Periodic Table

Foundations

Period : Horizontal rows Groups : Vertical columns

Mass Number, M : No of protons (Np) + No. Of neutrons(Nn)

M 12
XZ e.g. 6C

Atomic Number, Z : No of protons (Np) Np = 6 Nn= 6

No. of protons = No. of electrons (Ne) Ne = 6

Class : X Dr. Nanditha’s Class Notes __/__/2019

Sub: Chem

Electronic Configurations : Arrangement of electrons in shells with an atom

Shells (n) : K(1), L (2), M(3), N (4)…
2
Max. Ne , 2n : 2, 8, 18, 32
Max. Ne in outer shell : 8
e.g .20Ca : 2, 8, 8, 2
Period number = total number of shells or the number of the outer shell (last shell )
e.g Lithium is in period number 2= total no of shell 2 or no of outer shell is 2
Group number = valency ( combining capacity of an atom)
e.g. Group number of Li is 1 Valency of lithium = 1

How do we obtain valency of an element?

Write electronic configurations and see how many electrons are there in the outer shell.
Loose or gain electron to reach nearest noble gas configuration. No of electrons gained is
Negative valency. No of electron lost is positive valency.

e.g. 3Li , E.C. 2, 1 lithium loose one electron to be like He, valency is +1
9F, E.C, 2,7 fluorine gain electron to be like Ne, valency is -1

Writing Chemical Formula

Chemical Formula represents the elements present in a compound and its relative number
H2O, is a chemical formula for water. It indicates that hydrogen and oxygen atoms are
Present in two to one ratio. A formula contains symbols and subscripts . A subscript 1 is typically
omitted. Positively charged elements listed first and then negatively charged elements.