PRINCIPLE OF ARTS

BALANCE
The principle of art which refers to the placement of all elements of the composition as their visual weights
seem evenly distributed
The Sketch by Victorio Edades

EMPHASIS
refers to the making of an element in a work stands out
Laughter by
Anita Magsaysay-Ho

HARMONY
The principle of art which refers to the combining related elements to create a pleasing appearance.
Madonna of the slums by
Vicente Manansala

PROPORTION
the principle of art that refers to the proper relation between two objects
VARIETY
the principle of art that refers to the combining different elements
Mother and Child
by Vicente Manansala
Carroza by
Fernando Zobel

RHYTHM
The principle of art which refers to the repetition of lines, shapes, colors to suggest movement.
Portrait of Dr. Gachet
Most Expensive painting by Gogh that worth $2.5 million dollars.
Les Noces de Pierrette
Most Valuable painting in the 20th century made by Pablo Picasso

CATEGORIES OF ARTS
• Major Arts include architecture, sculpture, literature, music, dance,
• Minor Arts include decorative arts, popular arts, graphic arts, Gustatory Art of Cuisine, Furnishings
• Graphic Arts have flat two dimensional surface such as painting, drawing, etc.
• Popular Arts includes film, newspaper, magazines
• Gustatory Art of Cuisine involves skills in food preparation
• Decorative arts produced by beautifying houses, offices, cars
• Furnishings accessories, dresses, shoes, bags are examples
• Performing Arts include theatre, play, dance, music
• Literary Arts include short stories, novels, poetry
 • Plastic Arts visual arts with three dimensional forms such as architectural designs

Painting

Early mediums in painting

Encaustic – this is a mixture of pigment, wax (beeswax), and resin.
Fresco – pigment mixed with water and applied to thin layers o either dry plaster or wet plaster.
Tempera –a mixture of pigment and egg applied to a hand and smooth surface usually several layers of
rubbed glass

Common mediums used in contemporary painting

Oil paint – consists of pigment mixed with oil (linseed oil) as its binder. It dries slowly, but lasts long.
Watercolor – consists of pigment combined with water and gum arabic. Colors are less luminous, and
transparent.
Acrylic – a quick-drying synthetic medium with emulsion as its binder. It is favored by a lot of artists because
of its ease of use and its versatility.

Styles/ Movements in Western Art

Realism – a naturalistic approach to subject matter.
Impressionism – paintings are usually done outdoors. Brushstrokes are fast and colors used are light or pastel.
Expressionism – a style that centers on the expression of inner emotions. Colors used are more vibrant and
artists use distortion.

Styles/ Movements in Western Art

Abstract – non-representational or non-figurative imagery. It could also be a simplification of forms.
Dada or Dadaism – an aggressive reaction against conventional art. Dadaists produced “art objects” by
unconventional methods.
Surrealism – an art movement where artists gathered inspiration from the depths of the subconscious mind.

Styles/ Movements in Western Art

Pop Art – an art movement which is centered on, or inspired from familiar images of popular culture, such as
advertisements, comics, and commercial products.
Social Realism – an art movement which portrays social and racial injustice and economic hardship, marked by
its realistic depiction of social problems

Mosaic – small pieces of colored stone or glass glued on the surface

MURAL= the process of painting wherein an artwork is done on the entire wall
Tapestry – fabrics with colored designs which are woven in a pattern.
Printmaking – creation of a picture or design by printing from a plate that holds ink or color.
Photography – the art of creating pictures by recording light into a sensitive medium, such as film.

SCULPTURE
Mediums used in sculpture
Wood, metal, stone, granite, marble, wood, jade, ivory, brass, gold, lead, aluminum, glass, clay, plastic, bronze
and others.

Processes/Techniques used in sculpture

Additive
Modeling – process of creating a form through altering the figure of a medium, such as clay.
Molding and Casting – a complex process of creating a negative and positive replica from a model. It is ideal
for mass production.

Processes/Techniques used in sculpture

Additive
Assemblage – putting together found objects
Welding – process of joining metals
Mobile – kinetic or moving sculpture
Pottery – the process of shaping a material to produce earthenware, stoneware, or porcelain.

Subtractive
• Carving – cutting away pieces of material until the desired form is reached.

ARCHITECTURE
Architectural styles depend on different conditions, such as regional climate, geographical location, and
different aspects of life – social, political, economic, spiritual, ideological, and technological.

Commonly used materials:

Organic – wood, bamboo, yakal, sawali, etc.
Construction – cement, sand, gravel, reinforced concrete
Stone – adobe, granite
Fabricated materials – bricks, tiles, glass
Metal – structural steel, steel bars
Synthetic materials – plastic
Brief history of Philippine architecture:
Pre-colonial period
Native houses were single-room constructions built using indigenous materials (bamboo, palm leaves, etc.)
Roofs were typically pyramidal, windows were wide and the floor was raised above the ground.
Brief history of Philippine architecture:
Spanish colonial period
The Spaniards introduced European styles in architecture and started the construction of numerous churches.
Some of today’s famous churches include the San Agustin Church in Intramuros, the Paoay Church in Ilocos,
and the Miag-ao Church in Iloilo.
The bahay na bato was also formed.
This period also marked the construction of the walls of Intramuros.
Brief history of Philippine architecture:
American occupation
The arrival of the Americans signaled the emergence of monumental neo-classical structures.
Daniel H. Burnham was sent by the US government to create urban plans for Manila and Baguio.
Juan Arellano designed the Manila Post Office, Legislative building, and the Manila Metropolitan Theater.

Brief history of Philippine architecture:

American occupation
Antonio Toledo designed the Manila City Hall, and the Agriculture and Finance buildings at the Agrifina circle
in Luneta
Tomas Mapua designed the Philippine General Hospital and the Normal School
Juan Nakpil – responsible for the rebuilding of the Quiapo Church in 1930
Brief history of Philippine architecture:
Middle to late 20th century
Leandro V. Locsin was commissioned by the Marcos administration to design numerous edifices for the
government. Among these are: The Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP), and the Philippine International
Convention Center (PICC).
Brief history of Philippine architecture:
Middle to late 20th century
Locsin also designed the Church of the Holy Sacrifice at UP Diliman.
Froilan Hong – Manila Film Center
Francisco Mañosa – Coconut Palace
Mañosa Brothers – San Miguel Building, Ortigas

PRINTING

RELIEF=A printing technique wherein images are raised

INTAGLIO=A printing technique wherein images are scratched, engraved into a metal plate
LITHOGRAPH=A printing technique wherein images are done in limestone
SERIGRAPH=A printing technique wherein designs are cut into waxy stencil paper laid over the screen
MEDIUM=term refers to the materials or means by which the artist uses to objectify his/her feelings or
thoughts
DESIGN= an organized creative arrangement of elements of art
COMPOSITION= an arrangement of the elements in an artwork according to the principles of arts
PATTERN=it is the repetition of a particular element of art
SUBJECT=The term used for representing an artwork
CONTENT=the ideas/ feelings presented in the work out
SYMBOL= it is something that stands for an object

OTHER ARTWORKS
COLLAGE=work of art created by gluing different kinds of materials
MONTAGE=work of art wherein cut-out parts of pictures pasted together to form a new picture.