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May/June 2009 CS1354 Answer Key B.E / B.Tech Degree Examination May/June 2009 J 3163 CS1354 Computer Graphics and Multimedia
May/June 2009 CS1354 Answer Key B.E / B.Tech Degree Examination May/June 2009 J 3163 CS1354 Computer Graphics and Multimedia
J 3163
10.Define Premixing
Combines a number of concurrent sound effect into a synchronized sound
effect.
Part B
11.a.i Explain the basic concepts of Bresenham’s Line drawing: algorithm (8)
Refer May 2008 11.a.i
11.b.i. Mention any foru graphics system in output primitives. Explain in detail. (12)
CRT
Cathode Ray Tube(CRT) is the most common display device
o High resolution
o Good color fidelity
o High contrast (400:1)
o High update rates
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o
Random scan displays
Color CRT monitors
o For 24 bit color:
store 8 bits each of red, green, and blue per pixel.
E.g. (255,0,0) is pure red, and (255, 255, 255) is white.
2^24 = 16 million colors.
o For 15 bit color: 5 bits red + 5 green + 5 blue
o The video hardware uses the values to drive the R,G, and B guns.
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type
solid, dashed, dotted,…
pixel mask (raster line algorithms)
width
Bresenham + additional vertical (horizontal) spans
width dependent on line slope
line caps
thick lines
as filled rectangles
joining two segments: miter round bevel
pen and brush options
� shape, size, pattern
� pixel mask
� simulation of brush strokes
Color
12.a.i. Explain the Properties of Bezier Curve. How it is differ from B-spline (8)
Refer Nov 2008 12.a.ii
12.a.ii. Define Animation. Explain in detail about the animation language (8)
Any time sequence of visual changes in a picture
Advertisement, entertainment, simulation…
Two basic methods for constructing a motion sequence
Real-time animation
Frame-by-frame animation
Design of Animation Sequences
Storyboard layout
Outline layout: a set of basic events (rough sketches)
Object definitions
Characters: participant in the action
Key-frame specifications
Key frame: a detailed drawing of the scene at a certain time in the
animation sequence
Generation of in-between frames
In-betweens: the intermediate frames between key frames
Traditional Animation Techniques
Squash and stretch
Slow in and out
Anticipation
Exaggeration
Follow through and overlapping actions
Timing
Staging
Straight ahead action and pose-to-pose actions
Arcs
Secondary actions
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Appeal
Key-Frame Systems
Generating a set of in-betweens from the specification of two (or more) key
frames
Kinematic decscription (as a set of spline curves)
Physically based motions (specifying forces)
Morphing
Metamorphosing
Transformation of object shapes from one form to another
Motion Specifications
Direct motion specification
Specifying the geometric transformation parameters (ex. the rotation
angles and translation vectors)
Goal-directed systems
Abstractly describing the actions in terms of the final results (the final
state of the motions)
Kinematics and dynamics
Kinematics: motion parameters (position, velocity, and acceleration)
without reference to causes or goals of the motion
Inverse kinematics: specify the initial and final positions of object at
specified times system computes motion parameters
Dynamics: specifying forces that produce the velocities and accelerations
Articulated Figure Animation
Articulated figures
Hierarchical structures composed of a set of rigid links that are connected
at rotary joints
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o The wave length & frequency of the monochromatic wave are inversely
proportional to each other.
o Radiant energy is related to the luminance of the source.
o The term chromaticity is used to refer collectively to the two properties,
purity & dominant frequency
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14.a.i. What are the Types of compression available in multimedia? Explain any two
types of compression technology (12)
In MM systems, in order to manage large multimedia data objects efficiently,
these data objects need to be compressed to reduce the file size for storage of these
objects. Compression tries to eliminate redundancies in the pattern of data. When
information is compressed, the redundancies are removed.
Lossless compression
o Data is not altered or lost in the process of compression or decompression
o Packpits encoding (run length encoding)
o CCITT Group 3 ID
o CCITT Group 3 2D
o CCITT Group 4
o Lempe 1-ziv and Welch algorithm LZW
Lossy Compression
o Loss would occur while compressing information objects.
o Joint photographic experts group
o Moving picture experts group
o Intel DVI
o CCITT H.261(P X 24) Video coding algorithm
o Fractals
• Binary image compression
• Video image compression
• Audio image compression
• Color, grayscale and still video image compression
14.a.ii. Discuss about Digital audio in multimedia input and output techniques (4)
• When voice/music is captured by microphone, it generates an electric signal
• The amplitude of the signal represents the intensity of the sound.
• The signal consists of a fundamental sine wave of certain amplitude and
frequencies
• Sampling
• Sampling rate
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May/June 2009 CS1354 answer key
Magneto optical drives require two passes to write data, in the first pass, the
magneto optical head goes through an erase cycle, and in the second pass, it
writes the data.
Phase change rewritable optical disk
In phase change technology the recording layer changes the physical
characteristics from crystalline to amorphous and back under the influence of heat
from a laser beam.
Requires only one pass to write.
Dye polymer rewritable disk
This technology consists of giant molecules formed from smaller molecules of the
same kind with light sensitive dye.
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R 3261
1. Write an algorithm for the Midpoint circle drawing algorithm in which decision
parameter P is updated using xi+1 and yi+1 instead of xi and yi
pk+1=fcircle(xk+1-1,yk+1-1/2) =[( xk +1)+1]2+( yk+1-1/2)2-r2
pk+1=pk+2(xk+1)+(y2 k+1-y2k)-(y k+1-yk)+1
2. A Polygon has 4 vertices loaced at A(20,10),B(60,10),C(60,30), d(20,30) Indicate a
Transformation matrix to double the size of the polygon with point A located at
the same place.
s x 0 x sx x
0 s s y
y y y
cos sin x x cos y sin
sin
cos y x sin y cos
t x x x t x
t y t
y y y
a. Parallel projection
b. Perspective projection
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Anticipation
Follow-through actions
Staging
8. Write down the various Seek latencies associated with storage devices
Overlapped seek
Mid transfer seek
Elevator seek
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Part B
11. a. i. Derive and write the Midpoint ellipse drawing algorithm ` (12)
Refer May 2007 11.a
12. a. ii. When Four way symmetry is used to obtain a full ellipse from pixel
coordinates generated for first quadratic does overstrike occur? Where?(4)
We only need to calculate the values on the border of the circle in the first octant. The
other values may be determined by symmetry. Assume a circle of radius r with center at
(0,0).
(-b,a) (b,a)
(-a,b) (a,b)
(-a,-b) (a,-b)
(-b,-a) (b,-a)
Consider only the first octant of a circle of radius r centered on the origin. We begin
by plotting point (r,0) and end when x < y.
The decision at each step is whether to choose the pixel directly above the current
pixel or the pixel which is above and to the left (8-way stepping).
2 2 2
x +y -r =0 x=y
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11.b.ii. At R be Rectangular window whose lower left head corner is at L(-3,1) and
upper right head corner is at R(2,6). Find the region codes for the endpoints A(-
4,2),B(-1,7),C(-1,5),D(3,8),G(1,-2),H(3,3),I(-4,7) and J(-2,10). (4)
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12.a.i. Define Tilting as a rotation about x axis followed by a rotaion about y axis.
Find the tilting matrix? Does the order of performing tilting matters (8)
The axis of rotation is from the origin and through the point r
The rotation is counterclockwise about the axis
Rotate the axis of rotation so it lies on some major axis.
Apply specified rotation about major axis.
Apply inverse rotation to return axis or rotation to original orientation.
First, compute a unit vector pointing in the same direction as the axis of rotation.
rx , ry , rz
u
rx , ry , rz
Now we can compute the rotation directly from the unit vector.
First, rotate u into the xz-plane – rotation around the x-axis.
We can temporarily ignore the x component of u to do this:
u u z c
u a , b, c cos 1 0 0 0
u u z d 0 c
u 0, b, c b 0
b d d
2 2 sin 0 b c 0
u d b c d d d
0 0 0 1
Second, rotate u” onto the z-axis – rotation around the y-axis.
u u z d 0 a 0
u a,0, d cos d 0
u u z
1 0 0
u 1
sin a a 0 d 0
0 0 0 1
12.a.ii. Compare Bezier curve and B splines (8)
Properties of Bezier Curve
– Approximative splines
– Defined for n+1 control points
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– Pass though the first and last control point, the boundary conditions at the two ends of
the curve are P(0)=p0, P(1)=pn
– A change in one control point affects the full curve
– Bezier curve can be fitted to any number of control points
–It was within the convex hull of the control points. The sum of Bezier blending function
is always one.
–Any position is simply the weighted sum of the control point position.
Properties for B-splines:
– B-splines are degree d-1 polynomials and Cd-2 (higher order discontinuities at uk)
– For n+1 control points we have n+1 blending functions
– Each blending function Bk,d(u) is defined over d subintervals in the knot vector,
starting at uk
– The knot vector has n+d+1 values, with n+d subintervals
– With the labelling {u0, u1, ... , un+d} for the knot vector, the resulting B-spline is
defined only for u Î [ud-1,un+1].
– Each section of the B-spline curve between [uj,uj+1] is influenced by d control points.
– Any control point affects the shape of (atmost) d curve sections
– for u Î [ud-1,un+1] we have: Sk=0,n Bk,d(u) = 1
1 0 0 0 x x x /(1 ( z / d ))
0 1 0
0 y y y /(1 ( z / d ))
0 0 0 0 z 0 0
0 0 1/ d 1 1 1 ( z / d ) 1
12.b.ii. Compare HLS and HSV color models (8)
HSV Colour Model
� more intuitive colour specification
� “colour ordering system”
� derived from the RGB colour model:
� when the RGB colour cube is viewed along the diagonal from white to black, the
colour cube outline is a hexagon
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color components:
� hue (H) ∈ [0°, 360°]
� saturation (S) ∈ [0, 1]
� value (V) ∈ [0, 1]
HLS Color Model
color components:
� hue (H) ∈ [0°, 360°]
� lightness (L) ∈ [0, 1]
� saturation (S) ∈ [0, 1]
13.b. Discuss on the need for Data compression in multimedia systems (16)
Refer May 2007 14.b
14.a. Esplain MPEG file format for motion picture compression (16)
• Standard developed by the Moving Pictures Experts Group for digital representation
of moving pictures and associated audio
• MPEG is a real-time video compression algorithm. (Moving Picture Experts Group)
• MPEG-4 (1998-1999) includes numerous multimedia capabilities and is a preferred
standard.
• MPEG-7 (2002) (or Multimedia Content Description Interface) integrates information
about motion video elements with their use.
• MPEG –21 under development
• MPEG (stands for Moving Picture Experts Group) is also a joint ISO and
• CCITT working group for developing standards for compressing still images
• The MPEG video compression standard became an international standard in 1993
• MPEG uses technology defined in other standards, such as JPEG and H.261 It
defines a basic data rate of 1.2Mbits/sec
• It is suitable for symmetric as well asymmetric compression It follows the reference
scheme that consists of four stages of processing:
1. Preparation
2. Processing
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3. Quantisation
4. Entropy Encoding
• In the preparation stage, unlike JPEG, MPEG defines the format of the images.
• Each image consists of three components
• YUV
• The luminance component has twice as many samples in the horizontal and
vertical
• axes as the other two components (known as colour sub-sampling
• The resolution of the luminance component should not exceed 768 pixels for
each component, a pixel is coded with eight bits
14.b. Discuss on the Usage of optical storage media for storing multimedia
objects. (16)
o CDROM standards
CD-DA(DD-Digital audio) Red book
CD-ROM Mode 1 Yellow book
CD-ROM Mode 2 Yellow book
CD-I Green book
CD-ROM XA
CD-MO orange book Part I
CD-R Orange Book Part II
o Mini disk
o WORM optical drives
Recording of information
Reading information from disk
Worm drive applications
o Rewritable optical disk technologies
Magnetic optical
Phase change
15.a.ii Discuss about the various Authoring tools depending on the application
design (8)
Object oriented authoring tool
• Offers pre-defined object that can be programmed to perform desired functions
• For example: a button might represent one kind of object within a system.
• Including an authoring tools that use metaphors >> timeline, cards and flow line
• For example: Macromedia Director, Asymetrics ToolBooks, Macromedia Authorware
• Advantage: save time
• Disadvantage: limited command set for scripting specific functions
Time based
• Elements and events are organized along a timeline with resolution >= 1/30 second
• Best to use when you have a message with a beginning and an end
• Sequentially organized graphic frames are played back at a speed that you can set
• Other element (audio/video) are triggered at a given time or location in the sequence
of events
• Let programmers to jump to any location in a sequence, adding navigation and
interactive control.
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