Hands out

Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting

Design of Masonry and RC structures
Overview of Performance Evaluation and Strengthening/ Retrofitting
Methodology of RC and Masonry Structures

ACECOMS, AIT
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Overall Strategy/Methodology 
ning

for Evaluation and Retrofitting  of 
g
g And Strengthen

RC Structures
Retrofitting

Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand

The Main Topics

• Evaluation of Existing RC Structures
ning

– The Purpose of Evaluation
The Purpose of Evaluation
g And Strengthen

– The Extent of Evaluation
– The Process of Evaluation
– Evaluation Techniques
• Retrofitting of Existing RC Structures
– The Purpose of Retrofitting 
The Purpose of Retrofitting
Retrofitting

– The Extent of Retrofitting 
– The Process of Retrofitting 
– Retrofitting Techniques

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

1
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

The Basic Terms
• Reconstruction Construct According
to New Demands
ning

• Retrofittingg
g And Strengthen

I
Increase St
Strength
th andd
• Strengthening Performance

• Rehabilitation Regain Strength and

• Repair Original Performance
• Restoration
Retrofitting

• Preservation Maintain
• Conservation Original Performance

Evaluation and Strengthening Scenarios

• A RC Structure was abandoned during 
ning

construction and now needs to be completed 
g And Strengthen

after many years of neglect
• An old RC Structure needs to be extended for 
greater real‐estate demand
• An old RC Structure needs to be 
modified, altered for new usage
modified, altered  for new usage
Retrofitting

• A RC Structure is suspected to be week due to 
bad design or bad construction

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

2
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Need for Retrofitting/Strengthening

• Design Deficiency
ning

• Construction Deficiencyy
g And Strengthen

• Material Deficiency
• Major Damage
• Additional Loads
• Additional Performance Demand
Additional Performance Demand
Retrofitting

• New Usage
• Structural Modification

Need for Rehabilitation/Repair

• Minor Damage
ning
g And Strengthen

• Deterioration
• Serviceability Concerns 
– Cracking
– Leakage
Retrofitting

– Rusting
– Deflection

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

3
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Reconstruction Vs Strengthening

• Reconstruction may be done when:
ning

– Strengthening would be too extensive
g g
g And Strengthen

– Strengthening is not sufficient

• Strengthening may be done when:
– Few elements need to be modified
– Dismantling is not an option
Retrofitting

• Sometimes Partial Reconstruction and Strengthening may be 
combined

Structural
Evaluation
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

4
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

Introduction

Need for Evaluation

• Check the Original Design
• Check the Strength/ Safety of Exiting RC Structure
ning

• Determine Performance for Future

Determine Performance for Future
g And Strengthen

• Use of the RC Structure has Changed
• Ownership of RC Structure has Changed
• Structural System has been Modified
• Extension of the Existing RC Structure
• Need to Add new Loads 
Retrofitting

• The Design Code has been changed
• Major Damage to Structure has Occurred

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

5
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Types of Evaluations

• Design Review
ning

– Simply check the design calculations to determine if they conform to 
py g y
g And Strengthen

Design Criteria and Codes for the original Structures and loads 
• Serviceability Evaluation
– Evaluate if a structure is suitable for service under the specified 
conditions 
• Strength Evaluation
– Evaluate if a structure is safe under the specified conditions
Retrofitting

• Performance Evaluation
– Evaluate if a structure will perform as expected when subjected to 
specified conditions

The Overall Review Process
Drawings Available

Yes
ning

Building Not
M difi d
Modified
g And Strengthen

Yes

Design Calculations Yes Site Investigations No

Independent Review
Available Possible
Yes

Design Calc. Review

Retrofitting

Performance Review
Load Tests

Conclusion

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

6
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Evaluation Process

• Evaluate Existing Structure
ning
g And Strengthen

– Performance Evaluation
– Strength Evaluation
– Serviceability Evaluation
– Design Review
– Site Investigation
Site Investigation
Retrofitting

• Site Survey and Measurements
• Non‐Destructive Testing
• Laboratory Testing

Evaluate Strengthening Needs

• Identify Week Areas
ning

– Strength
g And Strengthen

– Serviceability
– Stability
– Durability
– Seismic Performance
– Ductility
Retrofitting

• Identify Week Members and Systems
• Identify Weakness in Members/ Systems

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

7
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

The Acceptance Criteria

• Before the structural evaluation can be carried 
ning

out a clearly defined review and acceptance

out, a clearly defined review and acceptance 
g And Strengthen

criteria should be laid out
• The criteria should include:
– Acceptable stress levels
– Acceptable deflections, vibrations
Retrofitting

– Acceptable Factors of Safety
– Acceptable deformation levels

Analysis Vs Load Test

• Carry out analytical evaluation if:
ning

– Strength deficiency is well understood 
Strength deficiency is well understood
g And Strengthen

– Material properties required for analysis can be 
obtained
– Dimensions required for analysis can be obtained
• Carry out load test if the above are not 
Retrofitting

feasible to establish

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

8
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Strength Reduction Factors

• The following strength reduction factors can 
ning

be used
be used
g And Strengthen

– Tension controlled sections 1.0
– Compression controlled sections
• Spiral Reinforced Members 0.85
• Other Reinforced Members 0.80
– Shear and/or torsion
Sh d/ t i 0 80
0.80
Retrofitting

– Bearing on concrete 0.80

Load Test

• Load arrangement to be such as to
– Maximize deflection and stress
ning

– Simulate actual conditions
S u ate actua co d t o s
g And Strengthen

• More than one load test may be carried out to obtain maximum 
effects for deflection, rotation or stress
• Load intensity to be taken as
– 0.85(1.4D+1.7L)
• Structure being tested should be at least 56 days old
• Loading Criteria
Retrofitting

– Response values should be recorded after one hour
R l h ld b d d f h
– Load to be applied in at least 4 equal increments
– Arching of applied load should be avoided
– Test load should be removed immediately after completion

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

9
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Acceptance Criteria  for Load Test
• A general criteria for acceptance of structure behavior is
– No evidence of failure
ning

– Max deflection 
g And Strengthen

2
lt
Δ max ≤
20,000h
– Max residual deflection   lt is the span of the
member being tested
h is the overall thickness
Δ max of the member
Retrofitting

Δ r max ≤
4

Acceptance Criteria  for Load Test

• Should not develop cracks indicating shear 
ning

failure
g And Strengthen

• If the structure dose not satisfy the 
acceptance criteria it is permitted to be used 
for lower load rating
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

10
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

The Detailed Evaluation Procedure
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

The Detailed Evaluation Procedure
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

11
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

The Detailed Evaluation Procedure
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

Site Investigations

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

12
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

General 

• Visual Survey
ning

• Physical Inspection
Physical Inspection
g And Strengthen

• Investigation Planning
• Sample Collections/ Extraction
• On‐site non‐destructive Testing
Retrofitting

• D t
Determination of Material Properties
i ti fM t i lP ti
• Laboratory Destructive Resting

Visual Inspection

• Observe, classify and document the 
ning

pp p
appearance of distress on exposed surfaces
g And Strengthen

• Map patterns of distress such as 
cracking, spalling, scaling, erosion or 
construction defects
• Most versatile and powerful method
• Effectiveness depends on the knowledge and 
Effectiveness depends on the knowledge and
Retrofitting

experience of investigator

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

13
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Typical Approach

• Cursory ‘Walk‐through’ inspection
ning

• Gather background documents regarding 
Gather background documents regarding
g And Strengthen

design, construction, ambient conditions and 
operation of structure
• Planning the complete investigation
• Layout control grid for recording observations
Retrofitting

• Visual Inspection
• Supplementary Tests
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

Determination of
Material Properties

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

14
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Concrete Properties

• Physical Condition
ning

• Ch i l P
Chemical Properties
ti
g And Strengthen

• Physical Properties
• Mechanical Properties
Retrofitting

Chemical and Physical Properties
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

15
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Chemical and Physical Properties
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

Physical Condition
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

16
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Physical Condition
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

Rebar and Steel Properties

• Physical Condition
ning

• Chemical Properties
Chemical Properties
g And Strengthen

• Physical Properties
• Mechanical Properties
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

17
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Rebar Properties
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

Rebar Properties
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

18
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

Non-Destructive Testing

Testing Methods

• Stress‐Wave Method for Structures
• Stress‐Wave Method for Deep Foundations
ning

• N clear Methods
Nuclear Methods 
g And Strengthen

• Magnetic and Electrical Methods
• Penetrability Methods
• Infrared Thermography
• Radar
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

19
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Stress Wave Methods for Structures

• Ultrasonic through transmission method
ning

• Ult
Ultrasonic echo method 
i h th d
g And Strengthen

• Impact echo method
• Spectral analysis of surface waves
Retrofitting

Ultrasonic Through Transmission Method
• Measure the travel time of a 
pulse of ultrasonic wave 
ning

over a known path length
• Determine the relative 
D t i th l ti
g And Strengthen

condition of concrete based 
on measure pulse velocity
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

20
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Ultrasonic Echo Method
• Transducer emits short pulse 
which is reflected by the 
opposite side of the member
ning

• Arrival time lapse is 
Arrival time lapse is
g And Strengthen

recorded
• Locates de‐laminations and 
voids in relatively thin 
elements
Retrofitting

Impact Echo Method
• Receiver adjacent to impact 
point monitors arrival of stress 
waves
ning

• Locates a variety of defects 
Locates a variety of defects
g And Strengthen

within concrete elements such 
as de‐
laminations, voids, honeycombi
ng and measures element 
thinckness
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

21
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves
• Impact is used to generate 
surface waves and receivers 
monitor the surface motion
ning

• Determines stiffness profile 
Determines stiffness profile
g And Strengthen

of pavement systems
• Determines depth of 
deteriorated concrete
Retrofitting

Stress Wave Method for Deep Foundations
• Sonic‐echo method
• Impulse response (Mobility) 
ning

method
g And Strengthen

• Impedance logging
• Crosshole sonic logging
• Parallel seismic method 
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

22
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Sonic‐Echo Method
• Hammer impact on surface and 
a receiver monitors reflected 
stress waves
ning

• Time domain analysis is 
Time domain analysis is
g And Strengthen

performed
• Determine the length of deep 
foundations
• Determines the location of 
cracks or constrictions (neck‐in)
Retrofitting

Impulse Response Method

• Similar to Echo Sonic method
ning
g And Strengthen

• Frequency domain analysis is performed
• Determine the length of deep foundations
• Determines the location of cracks or 
constrictions (neck‐in)
Retrofitting

• Provides information on the low‐strain 
dynamic stiffness of the shaft/soil system

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

23
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Impedance Logging

• Similar to Echo Sonic and Impact response 
ning

method
th d
g And Strengthen

• Complex signal analysis is required
• Determines the approximate 2D shape of the 
deep foundation
Retrofitting

Crosshole Sonic Logging

• Similar to ultrasonic pulse 
velocity test
ning

• Determines the location of 
l
low quality concrete along 
lit t l
g And Strengthen

the length of the shaft
• Determines the shaft length
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

24
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Parallel Seismic Method
• Receiver is placed in a hole 
next to the foundation
• Foundation is struck with a 
ning

hammer and signals are

hammer and signals are 
g And Strengthen

recorded
• Determines foundation 
depth
• Determines uniformity in 
quality of concrete
Retrofitting

Nuclear Methods

• Direct Transmission Radiometry
ning
g And Strengthen

• Backscatter Radiometry
• Radiography
• Gamma Gamma logging
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

25
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Direct Transmission Radiometry
• Measure the intensity of 
high energy electromagnetic 
radiation after passing 
ning

g
through concrete
g And Strengthen

• Determines the density of 
in‐place concrete
• Locates reinforcement and 
voids
Retrofitting

Backscatter Radiometry
• Measure the intensity of 
high energy electromagnetic 
ning

radiation that is reflected by 
the near surface region of
the near surface region of 
g And Strengthen

concrete
• Determines the density of 
in‐place concrete
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

26
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Radiography

• The intensity of high energy electromagnetic 
ning

radiation which passes through a member is 
di ti hi h th h b i
g And Strengthen

recorded on a photographic plate
• Locates reinforcing and prestressing 
steel, conduits, pipes, voids and 
honeycombing
y g
Retrofitting

Gamma Gamma Logging
• Similar to Direct 
Transmission and Back 
ning

Scatter Radiometry 
• Locates regions of low 
L t i fl
g And Strengthen

density along length of 
foundation
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

27
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Magnetic and Electrical Methods

• Covermeters
ning

• Half‐cell Potential Method
H lf ll P t ti l M th d
g And Strengthen

• Linear Polarization Method 
Retrofitting

Covermeters
• A low frequency alternating 
magnetic field is applied on 
the surface of the structure 
ning

• Locates embedding steel 
Locates embedding steel
g And Strengthen

reinforcement, measures 
depth of cover and 
estimates diameter of 
reinforcement 
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

28
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Half‐Cell Potential Method 
• Measure potential 
difference between steel 
ning

reinforcement and a 
standard reference electrode
standard reference electrode
g And Strengthen

• Identifies regions where 
there is a high probability of 
occurrence of corrosion 
Retrofitting

Polarization Method
• Measures the current 
required to get a fixed 
ning

potential difference 
between two points
between two points
g And Strengthen

• Determines the 
instantaneous corrosion rate 
of the reinforcement located 
below the test point
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

29
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Penetrability Methods
• Measure the flow of a fluid 
within concrete under 
ning

control conditions
• Determines the penetrability 
D t i th t bilit
g And Strengthen

of concrete
• Research tool
Retrofitting

Infrared Thermography
• Difference in surface 
temperatures is measured 
which indicate flaws within 
ning

concrete
g And Strengthen

• Locates delaminations of 
pavements and bridge decks
• Also used for detecting moist 
insulation in buildings
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

30
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Radar
• Analogous to the ultrasonic 
echo methods but 
electromagnetic waves are 
ning

used instead of stress waves
g And Strengthen

• Locates metal embedment 
voids beneath pavements and 
regions of high moisture 
contents
• Determine thickness of 
members
Retrofitting

Structural
Retrofitting
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

31
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

Introduction

Contents

• What is Retrofitting and Strengthening
ning

• The Failure Modes and Member Design

The Failure Modes and Member Design
g And Strengthen

• Basic Retrofitting and Strengthening Techniques
• Special Considerations in Retrofitting
• Sample Solutions and Examples
• Unified Approach to Flexural Capacity
Retrofitting

• U ifi d A
Unified Approach to Shear Capacity
h Sh C i
• Using CSI Section Builder for Design of 
Retrofitting Solutions

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

32
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Basic Member Classification
• Axial Members:
– Tension Only -P Y
ning

– Compression Only +P
g And Strengthen

– Tension + Compression -P , +P
• Beams
– Uniaxial Bending Mx, Vy, Tz X
– Biaxial Bending Mx, My, Vx, Vy, Tz
• Columns
Retrofitting

– Uniaxial Bending +P, Mx, Vy

– Biaxial Bending +P, Mx, My, Vx, Vy

Primary Actions and Reinforcement
P -P
ning

m m -m -m
g And Strengthen

P -P
b) Flexure (Bending)
a) Axial Force
ν
ν

ν
Retrofitting

c) Direct beam shear d) Torsion e) Shear Friction

Δ Δ

f) Restrained Shrinkage g) Free Shrinkage

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

33
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Failure Modes of Members
• Material Failures
– Direct Tension Failure
ning

– Direct Compression Failure
g And Strengthen

– Direct Flexural Failure
– Shear Failure (Shear, Tension, Compression)
• Stability Failures
– Axial‐Flexural Buckling
– Lateral‐Torsional Buckling
Retrofitting

– Local buckling of Cross‐section Elements
– Web Buckling
– Web Crippling

Failure Modes of Members

• Direct Tension Failure
ning

– Failure of material in tension
g And Strengthen

– For members in high direct tension

• Direct Compression Failure
– Failure of material in compression
– For short, compact members
Retrofitting

• Direct Flexural Failure
– Failure of material in tension or in compression
– For compact, fully braced beams or columns

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

34
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Failure Modes of Members

• Axial‐Flexural Buckling
ning

– Stability failure due to axial load and pure bending
y p g
g And Strengthen

– For symmetrical sections, long columns

• Lateral Buckling
– Stability failure in bending in transverse direction
– For laterally unbraced symmetrical beam sections
– (Mostly  “Lateral Buckling”  is accompanied by twisting)
Retrofitting

• Lateral‐Torsional Buckling
– Stability failure in lateral bending and twisting
– For laterally unbraced sections

Failure Modes of Members

• Local buckling of Cross‐section Elements
ning

– Stability failure of parts of section due to compression
g And Strengthen

– For thin, slender plates (high b/t ratio)

• Web Buckling
– Lateral stability failure of web due to direct loads
– For high reactions, Plate Girders, thin webs
Retrofitting

• Web Crippling or Crushing
W b C i li C hi
– In‐Plane stability failure of web
– For high loads, reactions, un‐stiffened webs

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

35
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Failure Modes of Members

• Failure in Direct Shear
ning

– Failure of Material in direct shear stress
g And Strengthen

– Rarely occurs, possible in Steel
– Failure in aggregate interlock for concrete
• Failure in Shear Due to Tension Failure
– Most common failure for concrete in shear
– Principle tension due to shear stress exceeds tension capacity
Retrofitting

• Failure in Shear Due to Compression Failure
– Possible failure for reinforced concrete
– Principle compression due to shear exceeds compressive strength

Column Failure
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

36
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Joint Failure
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

Prevention of Failure

• Limit the Modes of Failure
ning

– Provide Lateral and Torsional Bracing
g And Strengthen

– Control Section Slenderness Ratio:  Compactness
– Provide Stiffening

• Limit the Allowable Stresses
– Take into account various stability factors
Retrofitting

• Limit the Combined Stresses and Ratios
– The ratio of actual to allowable stresses for various 
actions is restricted

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

37
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Member Materials

• Structural Concrete
ning

– Plain Concrete
Plain Concrete
g And Strengthen

– Reinforced Concrete
– Pre‐stressed Concrete
– Fiber Reinforced Concrete
– Ferrocement
• Structural Steel
Structural Steel
Retrofitting

– Hot Rolled Steel
– Cold Formed Steel
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

Basic Methods

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

38
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Basic Considerations

• New performance needs are achieved
ning

• Ensuring new load is transferred to the 
E i l di t f d t th
g And Strengthen

new system
• The existing member is relieved from the 
existing loads
Retrofitting

• The old and new system act together

Overall Process

• Evaluate Existing Structure for Exiting Demands
ning

• Evaluate Existing Structure for New Demands

Evaluate Existing Structure for New Demands
g And Strengthen

• Identify Systems, Members to Strengthened
• Study Alternative Systems and Approaches
• Study Alternative Materials and Methodologies
• Select the Suitable Strengthening System
Select the Suitable Strengthening System
Retrofitting

• Design the Selected System
• Evaluate the Performance of Proposed System

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

39
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Overall Process

• Evaluate Existing Structure
ning

– Performance Evaluation
g And Strengthen

– Strength Evaluation
– Serviceability Evaluation
– Design Review
– Site Survey and Measurements
– Non
Non‐Destructive
Destructive Testing
Testing
Retrofitting

– Rebar Detection
– Vibration Measurements

Evaluate Strengthening Needs

• Identify Week Areas
ning

– Strength
g And Strengthen

– Serviceability
– Stability
– Durability
– Seismic Performance
– Ductilityy
Retrofitting

• Identify Week Members and Systems
• Identify Weakness in Members/ Systems

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

40
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Improving Strength
• In Flexure • In Axial
– Weak in Tension – Weak in Tension
ning

– Weak in Compression
– Weak in Compression
• In Stiffness
g And Strengthen

– Weak in Both
– Deflection, Sway
• In Shear • In Dynamics
– Pure Shear – Vibration
– Compression – Oscillation
– Tension
• In Torsion
Retrofitting

– Pure Shear
– Compression
– Tension

Improving Stability

• Axial‐Flexure Buckling
ning

• Lateral Torsional Buckling

Lateral‐Torsional Buckling
g And Strengthen

• Local Buckling
• Web Buckling/Web Crippling 
• Side Sway
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

41
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Improving Serviceability 

• Reduce Vibrations
• Closing/Repairing Cracks
ning
g And Strengthen

• Improving Permeability
• Reversing/ Reducing Deflections
• Improvising Ductility
• Improving Fatigue Resistance 
Retrofitting

Basic Strengthening Methods

• Jacketing • Hanging
• Propping
ning

• Encasing
g And Strengthen

• Post‐tensioning • Under‐pinning
• Replacement • Bridging
• By Passing • Redistributing
• Relieving
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

42
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Jacketing and Encasing
• Jacketing
– Putting a Jacket of higher  
ning

strength material on a 
lower strength material
lower strength material 
g And Strengthen

– Steel Plates/ Sections over 
Concrete
• Encasing
– Covering a Material with 
material of equal or lower 
strength
Retrofitting

– Concrete over concrete
– Concrete over steel

Post Tensioning
• Basic Idea
– Reducing tension in 
ning

Concrete
g And Strengthen

– Inducing Reverse Bending
– Inducing Up‐lift forces
• Post Tensioning Material
– Prestressing strands
– High strength wire
Retrofitting

– High strength rods/ bars
– High strength Bolts

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

43
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Replace, By‐pass, Relieve, Bridge

• Find alternate load path
– For existing load 
ning

– For additional load
For additional load
g And Strengthen

– For existing and new load
• Change of usage
– Remove structural 
member
– Relocate structural 
Relocate structural
Retrofitting

member

Jacking, Lifting, Hanging, Underpinning
• Basic Idea
– Reverse deflection
ning
g And Strengthen

– Lift and replace
– Lift for support 
replacement
– Support from below
– Support from above
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

44
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Load Transfer Mechanism 

• Bond
ning

• Shearing Stress
Shearing Stress
g And Strengthen

• Anchorage
• Dowel Action
• Bearing
F i ti
Friction
Retrofitting

•
• Shearing Friction

Long Term Considerations 

• Creep
ning

• Relaxation
g And Strengthen

• Shrinkage
• Elastic Shortening
• Settlements, Movements
• Rust, Spalling
• Loss of Friction
Retrofitting

• Loss of Pre‐stress
• Fatigue 

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

45
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Material Selection

• Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

ning

• Shrinkage
g And Strengthen

• Permeability
• Modulus of Elasticity
• Chemical Properties
• Electrical Properties
Retrofitting

• Color Properties

Repair Materials

• Conventional Mortar
ning

• Conventional Concrete
g And Strengthen

• Dry Pack
• Ferrocement
• Fiber-reinforced Concrete
• Grouts (Cement or Chemical)
• Low Slump Dense Concrete
Retrofitting

• Magnesium Phosphate Concretes and Mortars

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

46
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Repair Material (contd.)
• Rapid Setting Cements
• Shortcrete
ning

• Silica Fume Concrete

g And Strengthen

• Shrinkage Compensating Concrete

• Replaced Aggregate Concrete
• Bonding Materials
• Polymer Impregnated Concrete (PIC)
• Polymer Modified Concrete (PMC)
• Polymer Concrete (PC)
Retrofitting

• Carbon Fibers and Strips

• Glass Fibers

Anchorage Material 
• Anchors Play Important Role in Strengthening
• Post-installed Anchors
ning

– Installed in predrilled holes

g And Strengthen

– Bonded
B d d anchors h
• Grouted and chemical
• Drive strength from bond between concrete and anchor
• Bonding Agents: Epoxies, Polyesters and Vinyl Esters
– Expansion anchors (Mechanical Anchors)
• Torque controlled, Deformation controlled and Undercut anchors
• Drive strength from Friction and Keying
Retrofitting

• Cast-in-place Anchors
– Non Adjustable Anchors, placed prior to concreting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

47
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Anchor Strength

• Material Strength 
• Hole Diameter
ning

• Drilling System
Drilling System
g And Strengthen

• Embedded Length
• Annular Gap between Anchors
• Concrete Strength and Condition
• Type and Direction of Load Application
• Hole Cleaning
Retrofitting

• E i
Environmental Conditions
l C di i
• Creep

Loading on Anchor Bolts
Anchors play a
significant role
ning

in connecting
g And Strengthen

existing an nes
systems

Understanding
of anchorage is
essential for
Retrofitting

d i off
design
strengthening
systems

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

48
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Loading on Bolts
Sometimes due
to weakness in
ning

existing
g And Strengthen

concrete, the
anchorage may
not be effective

Anchors may be
interrupted by
Retrofitting

exiting
iti
rebars, tension
cracks etc.
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

Beams and Slabs

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

49
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Strengthening in Flexure
ning
g And Strengthen

Existing Beam

Steel Plate or Channel Section fixed by bolts Channel New Concrete

Or Carbon Fiber Strips fixed with epoxy Section, Angles may be added to
or Plates may be encase, protect
used steel. Wire mesh
may be added to
Retrofitting

hold the new

concrete

Strengthening by Post‐Tensioning
• Post tensioning improves strength 
in several ways
ning

– Reduce Bending Moment
g And Strengthen

– Increase moment capacity due to 
I i d
P‐M Interaction
– Increase basic strength due to 
presence of high strength steel
– Reduce cracking and tension 
related problems
– Can provide direct up‐lifting 
Retrofitting

forces to balance the loads

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

50
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Strengthening in Flexure – Post Tensioning

Channel
ning

Existing Beam
g And Strengthen

Steel Rod/ PS Cable

Cross Section

Existing Beam
Retrofitting

Anchor

Up Lift
Steel Rod/ PS Cable Cross Section

Strengthening in Shear
Steel Plate
ning

Minor Deficiency
y
g And Strengthen

Shear Cracks

Major
j Deficiencyy
Retrofitting

Steel Plates
CL

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

51
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Strengthening in Shear
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

Overall Strengthening By Hanging
Steel Plates
Bearing Pad
ning

I Section
g And Strengthen

Slab
Existing Beam

Nut Bolts with plates Cross Section

Or U-Bolts

• Suitable for Straightening deflected beams

Retrofitting

• Supporting Roof Beams

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

52
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Strengthening By Jacking
ning

Existing Beam with Excessive Deformation

g And Strengthen

Existing Beam
Pr-Cambered I Section

Before Retrofitting
Bolts

I Section

Cross Section
Retrofitting

Existing Beam

I Section

Bolts

After Retrofitting

Strengthening by Reduction External Trusses

Existing Beam
ning
g And Strengthen

Truss Added to Carry Additional Loads

Existing Beam
Retrofitting

Truss Added to Carry

Additional Loads

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

53
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Strengthening Of Slabs

Steel Plates or
Carbon Fiber Strips
ning
g And Strengthen

Bolts
Wire Mesh Ferro Cement
Using Ferrocement

Steel Plates
Retrofitting

Bolts
Underside of Slab Wire Mesh Ferro Cement

Using Steel Plates + Ferrocement

ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

Columns

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

54
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Strengthening For Axial Load
ning Existing Column

Channel
Simple Jacketing Sections or
g And Strengthen

Steel Plates

Existing Column
Retrofitting

Jacketing and Encassing

Angle Sections

New Concrete

Strengthening For Axial Load

Existing Column
ning

Encasing with new

concrete and rebars
g And Strengthen

New Concrete

Existing Column

Adding new column Gapp

Retrofitting

around existing column to (Polystyrene)

take new loads New Concrete

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

55
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Strengthening of Columns
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

Strengthening Of Trusses
CL
ning

Existing Members
g And Strengthen

New Members

For Compression Strengthening

Rebar
Angle Section
Retrofitting

For Tension Strengthening

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

56
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Strengthening For Lateral Sway

Lateral Force
ning

Existing Members
g And Strengthen

New Members
Retrofitting

Strengthening for Sway
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

57
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Strengthening for Sway
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

Strengthening Of Joints
ning

Steel Plate
g And Strengthen

Steel Plate
Steel Plate Angle Sections

Bolts
Bolts Bolts
Retrofitting

Strengthening Weak Joints in Concrete Frames

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

58
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

Foundations

Strengthening Of Foundations ‐ Bridging

Strengthening Foundations
ning
g And Strengthen

E i ti Concrete
Existing C t

New Concrete
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

59
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Strengthening Of Foundations ‐ Addition

Strengthening Foundations
ning

E i ti Concrete
Existing C t
g And Strengthen

New Concrete B-B

B
Retrofitting

Strengthening Of Foundations ‐ Underpinning
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

60
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Strengthening Of Foundations - Underpinning

ning
g And Strengthen

Post Tensioning Anchor

Retrofitting

Tension Pile

Strengthening of Foundations
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

61
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Adding Tie Beam
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

Shear Walls

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

62
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

ning
g And Strengthen

An Example
Retrofitting

Load Path of Original Structure

4.0 4.0

4th
12 Floors
ning

above the
Transfer
g And Strengthen

3.0 Girder
3rd N A
RC Transfer
1.
8 Girder
B
5.0
Retrofitting

2nd

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

63
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Load Path of Retrofitting

4.0 4.0

4th
ning
g And Strengthen

G G
3.0

3rd H H, J Steel Girder

Retrofitting on
1. P
RC Girder and
8
RC Jacket on
K
Column
50
5.0
Retrofitting

L
2nd

Model of Steel Girder
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

64
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Solution Alternatives
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

Solution Alternatives
ning
g And Strengthen
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

65
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

ning
g And Strengthen

Repair Techniques
and Materials
Retrofitting

Repair Methodology

• Evaluation
ning

• Relating Observation to Causes

Relating Observation to Causes
g And Strengthen

• Selecting Methods and Materials
• Preparation of Drawing and Specifications
• Execution of Work
• Quality Control
Quality Control
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

66
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Concrete Removal, Preparation, Repair

• Concrete Removal
ning
g And Strengthen

– General Considerations
• Concrete Sound or Deteriorated 
• Safe, Effective and Economical
– Monitor Removal Operations
• Limit Extent of Damage
Retrofitting

• Core tests for Compressive and Tensile Strength
• Pulse Velocity Test
• Pulse Echo Test 
Note: Tests may be conducted before, after or during concrete removal

Concrete Removal (contd.)

• Quantity of Concrete to be Removed
ning

– Conduct Condition Surveys
C d t C diti S
g And Strengthen

• Classification of Concrete Removal Methods
– Blasting
– Cutting
– Impacting
– Milling 
g
Retrofitting

– Pre‐splitting 
– Abrading 

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

67
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Concrete Removal (contd.)

• Cutting Methods
ning
g And Strengthen

– High Pressure Water Jets (without abrasives)
– Saw (diamond or carbide)
– Diamond Wire Cutting 
– Mechanical Shearing
– Stitch Drilling
Stitch Drilling
Retrofitting

– Thermal Cutting 

Concrete Removal (contd.)

• Impacting Methods
ning

– Hand‐Held Breakers 
Hand‐Held Breakers
g And Strengthen

– Boom‐Mounted Breakers
– Scabblers
• Milling Methods
– Scarifier
Retrofitting

• Hydro demolition (high pressure water 
(
jetting)  

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

68
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Concrete Removal (contd.)

• Prospecting Methods
ning
g And Strengthen

– Hydraulic Splitters 
– Water Pulse Splitters
– Expansive Agents 
• Abrading Methods
– Sand Blasting
Sand Blasting
Retrofitting

– Shot Blasting
– High Pressure Water Blasting (with abrasives) 

Surface Preparation 

• Methods of Surface Preparation
ning
g And Strengthen

– Chemical Cleaning
– Acid Etching
– Mechanical Preparation
– Abrasive Preparation
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

69
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Reinforcement Repair

• Inspection of Reinforcing Steel
ning
g And Strengthen

• Cleaning of Reinforcing Steel
• Repair of Reinforcing Steel
– Replacement
– Supplemental Reinforcing
– Coating of Reinforcement 
C ti fR i f t
Retrofitting

Reinforcement Repair (contd.)

• Prestressing Steel
ning
g And Strengthen

– Bonded Strands
• Re‐tensioning in not possible
• Substitute Strand to be provided externally
• Avoid additional eccentricities
– Un‐bonded Strands 
Retrofitting

• May be re‐tensioned 
• Remove, replace and re‐tension deteriorated strand

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

70
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Concrete Removal Preparation and Repair

• Concrete Removal
ning
g And Strengthen

– General Consideration
• Monitoring Removal Operations
• Quantity of Concrete to be Removed
• Classification of Removal Methods
Retrofitting

Removal of Concrete

• General Methods
ning
g And Strengthen

– Blasting Method
– Cutting Method
– Impact Methods
– Milling Methods
– Hydrodemolition
Hydrodemolition 
Retrofitting

– Prospecting Methods
– Abrading Methods

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

71
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Cutting Methods

• High Pressure Water Jet
ning
g And Strengthen

• Sawing
• Diamond Wire Cutting
• Mechanical Shearing
• Stitch Drilling
Retrofitting

• Thermal Cutting

Impact Methods

• Hand Held Breakers
ning
g And Strengthen

• Boom Mounted Breakers
• Scabblers
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

72
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Hydro‐demolition

• Hydraulic Splitter
ning
g And Strengthen

• Water Pulse Spitter
• Expansive Agents
Retrofitting

Abrading MethodsV

• Sand blasting
ning
g And Strengthen

• Shot blasting
• High Pressure Water Blasting with abrasives 
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

73
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Surface Preparation

• Chemical Cleaning
ning
g And Strengthen

• Acid Etching 
• Mechanical Preparation
• Abrasive Preparation
Retrofitting

Reinforcement Repair 

• Removal of concrete surrounding steel
ning

• Cleaning of reinforcing steel
Cleaning of reinforcing steel
g And Strengthen

• Repair of reinforcing steel
– Replacement
– Supplemental Reinforcing
– Coating of Reinforcement
Retrofitting

• Repair of Prestress Steel
R i fP S l
– Bonded Strands
– Unbonded Strands

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

74
 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Material Placement

• Cast in place concrete
ning

• Shotcrete
g And Strengthen

• Pre‐paced aggregate concrete
• Formed and pumped concrete and mortar
• Troweling and dry packing
• j g g
Injection grouting
Retrofitting

• Cement grouting
• Chemical grouting

Strengthening Techniques 

• Interior Reinforcing 
ning

• Exterior Reinforcing (encased and exposed)

Exterior Reinforcing (encased and exposed)
g And Strengthen

• Jackets and Collars
• Supplemental Members 
Retrofitting

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

75