Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1979/E : 59
Marine Environmental
Quality Committee
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This paper is not to be cited without prior reference to the
author.
,
r
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Gillain (personal communication) and shown to give far more better results
than those described above which get easily out of control. Better re-
sults means that in some cases the trace metals concentrations are one
order of magnitude lower than with the conventional methods.
The principle is to continuously collect small samples of water from
a very large volume screened from atmospheric pollution. A peristaltic
pump draws continuously 6 R. water per min at 5 m depth (2 m below the
ship's keel)/[in the North Sea (Southern Bight) the water column is taken
as homogeneousJ through a PVC tube previously soaked in 6 N HC1,
rinsed wlth tridistilled deionized water. The ship is adrift and the
tube is on the lee side so that it meets water masses not polluted by
the vessel. A second peristaltic pump draws 0.5 R. per min from the
main flow which is returned to the sea. The unfiltered sea water is kept
in a 5 R. polyethylene bottle and magnet stirred continuously. Pure
nitrogen (0.3 kg/cm 2 pressure) is used to drive the water to an ultra-
filtration kit (0.45 ~m millipore filter) where the liquid is stirred to
reduce filter clogging and filtration proceeds under nitrogen pressure.
The filtered samples are collected in 1 t bottles each finally represen-
tative of about 60 t water, excess water from the filter being discarded
by simple bypass. The samples are immediately frozen at -20·C. Thawing
is carried out in the laboratory immediately before analysis.
Pb Bi
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E (V)
fig. 1.
Evaluation of stripping peaks (differential volta"~etryl
to measure simul taneously Zn , Cd , Pb I Cu , Sb ) Bi .
126
Zn 5.2 0.26
Cd 0.6 0.06
Pb 6.2 0.70
Cu 4.3 0.40
Sb 0.4 0.06
Bi 0.3 0.04
3.- Results
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The data presented here eorrespond to samples taken during September,
October and November 1978 in the coastal region off the Belgian coast
between Dunkerque and the Seheldt estuary (S1°07'20"-S1°20'40"N, S1°2S'00"-
Sl°39'2S"N ; five transects). The depth of sampling is Sm, the improved
sampling system is used on board as well as the differential pulse teeh-
nique in the laboratory.
Table 2 gives the mean values for Zn, Cd, Pb and CU, as well as the
extreme concentrations detected (20 samples per cruise).
127
~
Mean va1ues and extreme values (~g/R.) for Z." Cd, Pb, Cu
off the Belgian coast
( I) (Ir) (IrI)
pH in situ pH 3 U.V. irradiation
Metals
Note (I) I (11), (III) refer to concentrations of heavy metals in ppb: (1) corresponds to
lonic species, (111) to the total amount cf metal, (lI) - (I) to the weakly oound
species, {III} - (11) to the strongly complexed cations (see text) ~
The values of column (11) (ionic species + weakly bound ones) are
lower but not systematically, considering the ranges, with the data pu-
blished in 1979 by the authors for 5 samples from the North Sea taken
with conventional methods in 1977 (table 3).
• Metals
Zn 7.00
1
Metal
2.66
content (ppb)
14.20
4
22.00 14.00
5
Mean Range
Zn 9.9 3 - 20
Cd 0.20 0.10 - 0.30
Pb 2.5 I. 7 - 3.3
Cu 1.7 1.0 - 2.5
Mean Range
Zn 6.3 3 - 16
Cd 0.5 0.1 - 6.2
Pb - -
Cu 1.4 I - 3
129
Mean Range
Zn 10 3.6 - 21.4
Cd 1.13 0.28 - 4.20
Sr istol Channel
Pb 1.2 0.40 - 5.00
Cu 2.10 I. 00 - 4.70
reble I)
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Concentretion (ppm)
(Dry weight)
Zn Cd Pb Cu
Zn
Cu
100 - 200
30 - 50
~g/g
~g/g
minimum values
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Zn 4800 ~g/g
The maximum values observed by Duinker and Nolting are probably due
to the input of the Rhine.
131
Conclusions
Anodie stripping voltammetry is weIl suited for sea-water traee
metal analysis ; it further allows to have an insight into chemieal
speciation however rudimentary : ionie speeies, weakly bound ones,
strongly bound ones, by only changing one parameter, that is pH. This
subdivision of the total metal eontent might prove very usefull to bio-
logists if some differenees appear at the toxieity level, or rate of
aecumulation of heavy metals, depending on a erude knowledge of speeia-
References
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waters, Nature, 235, 158-160.
BURBA, P., LIESER, K.H., NEITZERT, V. and RÖBER, H.M., 1978. Preeoneentration
and determination of traee elements in freshwater and sea water, Z. AnaZ.
Chern., 291, 273-277.
DUINKER, J.C. and ~~ER, C.J.M., 1977. An experimental studyon the speeia-
tion of dissolved Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu in River Rhine and North Sea water by
differential pulsed anodie stripping voltammetry, Mar. Chern., 5, 207-228.
DUINKER, J.C. and NOLTING, R.F., 1977. Dissolved and particulate trace metals
in the Rhine estuary and the Southern Bight, Mar. Poll. BulZ., 8 (3),
65-71.
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DUYCKAERTS, G. and GILLAIN, G., 1977. AnaZytiaaZ Chemistry. Essays in Memory
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132
GILLAlN, G., DUYCKAERIS, G. and DISTECHE, A., 1979. Direct and simultaneous
determinations of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Sb and Bi dissolved in sea water by
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