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Deep foundation in Bangladesh

Research · August 2015

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2600.4320

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Md Firoz Mahmood Ovi

University of British Columbia - Okanagan
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 Ahsanullah University of Science and
Technology

Department of Civil Engineering

DETAILS OF CONSTRUECTION

CE 200

Report based on

Deep Foundation

Presented by

Md Firoz Mahmood Ovi

Foundation:
Foundation is the lowest part of a structure which provides a base for the
super-structure and transmits the loads (live load, wing load) on the structure including the
dead weight of the structure itself to the soil below.

Types of Foundation:
Foundation can be broadly classified into two types–

• Deep Foundations
• Shallow Foundations

Deep Foundation:
In case, the strata of good bearing capacity is not available near the ground, the
foundation of the structure has to be taken deep with the purpose of attaining a bearing
stratum which is suitable in all respects.

The most common forms of construction pertaining to deep foundation are:

• Piles
• Cofferdams
• Caissons.

Importance of Pile foundation:

 Enables a structure to be supported by a layer of soil
 Provide safe foundation
 Used for -
 Buildings
 Trestles
 Bridges

Classification of Piles:
Depending upon materials used in their manufacture,
Piles can be classified as:
a) Concrete Piles
o Cast-In-Place or cast-in-situ Piles
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 o Pre-cast Piles
o Pre-stressed concrete Piles

b) Steel Piles
c) Timber Piles
d) Composite Piles

Classification of pile based on function

• Bearing pile
• Friction pile
• Sheet pile
• Anchor pile
• Batter pile
• Fender pile
• Compaction pile

Precast Pile
Pre means before & cast means made. So precast pile refers to a pile which is made before,
it is being used.

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 Precast Piles

 Most common pile

 Francois Hennebique first use it (1897)
 A.A.Raymond built his company(1901)
 It can be constructed either in the factory or on site
 It is reinforced concrete pile

Why and Where

• Pre cast pile is used for extra heavy weight structure because it can ensure full
strength by proper maintaining.
• It can be used under water.
• There is no possibility of the reinforcements getting displaced.

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 • There is no possibility of the voids being left.
• Not to attack by corrosive constituents in the soil and the sub-soil water.

PRECAST PILES SHAPE& SIZE

 Commonly manufactured in square

 ranging from about250 mm to about 450 mm
 maximum section length of up to about 12 m

 Hexagonal
 Circular
 Octagonal
 Triangular

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  H shapes
.

Soil suitability
 Suitable in a wide range of soil condition

 working loads in excess of 1000kN

 Useful for very deep piling up to 40 m

 in soft ground or in aggressive or contaminated soils

Bearing capacity
• High bearing capacity

• Compact soil & increase the bearing capacity

• Concrete formations around the contracted sections increase the capacity.

Design of Precast Pile

• By the soil test, we would be find the depth of penetrate.
• By which length of a pile can be determined.
• After determine the total weight of the building, we would find the number of piles.
• The diameter of the pile normally varies from 35 cm to 65 cm and their length
varies from 20 ft to 30 ft.

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 • Besides bearing load for easy transportation & movement big weir or reinforcement
is used in the pre cast pile.
• For easy driven rectangular pile is often made.
• Longitudinal reinforcement usually consists of one bar 20 mm to 50mm in diameter
at each angle of the section of the pile.
• The vertical rods are tied horizontally by bars 6mm to 10mm in diameter.
• The horizontal bars may be provided in the form of stirrups wound around the
verticals.
• Pile shoe & pile stirrup is used in the lower part of the pile to driven the pile easily.

Allowable Load on Single Pile:

The Engineering News formula is considered to be the simplest and is thus commonly
used in estimating the allowable load on single pile. The engineering News Formula is
represented by the following equation:

WH
𝑄𝑄a =
F(S+C)

Where, 𝑄𝑄a = allowable load in kN

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 W=weight of hammer in kN

H=height fall of hammer in cm

F=factor of safety (usually taken=6)

S=average settlement of pile in cm per blow

C=empirical constant. Its value is taken

=2.5cm for drop hammer and =0.25cm for steam hammer

(single or double acting type)

Process of precast pile

 Steel form is used for the precast pile manufacture.

 Before pore the concrete in to the form, Mobil or other kinds of oil have been used.

 Cement, sand, aggregate ratio is normally 1:2:4 in pre cast pile.

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 But to make the foundation stronger mix ratio should be 1:1.5:3.

 When the concrete pore in the steel form it would be ramming by the vibrator.

 After 3 days, piles have been covering by the sheet.

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  After 3 days of casting, steel form would be removed.

 Then the piles would be prepared for 4 weeks curing.

 Then the piles are transported to the site for driving.

Pile Driving
It is the process of driving piles into the ground.

It requires few piling equipment such as-

 Cranes
 Hammers
 Cushions

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  Leads
 Piles
 Templates

Piles are driven in the ground by the following methods:

• By drop hammer
• By steam hammer
• By water jets
• By boring.

By Drop Hammer:
It is a pile driver in which the hammer is raised by a rope or cable then allows the drop on the
pile cap.

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Pile Installation Using Drop Hammer
Normally, 1.5 to 3 meter from above, the drop hammer would be put down in to the pile cap.

The weight of drop hammer varies from 230 to 3800 kg.

 By using the pile wipes machine, the drop hammer would be controlled.

 The exact weight of the drop hammer to be used is governed by the shape and length
of pile as well as nature of ground to be penetrated.

By Steam Hammer
In this type of pile driver the hammer is automatically raised and then dropped a short
distance by means of a steam cylinder and piston. There are two types of steam hammer pile
drivers:

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  Single acting type.
 Double acting type.

The hammers usually weight 2000 to 4000 kg and have a stroke length up to 15m. In case of
single-acting steam hammer or drop-hammer the stroke length of fall should not exceed
1.35m.

By Water Jets
This method of driving piles involves displacing the soil below the shoe of the pile by means
of one or more jets.

 The jet consists of a 5 to 6cm diameter pipe with its lower end decreasing in diameter
and forming a nozzle of about half the diameter of the pipe at top.

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  Water is forced through the pipe under a pressure of 7 to 17.5 kg/ sq.cm.

 The nozzle of the jet of the jet pipe is usually kept about 15 to 30 cm below the pile
shoe.

 The water jet is stopped a few meters before the pile reaches its required depth and it is
driven by hammering for that distance.

By Boring
If the pile is required to penetrate beds of hard soil, or soft rock to reach its required depth,
driving of the pile by boring is an economical solution. In dry soils, boring may be done by
auger, while in soft rocks, rotary well drills may be used.

The bore is made to the required depth of the pile. Precast piles are then put in the bore
hole.

Advantages of pre-cast piles:

 They can be cast well before the commencement of the work resulting in rapid
excavation of work.
 Their construction can be well supervised and any defect detected can be rectified
before use.

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 The reinforcement remains in their proper position and do not get displaced.

 They can be driven under water

 The driving of adjacent pile does not produce adverse effect upon the already driven
pile.

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  They can be loaded soon after they have been driven to the desired depth.

Disadvantages of pre-cast piles:

 They are heavy and great difficult is experienced for their handing and transportation.

 The exact length of a pile can rarely be pre-determined and as such it has to be
lengthened sometimes, rendering the pile weak at the joint.

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  If a pile is found to be too long after driving, it has got to be cut down which involves
extra labor, time and expense.

 They are subjected to the driving shocks after the concrete has fully set. This may
result in unsound construction.
 Precast pile cannot be long.
 Precast pile creates shake that can harm other structure.
 Precast pile cannot be done in busy areas and highly populated areas
 The piles are difficult to manufacture
 It is not economical
 Subject to longitudinal and transverse cracking
 Not aesthetic
 Not appropriate for curved or flared structures
 Complicated for skews

Difference of theoretical & practical

Theoretical Practical
• We can joint two pile together • We use one pile to drive
• Maximum length 40 ft • They use 50~55 ft pile
• All of the test have to done before • They only do some test in site
use

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Solution
If only quality of pile is considered then precast pile is much better than cast in situ pile.
But due to the difficulties & expense in transport & hammering the use of precast pile is
rare in Bangladesh. If the depth of deep foundation is 20 to 30 feet, then precast pile is
much better than cast in situ pile with the consideration of all circumstances.

Cast-in-situ pile
Cast-in-situ piles are those piles which are cast in position inside the ground. it
is As it is casted in situation. So it is called cast-in-situ pile

• Most common pile in Bangladesh recent years

• first used in 1952 but mainly in the period 1962 to 1981
• Not necessary to reinforce the pile in ordinary cases or in places where
the pile is completely submerged in the soil.
• It is created and used in the desired position

Types of Cast-in-situ pile:

1. Simplex pile:

This type of pile may be driven through soft or hard soil. A steel tube having
an internal dia of the pile and 20mm in thickness is driven into the ground. To facilitate
driving of the pile, the steel tube is fitted with a detachable steel shoe that completely closes
the bottom of the tube

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 Simplex pile

The metallic shoe remains in place and hence a new one is needed for each pile. In case the
pile is required to be reinforced ,the reinforcement cage is lowered into the steel tube prior to
the pouring of concrete.

2. Franki Pile

This type of pile has an enlarged base and a corrugated stem. A steel tube,
having its internal diameter equal to the diameter of the pile required, is held vertical at the
ground level with the help of leads. A charge of concrete is poured at its base filling the
bottom 60 cm to 90 cm of the tube. The charge of concrete is consolidated into a solid plug by
the blows of the drop hammer on the plug pull the tube down on account of the friction
developed between the concrete and the inside surface of the tube.

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 Franki pile

When the tube has been driven to the required depth, it is slightly raised and the plug is forced
out of the tube by hammering. The reinforcement cage (if needed) is then lowered inside the
tube. A fresh charge of concrete is then poured in the tube and rammed well by the drop
hammer while the tube is pulled up a short distance. The repeated process produces a series of
corrugations on the stem of the pile and the pile is thus complicated.

3. Vibro Pile:

This type of pile is best suited for places where the ground is soft and others little frictional
resistance to the flow of concrete. A steel tube filled with a cast iron shoe is first driven to the
required depth. There is a water-tight joint between the shoe and the casting so that even if the
pile is to driven in water-logged ground, the soil and the sub-soil water cannot find an access

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in the tube before the concreting is done. The reinforcement cage (if needed) is lowered in the

Vibro pile

tube at this stage. The charge of concrete is then poured in the tube. The extraction of the tube
and ramming of concrete is effected by the upward and the downward blows of the hammer.
The tube is connected to the hammer by extracting links. During the upward blow of the
hammer, the tube is raised up by a short distance and the concrete moves down to fill the
space left by the tube. During the downward blow, the concrete is compacted and rammed
outwards thereby forming corrugated surface for pile. This results in increased friction
between the pile surface and the surrounding ground.

3. Vibro Expanded Pile

In situation where it is desired to have increased frictional resistance between the pile stem
and the surrounding ground, the surface of a vibro-pile is expanded generally to achieve the
object. This increases the bearing resistance of a vibro pile. In this process, a sheet tube of the
required diameter of the pile having a detachable cast iron conical shoe at its base, is driven to
the required depth. A charge of concrete (filling a good length of tube) is poured and the tube
is completely withdrawn leaving the cast iron shoe and the charge of concrete down in the pile
hole.

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 Vibro Expanded Pile

The withdrawn tube is fitted with a special flat iron shoe and once again driven in the same
hole. The charge of concrete down below gets expanded to nearly double its area by the
process. If required, another charge of concrete is poured and the process repeated. The
reinforcement cage is thereafter lowered in the tube (if needed) and the pile is complicated as
usual.

4. Raymond Pile

This type of pile is constructed in lengths varying from 6 to 12 m. the diameter of the pile
varies from 40 to 60 cm at top and the diameter at its base is slightly smaller, varying from 20
to 28 cm so as to uniform taper to pile. The thickness of the outer shell depends upon the pile
diameter and site conditions. The thin steel shell is reinforced with hard drawn wire spiral
spaced at 8 cm centre to centre. This shell is closed at the bottom with a steel boot.

Raymond Pile

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The shell is placed over a collapsible mandrel having the same taper as the pile and both are
driven to the desired depth. The mandrel is then withdrawn leaving the shell in the ground.
The shell is gradually filled with concrete up to the top. This forms a Raymond pile. The
function of shell outside the concrete core is to prevent the adjoining soil and the sub-soil
water coming in contact with fresh concrete.

5. Mac Arthur pedestal Pile

In this type of pile the apparatus consists of an outer casting (a hollow steel pipe) and an inner
core. The bottom of the core is of a size that it completely closes the open base of the casting
when inserted inside. The core and the casting are together driven into the ground to the
required depth. The core is removed and a charge of concrete is poured in the casting. The
core is replaced in the casting, so that it is in contact with the concrete. The casting is then
pulled up a short distance of 60 cm to 90 cm and on account of the pressure of the core and
the hammer, the concrete is rammed out. Again the core is removed, another charge of
concrete poured and the operation repeated.

Mac Arthur pedestal Pile

When the bulb at the base has been formed to the required area, the casting is gradually
withdrawn after filling with concrete so as to form a stem of constant diameter. If desired, the
pile can also be reinforced

Bored cast in situ Piles Installation Process:

a) Loosening Of Soil
1. Cutting and Scraping:

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 Boring Grab Cutting Teeth for Rotary Drilling

2. Ripping

3. Percussion

b) Removal Of soil
(i) Intermittent Transport

♦ Rope Grab
♦ Rotary Drill
(ii) Continuous Transport
 Flush Drilling
 Continuous Auger
c) Temporary Support
I. Drill Casing
 Vibrating
 Oscillating
 Rotating
II. Drilling Mud
o Water
o Bentonite
o Polymer
d) Enlarged Base
 Under reaming
 Grouting
 Plug Expulsion

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e) Casting Of Pile:

Placing
Reinforcement Pouring Casting of
Concrete Mix Concrete
Cage

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 Comparison between Theory and Practical Field

Theoretically Practical Field

 Pouring of Concrete and Withdrawing  Steel tube is withdrawn after 28 days

of steel tube gradually
 Polymer, Bentonite, or Steel Case is  Only Bentonite solution is used
used

 Auger or rotary drill is used  Only Rotary drill is used

Some practical problem and its solution

Problem Solution

 Rocky layer of soil with stone  Abort drilling

 Rising water from the bottom of hole  Pump the water. Best, use precast pile

 Corrosion can be occurred  Soil test is needed. Corrosion resistant

cement

Advantages of Cast in Situ Pile

 Length can be readily varied
 End enlargement
 Material of pile is not dependent
 Long length installation
 Little or no noise or vibration
 Designing Accuracy

Disadvantages of Cast in Situ Pile

 Cannot be used under water

 Displacement of reinforced

 Dumping of concrete from a great height

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  Inspection is not possible; voids may be left

 Contact of water of concrete to the dry soil if uncased

 Freshly laid concrete is susceptible to soil components

 Driving of adjacent piles may rupture shell-less cast-in-situ pile

Choice between different types of cast in situ pile

 Augured pile. Suitable for cohesive soil

 Using a casing , conventional boring method

 Enlarged base, shorter pile

 Sand and gravels. Bentonite should be used

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 Difference of cast in situ & precast pile
Precast pile
 Reinforcement remains in their proper
position.
 Can be loaded soon after they have
been driven
 Can be driven under water
 Defect can be rectified before use
 They are costly
 Exact length of pile can rarely be
predetermined
Cast in situ
 Possibility of the reinforcement getting
displaced
 Can’t loaded soon after they have been
driven
 Can’t be used under water
 Defect can’t be rectified
 They are not costly
 They are cast in exact length

End

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