012

History of
Landscape
Design
A
REVIEW
 Clemson University Presents
Certificate of Accomplishment in
Landscape and Garden Design
 Sponsored by
Clemson’s
Department of
Planning and
Landscape
Architecture in the
College of Art,
Architecture and
Humanities
 012-1
The Early
English Kitchen
Garden:

A Persistent
Garden Form
 012-1 Landscape History
Early Kitchen Garden lecture

• Put garden history into perspective by analyzing the

earliest form of garden and its resilience to change
despite social pressure.
• Homework: Begin thinking of a garden in Europe or
America that is worthy of a discussion in class.
• Result: To learn about the social pressures that
shaped landscape history, develop an aptitude for
reading plans, to understand the 3 main periods of
stylistic imprints.
Medieval Period
Geometric Period
Picturesque Period
 012-2
Landscape
History
Conimbriga
(118-138 c.e. ),
&
Portuguese
Gardens
(1528-1750 )
Early
Roman
Garden
s
Hadrian’s
Villa
Pompeii
Venzano
Conimbriga
 012-2 Landscape History

Conimbriga & Portuguese Gardens what makes

these early gardens special (ad 200-1550), their
special decorative techniques and design motifs
(azulejos, mosaic, hydrology)
Homework : Bring a short history of the garden you
chose to read/research
Result: To define a renaissance garden in both
descriptive and spatial terms, relate it to political
events of the period.
Roman wall painting
Conimbriga
Conimbriga
Conimbriga
Conimbriga
Conimbriga jets
Renaissance Gardens
Bacalhoa

Balcalhoa
1528-1554
Bacalhua
Bacalhua
 Quinta das torres

Quinta das torres

cypress
What
earmarks
a
Portugues
e Garden?
Features of a Portuguese
Garden
A water tank or basin
Walls with Ajulejos
Green backbone
Connection with the house
Beautiful pots, well-placed
Citrus
Frontiera Palace

Palacio dos Marqueses

de Frontiera c 1624
Frontiera Palace
Frontiera Palace
Frontiera Palace
Frontiera Palace
Frontiera Palace
Frontiera Palace
Frontiera Palace
Geometric Period 1650
 Queluz 1747- 52

Queluz Palace
1747- 52
queluz
Picturesque Period
Montserrat,
Sintra
 012-3
Landscape
History
Italian
Renaissance &
Italian Baroque
Gardens
(1525-1800 )
012-3
Landscape History
Italian Renaissance gardens…
what makes these early gardens special

Result: To define a renaissance garden in both

descriptive and spatial terms,
relate it to political events of the period.
Villa d’este 1550-72
Villa medici d’este tivoli
Villa Lante
Villa lante 1568
 VILLAS
Designed by
ANDREA PALLADIO

Absence of foundation plantings

Respect fort the genius loci
Villa Barbaro 1549-58
Villa Rotunda 1565
VillaVilla
rotunda 1565
Poiana
cypress
What
earmarks
an Italian
Garden?
Italian Renaissance
Gardens have:

. Soaring cypresses
.fountains
.geometric layout
.grottoes, masks, mythological statues
.mazes
Giardino
Guisti
Guisti 16th c
Villa rale

Villa Reale
Villa Barbarigo, Valsanbizzio
Valzazibbio rabittery
Valzam arch
 Vigna maaggio

Villa Vignamaggio
Baroque Italian Gardens
Characteristics:
Elaborate Gateways/Gate Screens
Acqua d’Gnocci
Soaring Cypressses
Overscaled Plants & Formal Gardens
Grottoes
Villa torregiani 17th
Villa715th
Torrigiani
Isola Bella
 Sienna villa

Villa Cetinale
Villa Gamberaia
 012-4
History of
Landscape
Design:
France
Gardens of France (Review)
Chateau de Fountainbleau c 1528
Chateau de Villandry c 1536
Potager de Roi Versailles c 1638
Manoir de Chez (Normandy)
Vaux le Vicomte c 1650
Giverney Musee Claude Monet 1883-1926
Chamont Exhibition (June-October)
Maison et Parc Floral des Moitiers (Normandy)
Chateaux de
Fountainbleau
c 1528
Chateaux de
Villandry c
1536
Versaille
s c 1638
Vaux-le-
Vicomte
c1653
76
Giverny -
Musee Claude
Monet
c 1883-1926
Chamont
Moutier
Hallmarks of French Gardens
The geometric landscape movement was
characterized by :
1. Outward facing views to the horizon
2. Clipped geometric forms of plant materials
3. Flat planes of terraced land
4. Formal water bodies & canals
5. Man’s dominance of the land
Hallmarks of French Gardens
However, one cannot characterize French
gardens just in these ways…particularly
since new ideas from artists and owners
from abroad add fresh fuel to the canvas
of nature.

Giverney, Chamont’s Garden Festival and

the gardens at Moitier remind us to think
“out of the box” while reaching to the past
Trademarks of French
Gardens
Most French gardens illustrate a
continuum of layers of garden
design…most notably in our studies at
Villandry where there is 16th c chateau
and formal kitchen gardens plus a formal
water garden.
Fountainbleau & Vaux le Vicomte are
considered to be pure forms of geometric
period landscapes
 012-5
History of
Landscape
Design

The
English
Picturesque
Gardens of England
Stowe
Castle Howard
Rousham
Ilford
Buscot
Barnsley
Sissinghurst
Hidcote
Visionaries of Georgian England
Sir Issac Newton 1642-1727 optical properties
of light
John Locke “Essay Concerning Human
Understanding in 1690” & 1st Earl of
Shaftsbury…Age of Enlightenment
Rousseau 1712-1778 visions of a more
perfect society
3rd Earl of Shaftsbury 1671-1713 Genius of
Place
Picturesque Period
Stowe & Castle Howard
Birth of the Emblematic gardens
of the eighteenth century
Landscape Anatomy : Gardens
of Romanticism featured…
Grottoes, cascades,wild scenery,
temples, poetry, iconography
…works resembling a painting
Influential works of art by Claude
Lorraine & Nicholas Poisson (mid
1600’s) featured mythological
subjects from the Roman
countryside… wild green theatres of
the imagination.

The visitor to an Enlightened

Landscape would meditate and tell
his own story by being in stage sets
The ferme ornee “the farm-as-
landscape”
Stephen Switzer (1682-1745)
 Stowe
c1713-
1738
Lord
Cobham,
Richard
Temple

Bridgeman
& Kent
Castle Howard
c1699-1732

Charles
Howard, Earl of
Carlisle

Vanbrugh,
Switzer,
Rousham
c1737
Robert &
James
Dormer

Bridgeman,
Pope, Kent
Villa Barbarigo (c1669)in Valsanbbio’s
fountain backdrop…an influence on
Kent at Rousham?? a great research
project!
Ilford…
Sir Harold
Peto (1854-1933)
Buscot
Barnsley
The
Lasket
Sir Roy
Strong
Gardens of England
Gardens in England today, like those of
France and Italy, are often overlays of
several landscape movements. Rousham,
Stowe and Castle Howard represent
“pure” evocations of the Picturesque
Landscape movement.

There are many, earlier gardens designed

in the geometric tradition which clearly
embrace French & Italian influences.
Gardens of England
The effect of the National Trust in
England and private landowners
in opening their gardens to the
public has had a profound
impact on landscape
preservation worldwide by
educating visitors in the
interpretation of landscape
continuums and preservation
Sissinghurst
Hidcote
012-6
History of Landscape
Design The United States
of America
012 -6 History of Landscape
Design: USA

Understanding America’s pioneer

ethos and the evolution of the
landscape as powerful people
created their versions of great
country houses…or American
farmsteads.
Periods of American
Landscape History
A. Indians and Conquest
B. 1680-1750 Early Transitional
C. 1750-1820 Federal
D. 1820-1880
Antibellum/Reconstruction
E. 1880-1920 Victorian/Edwardian
F. 1920- present
Periods of American
Landscape History
A. Indians and Conquest
Periods of American
Landscape History
A. Indians and Conquest
B. 1680-1750 Early Transitional
Middleton Place
Periods of American
Landscape History
A. Indians and Conquest
B. 1680-1750 Early Transitional
C. 1750-1820 Federal
William Bartram
Willliam Paca
House 1772
Governors
Palace
Colonial
Williamsburg
Hagley
Periods of American
Landscape History
A. Indians and Conquest
B. 1680-1750 Early Transitional
C. 1750-1820 Federal
D. 1820-1880 Antibellum/Reconstruction
Central Park, NY
Periods of American
Landscape History
A. Indians and Conquest
B. 1680-1750 Early Transitional
C. 1750-1820 Federal
D. 1820-1880
Antibellum/Reconstruction
E. 1880-1920 Victorian/Edwardian
F. 1920- present
Biltmore,
Ashville,
NC
Filoli,
Woodside CA
Dumbarton
Oaks
Beatrice
Farrand,
Landscape
Architect
Longue Vue , NO
Brookgreen
Gardens
Murrells Inlet , SC
Thomas Church,
Landscape Architect
Cheekwood, Nashville, TN
Lotusland
Santa
Barbara
The Garden
Conservanc
y
 Clemson University Presents
Certificate of Accomplishment in
Landscape and Garden Design