SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

COIMBATORE-107

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

WORK BOOK

FACULTY NAME : P.Ramya

SUBJECT CODE : EC 6702
TITLE : OTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS
CLASS/SEMESTER : Iv ECE A & B / VII

UNIT I – INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBERS

STAFF INCHARGE HoD

SNSCE\ECE\EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS

Topic 1 : Evolution of Fiber Optic System

1. The electromagnetic Spectrum allocation for optical fiber

a) 0.7um to 0.4um b) 1.7um to 0.8um c) 106 to 108 d) 1017 to 1018

2. Transmitting the light waves through a ______ medium is difficult in practical.

a) Fiber b) Co-axial c) Atmospheric d) Wireless

3. The length of the wavelength depends on the ______ of the wave & the ______ of
the light.
a) Frequency, velocity b) velocity, frequency
c) Distance, velocity d) Velocity, distance.

4. Light frequency used in optical communication system is carrier from ______ to

______.
a) 1015Hz to 4X1016Hz b) 1014Hz to 4X1014Hz
c) 1011Hz to 4X1013Hz d) 1012Hz to 4X1012Hz

5. What is the photon energy for an infrared wave with frequency of 1012 Hz?
a) 10.6 x 1034 joules b) 6.63 x 10-34 joules
c) 6.63 x 10-22 joules d) 10.6 x 1022 joules

Topic 2 : Elements of an Optical fiber Transmission link

6. An optical fiber is dielectric waveguide that operates at _____ frequency.

a) High b) Ultra high c) VHF d) Optical

7. If the two waves have identical periods, the resulting wave amplitude will be
__________.
a) A=A1+A2 b) A=A1-A2 c) A=A1*A2 d) A=A1/A2

8. The reflection of light of less optically dense material is called _______.

a) External reflection b) Internal reflection
c) Uni-directional reflection d) Bi-directional reflection

9. Light is a form of ______ energy.

a) EM b) TEM c) RF d) TE &TEM

10. Optical systems are long lasting because they are _______ to environmental hazards
& ________ to corrosives.
a) Highly tolerant, immunity b) Immunity, highly tolerant
c) Less tolerant, immunity d) Immunity, less tolerant

SNSCE\ECE\EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS

Topic 3 : Total Internal Reflection – Acceptance Angle – Numerical Aperture –
Skew Rays

11. A silica fiber with a core diameter large enough to be considered by ray theory
analysis has a core refractive index of 1.50 and cladding refractive index of 1.47,
determine the crictical angle at the core – cladding interface is
a) 75.8O b) 78.5O c) 7.85O d) 7.58O

12. If a mirror is used to reflect light, the reflected light angle is ____ as the incident
angle
a) Smaller b) Larger c) The same d) Independent

13. What is a specific path the light takes in an optical fiber corresponding to a certain
angle and number of reflection
a) Mode b) Grade
c) Numerical Aperture d) Dispersion

14. A typical relative refractive index difference for an optical fiber designed for long
diatance transmission is 1%. Estimate the NA when the core index is 1.46.
a) 0.21 b) 0.12 c) 0.021 d) 1.2

15. An optical fiber in air has an NA of 0.4. find the acceptance angle for meridional rays
with that for skew rays which change direction by 1000 at each reflection.
a) 88.5O b) 58.5O c) 38.5O d) 78.5O

16. Skew rays follow a ______ path in a fiber.

a) Circular b) Helical c) Semi-circle d) Elliptical

17. NA for skew rays is __________.

a) NA=sino as cosr b) NA=cos0 bs sinr
c) NA=sin0as sinr d) NA= cas0 as cosr

Topic 4: Optical Fiber Modes and Cofiguration

18. What is the insertion loss of connector-type splices for a single mode fiber optics?

a) 0.51 dB b) 0.31 dB c) 0.49 dB d) 0.38 dB

19. A dielectric waveguide for the propagation of electromagnetic energy at light

frequencies

a) Stripline b) Microstrip c) Laser beam d) Fiber optics

20. _______ Capacity of single mode fiber is large.

a) Travelling b) Information c) Data transfer d) Dhannel

SNSCE\ECE\EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS

 21. A optical fiber in air has an NA of 0.4. find the acceptance angle for meridional rays
with that for skew rays which change direction by 1000 at each reflection.
a) 88.5O b) 58.5O c) 38.5O d) 78.5O

22. A graded index fiber has a core with a parabolic refractive index profile which has a
diameter of 50um. The fiber has a numerical aperture of 0.2. estimate the total
number of guided modes propagating in the fiber when its operating at a wave
length of 1 um.
a) 742 b) 427 c) 274 d) 247

Topic 5: Mode theory of Circular waveguides

23. A multi mode step index fiber with a core diameter of 80um and relative index
difference of 1.5% is operating at a wave length of 0.8um. if the core refractive
index is 1.48, normalized frequency is 75.8, then the number of guided modes are
a) 2673 b) 2873 c) 2783 d) 2773

24. Estimate the maximum core diameter for an optical fiber with the same relative
refractive index difference (1.5%) and core refractive index (1.48). It may be
assumed wavelength of 0.85um
a) 1.3um b) 1um c) 4.3um d) 4um

25. For multimode fiber the core diameter & numerical aperture are key parameters for
describing ______ properties.
a) signal receiving b) Signal transmission
c) S/N d) All of the above

26. The order of a mode is equal to the number of field _________ across the
waveguide.
a) 0’s b) 1’s c) 2’s d) 3’s

27. The light which is travelling through the fiber is said to be _____ nodes of the fiber.
a) Guided b) Unguided c) Junction d) Multi

Topic 6: Over view of Modes – Key Model concepts

28. Channel capacity is given by _______.

a) Blog2(1+S/N) b) Nlog10(1-S/N)
c) Blog2(1-S/N) d) Nlog10(1+S/N)

29. Which theory states that the light wave behaves as if it consists of many tiny
particles?
a) Huygen’s theory b) Wave theory of light
c) Nyquist theory d) Quantum theory
SNSCE\ECE\EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS
 30. What type of fiber is used in optical communication?
a) Active fibers b) Passive fibers
c) Single mode fibers d) Multi mode fibers

31. An ordinary light wave consists of many _______waves.

a) TEM b) TE c) TM d) THE

32. Either ____ of these ____ polarization modes constitutes the fundamental HE11
mode.
a) 1,2 b) 2,1 c) 2,3 d) 3,2

Topic 7: Linearly Polarized Mode

33. The wavelength of light has no role in
a) Diffraction b) Interference c) Polarization d) Reflection

34. Longitudinal waves do not exhibit

a) Polarization b) Refraction c) Reflection d) Diffraction

35. What is a specific path the light takes in an optical fiber corresponding to a certain
angle and number of reflection
a) Mode b) Grade
c) Numerical Aperture d) Dispersion

36. when thenormalized frequency is 2.405, giving the cut off value Vc for the LP11
mode is
a) 2.504 b) 2.405 c) 2.505 d) 2.404

37. Which of the following is a lower orde linearly polarized mode in an optical
communication
a) LPlm b) LP01 c) LP02 d) LP11

Topic 8: Single Mode Fibers

38. Estimate the maximum core diameter for an optical fiber with the same relative
refractive index difference (1.5%) and core refractive index (1.48) is 1.3um, may be
suitable for single mode operation. It may be assumed that the fiber is operating at
the same wavelength of 0.85um. The new maximum core diameter for single mode
operation when the RI difference is reduced by a factor of 10
b) 1.3um b) 1um c) 4.3um d) 4um

39. Single-frequency light is called

a) Pure b) Intense c) Coherent d. Monochromatic

SNSCE\ECE\EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS

 40. What type of fiber has the highest modal dispersion?
a) Step-index multimode b) Graded index multimode
c) Step-index single mode d) Graded index mode

41. What is the fiber core diameter for a single mode step index fiber which has an MFD
of 11.6 um when the normalized frequency is 2.2
a) 8.8um b) 9.9um c) 9.8um d) 8.9um
42. Determine the cutr off wave length for a step index fiber to exhibit single mode
operation when the core refractive index and radius are 1.46 and 4.5um
respectively, with the relative index difference being 0.25% is
a) 2114 b) 2124 c) 1214 d) 1241

Topic 9:Graded Index Fibers Structure

43. A graded index fiber has a core with a parabolic refractive index profile which has a
diameter of 50um. The fiber has a numerical aperture of 0.2. The operating
wavelength is 1 um. What is the Narmalized frequency for the fiber is
b) 34.1 b) 43.1 c) 31.4 d) 41.3

44. What is the maximum possible bandwidth on the link for multi mode graded index
fiber exhibits total pulse braod casting of 0.1 us diatance of 15km. Assume no
intersymbol interference.
a) 5 Mhz b) 50 Mhz c) 500 Mhz d) 55 Mhz

45. For a parabolic refractive index profile core fiber & α=

a) 2 b) -2 c) 1 d) -1

46. At any multiplexing level a signal at the designated input rate is combined with
other input signal with _______.
a) Same rate b) Sum of the rate
c) Difference of the rate d) All

47. G-loss is made by fusing mixture of ________.

a) metal oxides b) Sulphides c) Selenides d) All

SNSCE\ECE\EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS

Answers:
1.a 2. C 3.a 4.b 5.b 6.d 7.a 8.b 9.a 10.a 11.b
12.c 13.a 14.a 15.c 16.b 17.a 18.d 19.d 20.b 21.c 22.d
23.b 24.a 25.b 26.a 27.a 28.a 29.d 30.b 31.a 32.a 33.c
34.a 35.a 36.b 37.b 38.d 39.d 40.a 41.b 42.c 43.c 44.a
45.a 46.a 47.d

SNSCE\ECE\EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS

 UNIT II – SIGNAL DEGRADATION OPTICAL FIBERS

Topic 1 : Attenuation – Absorption Losses

1. Which among the following is/are responsible for generating attenuation of an

optical power in fiber?
a) Absorption b) Scattering c) Waveguide effect d) All of the
Above
2. Consider the assertions/ characteristics given below. Which type of attenuation
measurement technique exhibits these characteristics?
1. Necessity of accessing both ends of fiber.
2. Measurements corresponding to specific wavelengths.
3. Requirement of spectral response over a range of wavelengths.
a) Cutback Technique b) Insertion Loss Technique
c) Use of OTDR Technique d) None of the above

3. In pyroelectric photodetectors, the consequent increase in dielectric constant

due to temperature variation by the photon absorption, is generally measured
as change in _______

a) resistance b) inductance c) admittance d) capacitance

4. Consider the statements given below. Which among them is not a drawback of
double crucible method?

a. Utility in mass production of fibers

b. High attenuation
c. High OH content in drawn fiber
d. Addition of impurity while the fiber is drawn

5. Attenuation & dispersion determines _____ characteristics of the fiber at

operating wavelength.

a) Transfer b) Transmission c) Receiver d) Channel

Topic 2 : Scattering losses, Bending Losses, Core and Cladding losses

6. Index variations cause a scattering of a light which is named as

___________ scattering.
a) Raylight b) Transmission c) Receiver d) Channel

7. Mil scattering belong to ________ scattering loss.

a) Non-linear b) Exponential c) Random d) Linear

SNSCE\ECE\EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS

 8. Macroscopic binding losses occur when the radius of curvature of bend
is ___________ the fiber diameter.
a) > b) < c) = d) >=

9. ______ of the waveguide can be found by summing over all modes

weighted by the fractional power in that mode.
a) Total loss b) Scattering loss c) Bending loss d) Absorption

10. Microscopic bending losses occur when the radius of curvature of bend
is ___________ the fiber diameter.
a) > b) < c) = d) /=

Topic 3 : Signal Distortion in Optical Wave guides Information

Capacity determination Group Delay

11. Refraction is the

a) bending of light b) reflection of light waves
c) distortion of light waves d) diffusion of light waves

12. _______ is the velocity at which the energy in a particular mode travel
along the fiber.
a) Velocity b) Group velocity c) Acceleration d) Displacement

13. ________ refers to spreading of light pulse as it propagates through fiber.

a) Attenuation b) Scattering
c) Dispersion d) Radiative loss

14. GVD stands for _________________

a) Group Velocity Dispersion b) Material dispersion
c) modal dispersion d) Chromatic dispersion

15. Group delay depends on ________

a) Wavelength b) Amplitude c) Frequency d) Pulse

Topic 4 : Material Dispersion

16. The real image formed by a spherical mirror is ____ relative to its object
a) Erect b. Inverted c. Smaller d. Larger
17. ________ dispersion is caused by the difference in the propagation
times of light rays tha ttake different paths down a fiber.
a. Material dispersion b. Wavelength dispersion
c. Modal dispersion d. Delay dispersion
18. Which of the following contributes to the broadening of laser
emission bandwidth?
a. Doppler shift of moving atoms and molecules
SNSCE\ECE\EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS
 b. Amplification within the laser medium
c. Coherence of the laser light
d. Optical pumping of the laser transition

19. Material dispersion is also known as ________ dispersion.

a) GVD b) Chromatic c) Waveguide d) Intramodal

20. D can be written as _________ of the material dispersion and waveguide

dispersion.
a) Summation b) Multiplication c) Division d) Equal to

Topic 5 : Waveguide Dispersion

21. Waveguide dispersion belongs to ________ dispersion.

a) Intramodal b) Intermodal c) Distortion modal d) Modal

22. The wave guide dispersion occurs when a single mode fiber only
confines ________.
a) 80% b) 40% c) 20% d) 60%

23. The waveguide disperses depends on the ______________.

a) Filter design b) Coherent design
c) Non-coherent d) None of these

24. In which mode cut-off wavelength is one of the important parameter

for single mode fiber?
a) Higher order b) Lower order c) II higher order d) II Lower order

25. Power loss is often called as ________

a) Attenuation b) Dispersion c) Reduction d) Total loss

Topic 6 : Signal distortion in SM fibers – Polarization mode dispersion

26. ________ is the type of non-linear scattering losses.

a) Billouin b) Extrinsic absorption
c) Intrinsic absorption d) All the above

27.Different mechanism caused by _________

a) Absorption b) Extrinsic absorption
c) Intrinsic absorption d) All of the above

28. The mode power is reduced to ____________

a) 0.1 dB b) 0.01dB c) 1 dB d) 1.1dB

SNSCE\ECE\EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS

 29. The value of λL range from 1100nm to 1200nm to avoid ________ and
dispersion problems.
a) Intermodal b) Modal c) Intramodal d) None of these

30. _______ is the parameters of including basics design optimization of

single mode fiber.
a) Cut-off wavelength b) Diameter c) wavelength d) Distortion

Topic 7 : Intermodal dispersion

31.Optical power lanched into the fiber is 200μm. The transmission

distance is 20 km. The optical power at the output of the fiber is 50μm,
then the signal attenuation per unit length is _____________
a) 0.4dB/km b) 0.5dB/km c) 0.3dB/km d) None of these

32. For step index fiber, Vc = _________

a) 2.405 b) 2.045 c) 2.45 d) 2.54

33. The fluctuations in the radius of curvature are caused either by _______
a) Uniformatics b) Non-uniformatics
c) Smilarties d) None of these

34. Give the reason for the pulse broadening in optical communication
system.
a) Distortion b) Dispersion c) Both a & b d) None of these

35. The waveguide disperses depends on the ______________.

a) Filter design b) Coherent design
c) Non-coherent d) None of these

Topic 8 : Pulse broadening in GI fibers-Mode coupling

36. Give the reason for the pulse broadening in optical communication
system.
a) Distortion b) Dispersion c) Both a & b d) None of these

37. The graded-index multimode optical fiber has a core diameter of _____
nm.
a) 0.5 b) 0.05 c) 0.0005 d) 5

38. In fiber optics, higher-order mode refers to

a) Cladding boundary at high angle
b) Backscattering electromagnetic signals
c) Diffracting signals
d) All of these
SNSCE\ECE\EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS
 39. A coupler which consists of a series of lenses and a partly reflective
surface
a) Beam-splitting coupler
b) Reflective star coupler
c) Fused coupler
d) None of these

40. Commonly used electro-optic crystal for polarization modulation

a) Lithium Niobate
b) Tourmaline
c) Sodium Chlorate
d) Sphalerite

Topic 9 : Design optimization of SM fiber – RI profile and cut off

wavelength

41. 1 rad of Si = _____ J/kg.

a) 0.1 b) 0.005 c) 0.25 d) 0.01

42. The beat length in a single mode fiber is 9cm when light from an
injection laser with a spectral linewidth of 1nm ans a peak wavelength of
0.9um is launched into it. What is the birefringerence value
a) 1x10^-5 b) 1x10^5 c)10x10^-5 d) 10x10^5

43. Two polarization maintaining fibers operating at a wavelength of

1.3um have beat lengths of 0.7mm. determine the fiber birefeingerence
a) 1.86x10^3 b)1.86x10^-3 c) 18.6x10^-3 d)18.6x10^3

44. A 3.5 Km length of two polarization mode PM fiber has a polarization

cross talk of -27dB at its output end. Determine the mode coupling
parameter for the fiber.
a) 5.7x10^-6 m^-1 b) 5.7x10^7 m^1
c) 5.7x10^-7 m^-1 d) 5.7x10^6 m^1

45. A step-index multimode optical fiber has a core diameter of _____ nm.

a) 0.02 b) 0.2 c) 2 d) 0.002

SNSCE\ECE\EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS

 UNIT III – FIBER OPTICAL SOURCES AND COUPLING

Topic 1 : Direct and indirect band gap materials

1. Which of the following colors is not found in the visible light wave
spectrum?
a) Red b) White c) Orange d) Yellow

2. The band of light frequencies to which human eye will respond

A. Infrared
B. Visible light
C. Ultraviolet
D. Cosmic ray

3. Laser light is very bright because it is

A. pure
B. white
C. coherent
D. monochromatic

4. The law that states “When visible light of high frequency

electromagnetic radiation illuminates a metallic surface, electrons are
emitted” is known as ____________.
A. Einstein law of photon
B. Marconi’s law
C. Maxwell’s law
D. Plank’s law

5. Any energy above the ground state is called ___________.

A. normal state
B. above-ground state
C. excited state
D. spontaneous state

Topic 2 : LED structures – Light source material

6. Infrared range for fiber optics

a) 400 – 700 nm b) 700 – 1200 nm
c) 300 – 2000 nm d) 400 – 7000 nm

7. Why are visible-light LEDs not used for fiber optics?

SNSCE\ECE\EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS
 a) It has high losses b) It has short wave
c) It has low attenuation d) It has weak signal

8. Both LEDs and ILDs operate correctly with

A. forward bias B. reverse bias
C. neither forward nor reverse bias D. either forward or reverse bias

9. The process of decaying from one energy level to another energy level is
called __________.
A. Spontaneous emission B. Excited emission
C. Absorption D. Any of these

10. The process of moving from one energy level to another is called
____________.
A. Spontaneous emission
B. Excited emission
C. Absorption
D. Spontaneous decay

Topic 3 : Quantum efficiency and LED power, Modulation of a LED

11. The no. of electron hole pairs generated per incident energy hf is called
as ______, where n is equal to no. of electron-hole pair generated by no. of
incident photons.
a) Quantum efficiency b) quantum limit
c) quantum noise d) quantum noise

12. The _____ is equal to the number of electrons emitted per second times
the electron charge
a) Intensity b) Optical power
c) Photocurrent d) Responsitivity

13. Most fiber optic light sources emit light in which spectrum?
A. visible B. infrared C. ultraviolet D. X-ray

14. A packet of energy which is equal to the difference between the two
energy levels.
A. Photons B. Electronvolt C. Quantum D. Quanta

15. In radiometric terms, it measures the rate at which electromagnetic

waves transfer light energy
A. Optical radiation
B. Optical impedance
C. Optical illusion
SNSCE\ECE\EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS
 D. Optical power

Topic 4 : lasers Diodes-Modes and Threshold condition, Rate

Equations

16. In the dynamic response of Injection Laser Diode (ILD), the delay
which is followed by ____ frequency damped oscillations give rise to the
generation of relaxation oscillations.
a. Low b. Medium c. High d. All of the above

17. Which among the following characteristics of Laser light specifies the
precise movement of all individual light waves together through time and
space?
a. Monochromatic b. Directional c. Coherent d. Brightness

18. In Stimulated Emission, which among the following parameters of

generated photon is/are similar to the photon of incident wave?
a. Phase b. Frequency c. Polarization & d. All of the above

19. Which light emitter is preferred for high-speed data in a fiber-optic

system?
A. incandescent
B. LED
C. neon
D. laser
20. Light intensity is generally described in terms of __________ and
measured in _________.
A. Luminous flux density; Lumens per unit area
B. Luminous flux intensity; Lumens per unit area
C. Luminous flux density; Lumens per unit volume
D. Luminous flux intensity; Lumens per unit volume

Topic 5 : External Quantum efficiency - Resonant frequencies

21. It is described as the flow of light energy past a given point in a specified
Time
A. Optical radiation
B. Optical impedance
C. Optical illusion
D. Optical power

22. Optical power is sometimes called __________.

 A. Radiant emission
SNSCE\ECE\EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS
  B. Radiant power
 C. Radiant flux
 D. Radiant optics

23. It is a result of photons of light that are absorbed by the atoms of the glass
core molecule.
 A. ion resonance absorption
 B. infrared absorption
 C. ultraviolet absorption
 D. visible light absorption

24. Light rays that are emitted simultaneously from an LED and propagated
down an optical fiber do not arrive at the far end of the fiber at the same time
results to
 A. intramodal dispersion
 B. pulse length dispersion
 C. modal dispersion
 D. wavelength dispersion

25. What is the spectral width of a standard LED?

 A. 20 to 40 nm
 B. 30 to 50 nm
 C. 10 to 30 nm
 D. 40 to 60 nm

Topic 6 : Laser Diodes, Temperature effects

26. What is the spectral width of an ILD?

 A. 0.1 nm to 1 nm
 B. 2 nm to 5 nm
 C. 1 nm to 3 nm
 D. 3 nm to 4 nm

Topic 7 : Introduction to Quantum laser, Fiber amplifiers

31. They wrote a paper describing how it was possible to use stimulated
emission for amplifying light waves (laser) as well as microwaves (maser).
A. Theodore Maiman
B. KC Kao and GA Bockham
C. Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow
D. Kapron, Keck and Maurer

32. Type of lasers that are made from semiconductor ph-junctions

commonly called ILDs
SNSCE\ECE\EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS
  A. semiconductor lasers
 B. liquid lasers
 C. plasma lasers
 D. gas lasers

Topic 8 : Power Launching and coupling, Lencing schemes

36. Which fiber-optic system is better?

A. 3 repeaters
B. 8 repeaters
C. 11 repeaters
D. 20 repeaters

37. As light is coupled in a multiport deflective device, the power is

reduced by
 A. 1.5 dB
 B. 0.1 dB
 C. 0.5 dB
 D. 0.001 dB

38. When connector losses, splice losses and coupler losses are added,
what is the limiting factor?
 A. source power
 B. fiber attenuation
 C. connector and splice loss
 D. detector sensitivity

Topic 9 : Fiber – to - Fiber joints, Fiber splicing - Signal to Noise ratio ,

Detector response time

1. How many fabrication techniques are used for 3 port fiber

couplers?
1
2
3
4
2. Which optical devices are adopted or applicable for routing
signals from one waveguide to another?
Optical Combiner
Optical Splitter
Optical Coupler
None of the above

SNSCE\ECE\EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS

 3. Which component of fiber-optic connector has a provision of
entry for the fiber along with the fixation to connector housing?
Ferrule
Cable
Connector Housing
Coupling Device

Which splicing technique involves the alignment and locking of

broken fiber edges by means of positioning devices & optical
cement?
Fusion
Mechanical
Both a and b
None of the above

UNIT IV FIBER OPTICA RECEIVER AND MEASUREMENTS

Which among the following parameters is/are decided by the front-end of

a receiver?
Sensitivity
Bandwidth
Both a and b

SNSCE\ECE\EC6702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS