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The University of Nottingham

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

A LEVEL C MODULE, AUTUMN SEMESTER 2005-2006

POWER NETWORKS

Time allowed TWO Hours

Candidates must NOT start writing their answers until told to do so

Answer Three questions

Only silent, self-contained calculators with a single line display are permitted in this
examination.

Dictionaries are not allowed with one exception. Those whose first language is not English
may use a standard translation dictionary to translate between that language and English
provided that neither language is the subject of this examination. Subject specific translation
dictionaries are not permitted.

No electronic devices capable of storing and retrieving text, including electronic dictionaries,
may be used.

DO NOT turn examination paper over until instructed to do so

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL: Graph Paper

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1. The excitation field of 2 pu for a three phase 6 MVA, 6 kV synchronous generator

produces rated stator current when the generator terminals are short circuited. The
maximum excitation is 2.5 pu and the practical stability limit is 0.5 MW.

(a) If the stator winding has negligible resistance find the synchronous stator
reactance in ohms. [3 marks]

(b) Draw the machine operation chart for the condition when the machine is
connected to a 4.8 MW turbine. [14 marks]

(c) What are the maximum export reactive powers when operating at rated turbine
power (4.8 MW) and half the rated power (2.4 MW)? [3 marks]

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2. (a) Derive an expression for the positive sequence fault current in terms of system
voltage and system impedance for a phase-b to phase-c fault of finite resistance
on a three phase system. [10 marks]

(b) A 22 kV generator is connected to a 400 kV transmission system via a

transmission line and a step up transformer as shown in Figure 2a. Find the
sequence fault currents experienced in the generator windings when a phase to
phase fault of resistance 5 ohms occurs at point F on the 22 kV terminals of the
transmission transformer. [10 marks]

G1 L1 T1 400kV system
F

Figure 2 a

Table 2 a Component reactances for Figure 2a.

Component Line Rating Positive seq. Negative Zero seq.
Voltage kV reactance seq. reactance
reactance
Generator G1 22 550MVA 0.2 pu 0.1 pu 0.01 pu
Transmission 22 500MVA 1.5 Ω 1.5 Ω 2.5 Ω
line L1
Transformer 22:400 500MVA 0.1 pu 0.1 pu 0.1 pu
T1
Power system 400 2 GVA 0.1 pu 0.1 pu 0.1 pu

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3. (a) For a lossless transmission line, derive an expression that relates the real and
reactive power transmitted to the magnitude and phase of the voltage at each
end on the line and the line reactance. [6 marks]

(b) Describe how series capacitors can be used to improve the power flow over a
transmission line. [4 marks]

(c) Figure 3a shows a double line distribution system, with a series compensator on
one of the lines feeding a 90 MW load. Calculate the magnitude of the series
MVA compensation necessary to make the power throughput of the transmission
line “line a” twice that of that in “line b” when the supply load and compensator
voltages are 1 pu. and given the system parameters shown in table 3a.
[10 marks]

Series
Supply compensator load

line a

line b

Figure 3a

Table 3 a Component per unit reactances at VA rating given for Figure 3a

Component Line Voltage kV Rating Positive seq.
reactance
line a 22 75 MVA 0.08
line b 22 75 MVA 0.08
Load 132 90 MW

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4. (a) Describe with the aid of a circuit diagram and phasor diagram how the output of
a voltage sourced converter is typically connected and controlled to control the
reactive output of a static VAr compensator. [8 marks]

(b) Describe the operation of thyristor controlled inductors and thyristor switched
capacitors for shunt voltage compensation. [6 marks]

(c) Describe how harmonic voltages can be reduced with a shunt connected power
converter? [6 marks]

5. (a) Show that if N generators with different per unit regulation Ri are connected to a
load in parallel then the system frequency variation ∆f from the nominal
frequency f0 will be related to the variation in total load PL by

∆f ∆PL
= N
f0
s ∑ 1R
i
i

[8 marks]

(b) A 800 MW load is supplied at 50Hz by 4 equally loaded 400 MVA generators with
per unit regulation settings: R1=0.01, R2=0.02, R3=0.03, R4=0.02. Due to a
change in load the system frequency increases by 0.1 Hz during free governor
action. Determine the new total load which caused the frequency change and the
new loading of the generators. Rated frequency is 50 Hz and rated VA is 800
MVA. [12 marks]

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