi"r'' ''.t.'"i'?€f-.@-q.wh#lf!$8tr',1$$q:', 'w$qeffi
 Aero-Filters

tÍ/¡:

it'"

Bet Reaction Arm Type Distribulor

irl opelalion on a S6_foot-(líaneter
bed, using ¡ocb medíq.

'frv;_ty¡rcs
r¡f rlistrilrrrt(rrs¡¡r()r¡se<lto
obtain iower right, shows the
type of nozzlesused,which
1!*foi¡en1iat, exceilenrdisrriburion. One is rhe break.s rhe applied
Disc.rype_(limiüe<l¿o-ilea""up r;qriá i"i"-l "o..],=i"¿"" ^
Y:t-::'':9
r."nr ,: diamcter) anci tl.re olher
to ¡¿ head ¿rslow as B feet.
is the Éeaction A ctistributoijrr'oJu"urio.,
Arm Type. is shown above. The. positioni.rg
of iL"-rr:nrrt"*,
type of spray, and the high
lflotorizerl I)isc .ft,¡rc. The pu-""urrüg"'i, u"a
disc itself coverageare clearly indicated.
aluminum casting of tirree ai"ti""i-"ug;"i,t", is an
segment beilg equipped with uo"l, Ilr¡r Aero-l.ilters hal,c rvirlc
"o""" iuf¡"1, clivide usc, the chief one
the flow of liquid and throw being in connection with the
it o.,t ove"'iiu ¡o¿. ¡¡l"e¡*l'tr";rrn"r,t
The speed of rhe disc is 26O of certain types of wasle liquors.
to ¡OO"ñ".p.iv1.,¿"_
pendent upon the diameter
of the bed. The illus_
tratjon, opposite page, shov¡p
the general ,"""_¡fV
of the.unit,. including the diive,
u'Jln'"ll"rr ir,_
stallation view. The very fine
aistri¡ulio., áno.¿u¿
by this distributor is apparent
from the fact that
the equipment was operating
when the-picture
was taken. Notc that- the
sp-ray .un ""u.Jufv
-*^" Uu
seen, that the filter bed is plainly,"u".
l'he Ile¿rction Arrrr f)is.tril¡utor
is powered by
the reactance of sprays issuing
f"Á'"-"rri.lr,rgut
nozzles. From 4 to 12 arms
.i *uJ, á"p""ai"e
upon the bed diameter, each."_
¡"rrrá¡ii!.rr,ro u
Y at midpoinr on rhe radir".
-fitted C;;;;;*uiirorr,""
with renewal
attached rorheAt"'i; :ffij:Ht:3
-ri"lrt #::;il:
the bestpossible disrriburion. .il""r¡", ",
I) etut Is of centr if ur¡ol rtoz:les.

463
O F M I L W A U K E E
Líquid Screens
lla¡lirl sc¡rara[ion <¡f solirls frorrr lir¡uirls has
Iong been practiced in almost every field of
manufacture, for purposes ranging from the pre-
treatment of process water to the reconditioning
or clarification of waste water. Separation is most
economically accomplíshedby the use of screerring
equipment, the particular t¡'pe of screen depend-
ing upon several factors, such as (1) the type of
solid to be removed from the liquid. (2) the liquid
CoarseScreen
(llechanically-Cleaned
Rcr llcchonicallu-Clcanc¡I llar Screcn títh fronl ard rcar col'er
!ilatct renxned lo shott¡ Lhe ttggul sínplicity oÍ thc dc\¡tJil.
Thc coarsc scrccn is better known as the me-
chanically-cleaned bar screen (or bar rack). It is
the most rugged of all types, can handle debris of
particularly heavy nature, and has an inherent
low head loss. The unit is easily installed in new
or exisling channels. Suitable screensofcapacities
ranging from 0.5 to 150 MGD are available for
installation in channels ranging from 2 to 16 feet
in width. However, it is generally advisable to
provide a plurality of screenswllenever possible.
.Nolc: For infornration on Z-l\Ietal, rce pagcs 5ll-513.
464
C H A I N
TYPES
volume to be handled, (3) the use to which the
screened liquid is to be put, and (4) the space
available for the required equiprnent.
Screcns c:rn bc cl¿¡ssiliul according to t,hcrc:lt':rr
opening presented to the llolv of the liquid, and
fall into t.hrc'e g<'ncr:rl t:l¡rs.silir:nl.ions crrrbr:rt'ing
(1) co¡rrse, ¡2) int.crnre'diult', rttttl 1ll) lirtc s('r'(\'rrs.
The Chain Belt Con'rpany ca¡r provide c<¡uiptnt'ttl
of any of these types.
Bar Screen)
Thc nrechanic:rlly-clc¿rne<l b:rr scrccrl (o"
rack), as the name implies, is a rack made up of a
series of bars of adequate thickness (1.( to 1l íncb)
spaced to provide clear openings of tl Lo 1)(
inches between them. The screen is commonly
installed at angles of 30, 15, or 6 degreeswith the
vertical.
('ilt::rrrirrgr¡f lhc r¿rchis accomplishedby mcans
of rakes having milled leeth which engage 1he
r¿rck. E¿rcllrake is securelylnc¡untedon two clrd-
less strands of short-pitch Z-Mclalr chain bclt
running over two sets of sprockels (head and foot)
al a speed of approximately 7 I|PM. More lhan
two rakes may be used, depcnding upon (1) l.he
type of material being screened, (2) the quant;itv
of liquid passing through the screen, and (3) 1he
screencenters. Frequency ofoperation is regulated
by suitable control ecluiPment.
'l'hc
nroch¿r¡ricst¡f rlcsign assureefficie¡rtclelrn-
ing of the bars, proper wiping of the rake arld
discharge of the screenings,and full protection of
equipment against overload. Simple adjustments,
incorporated in the design, provide easeof mainte-
nance and assure continuous, satisfactory opcra-
tion and long life.
Mechanically-cleaned bar screens are built getl-
erally of sufficient size so bhat the peak-flow
velocity of liquid through the bar rack will nol
exceed 3 fps. Higher velocilies will tend to force
debris through the rack and contribute t,o rapid
build-up of head loss. Basic factors contributing
to the selected size include (1) the liquid volume,
(2) the thickness of bar, (3) bar spacing, anri ''1)
liquid depth.
B E L T C O M P A N Y
 !
\
i RPK
{ Liquid Screens
i
TYPES-Conrinued
{
{
i
i
¡¡
i
¡.

i
-
b
¡

-
Ilcudetd o/ Rt:t Tnoelbq ll,túer Scrce¡t ilslttlletl
- i¡t u polcr ,ilill, Ru lJtbutirtg Scrccn shou,intl ils sbn¡tlc,
rulJ¡JctL(onslrrlclü)n-
-
IntcrmcdiatcScree¡r
¡" (T.ravetingWarer Sciétn¡ l¡¿rslir.rsu.:,_of len8th
l:,i::,.rt
volume ^a
of water, design factor! .to pass a given
Thc ir¡ternrerli¿rlr¡ scrccrl
is a unit for removing
being iJiln mesr,,
- trash from lake. river, or- dep.th, u,la u"to"iiy.--é;".;n.s.
ocean water. Whereas :?:-:r_"-"generailv
srgned are de_
the mechanically_cteaned so that . p"ák ""1;;;;;
z . fps wi rr occu r d urin;'*;;;;;,i"cl not ex-
t b^; ;;;";;;
can successfully handre tt"u"y rugged ancl
a"t.i", iit" tru,r"r_ l.:"dil*
¿rnd to resist a head loss of 2 tee"t- ir ions,
t rng water screen cannor,
""á ;;;i;e'irotecrea
uy a grillage. Mrrlerials,commonl.y
rcn'rovccl by
I'i¡r fi¡rlltr.r rlcl¡rils. r.cfi.r
t < ¡¡ r l r g t , s. f t l l _ 5 { ) t ) .
b this typc ol' screcn jncl.r¡d.e
I",,u,,*,'.ii*i,,';ulty n*1'r,
eels, sea weed or kelp, twigs,
i 'l'lrc
lr¡rvclirrg l.tlcr
;.d ;h;'iiki,. Finc Screcn
(Vibrating Screen)
s(,r(,(!n can be installecl
5 i¡_l 'l'l¡r: lirrr. s(.r(.(.n
ingrroms to r00üió ".".Tfi',:Hfi:"iff
new or cxisting wellr .tr:::9 by Chain Ilelt Conrpany
r; from approxrmately 3 to Tl,í; r,sactually a vilrr:rtrng s(.rcen, totally
foregoing types. r";;¿r;;i'i"irg difl.erent
s 'lhe
fftx.Sing
use of a plurality of units i.
wi[h this type of screen.
1l feet in width.
,loi"á"gun".ot
:::^th: rn a
merged
lyrface
channell,o..y"ll,_ *lii, it""i"r**ni,rg
presenred ro rhe. riq;ü.
;;j.'d"ii"¿
.uo_

5 'l'lr,is
l¡.¡x. of screerr consistsessentially
ctose-to-horizonLal
poured onro it. Soiids
nosition, with the liquia fruing
;n o

r; of haskets (wire mesh moun-ted of a series

securely artached ao,l*o u"dl;;. o., .iÉui't."_"";
are gradually tumbled cl.own
and discharged off the.
"";"i;;;"1^ñu..Há",,
the slightn
n.,a
incline
pitch. steel chain belt running ";r;;d" ár to,r*_
t sprockets. The screen i" ;i;.;; over "i.'rüií"¿
two sets of loveme3r .being effe,cred
botiom,'"tü" tj*n*urA
,¡v tf,u'"iüáii#
screen clorh. The liquid_1f;ñ';i;#lotids of ühe
vertical position. the rrame i., u *
\ passes
guides. Conrrot is generaly engaging with wall ,through the sc.reen,ready for reuse
or
S tinuous operation being resoited
;?;";;i *iin "on-
to á;;";.;riticat,
orsposal.
'l'hc
5 i:T9""1
periods. Cleaiing "arüü;k;;:
ny powerful warer spray.-di*;l;l;;;n'ri,i,u_ ¿o.,u
j. vil¡r¿rtirrg scret:n,has-a
gpm which mav varv sliehtü fixeCcapacity of ?00
Jüráif*',lrn""
t lrom within. The mate.iatiñu.-,iiJi"a
sluiced awa.yin a refusei,rough^ancl orr.;.
nature of the sótidsóarrie"rl
ií r¡*'iiq,li,i..
",, ,rr"

5 a location where il can grve discharged at

no further trouble.
The screen table is a
"ii'¿
cloth ol correct -u"n X:-uL5-fbol
,'T:S,:$j
slteet of' wire
".,"r.
o,-zol;áó :i"',fi:ü:i,t"?:".
ü:i|üilil, il i,.-t'i "gpil,;,i:,,c{:
lh;,iJIil¡
t\
porting framework and
.1. eral use. Wire gaueé¡
mesh.á"".uu;""."-üñ';'¿'J:;i:ly;,i,"""T1.ffi:rri;
:1,:t1lq.-
.is ";.úi;;;'Li"rubbe¡
properstretch, i.;h; ;i;;;
"rjo.'iti..,"rv

5 the choiceof marerials_ ^tiurJ 1,::":r:' onsagging^

mounred
and ponding. Viü*iá." u."
the frame,
"r.ti"uiá, and tñ"
ián*ing driven from the source ol power. ".,it'i."ü-¡utt
5 from black-to.galvaruzed_to
copperand its alloys. stainlesssteel, to
i::::"
table is dlsiribured óvenly
The feed to the
^".*. i"nl *iatn
f by means of baffies-

f
N 4ós
x O F M I L W A U K E E

f
t