The Standard Model Lagrangian

Elementary Particle Physics

Strong Interaction Fenomenology

Diego Bettoni
Academic Year 2011-12
 Dirac Formalism

i     m  0
j      Conserved Current

0 i  0 1 1 0 
 i    0   5  
 i 0   1 0   0  1

 
   R 
 L 

L   i     m  

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 Gauge Invariance

   U
 
D    igA 
 i
g
 
A     U U 1  UAU 1 Abelian

D   U D   


   
Wi  
1 
  i   ijk  jWk
D    ig2 W g2 Non
2
Abelian

Gauge invariance requires the introduction of vector bosons, which act as

quanta of new interactions.
In gauge theories the symmetries prescribe the interactions.
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 The Symmetries of the Standard Model

• U(1) invariance. All particles appear to have this kind of invariance,

related to electromagnetism. It requires a vector boson, B, whose
connection with the photon will be determined later.
• SU(2) invariance. Non abelian gauge invariance (electroweak
isospin). It requires three vector bosons, Wi, one for each generator
of SU(2). The physical W particles have definite electromagnetic
charges.


W    W 1  iW 2  
2 W    W 1  iW 2  2 W0 W3

• SU(3) invariance. It requires eight vector bosons, Ga, the gluons, the
quanta of the strong interaction, described by Quantum
ChromoDynamics (QCD).

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 The Lagrangian

• In order to obtain the Standard Model Lagrangian we start from the

free particle Lagrangian and replace the ordinary derivative by the
convariant derivative. It will contain two parts:
Lgauge kinetic energies of the gauge fields
Lferm covariant derivative  fermion kinetic energies
• Next we must specify the particles and their transformation
properties under the three internal symmetries.
• Notation

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 Leptons
e R  PR e  e L  PL e 
Left-handed and right-handed particles behave differently under
electroweak SU(2) transformations: the electrons R are SU(2) singlets,
whereas the electrons L are put in doublets together with the L neutrinos.
 
eR SU(2) singlet L   e  SU(2) doublet
e L
• Rotations in electroweak SU(2) turn L electrons in L neutrinos and vv.
• Ordinary spin: raising and lowering operators (vectors).
• Strong isospin: pions (vectors).
• Weak isospin: the W bosons connect the members of an electroweak
doublet
• eR is not connected to any other state by electroweak transitions.
• p,q,r=1,2 e.g.: Lp L1=eL, L2=e-L.
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 Quarks

 u 
Q L    d R , u R
 d  L
• the index  describes how the quark transforms under color SU(3).
• The basic representation is a triplet: ,, = 1,2,3 or r,g,b.
• Color (e.g. r) and anticolor (e.g. r ). Singlet (rr+ gg+ bb)
• All leptons are color singlets.
• All quarks are color triplets.
• The gluons generate the transitions from one color to another: they
are the quanta of the strong interaction, but unlike photons they
carry color charge.
• There are eight “bi-colored” gluons (e.g. bg): octet representation of
color SU(3).

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• In the Standard Model there are no R neutrinos:
– Experimentally ony L are observed.
– Neutrino masses are very small (but non-zero, oscillations).
– If right-handed neutrinos R exist either they are very heavy or they
interact very weakly.
• R and L fermions were put in different electroweak SU(2) multiplets:
that implies a violation of parity, since clearly the theory is not
invariant under the reversal of the component of spin in the direction
of motion. This is the way in which parity violation is described in the
standard model, but it is not explained in a fundamental sense.
• The same theory can be applied to the two other fermion families:
(,, c,s) and ( ,,t,b).
– The universe consists of fermions from the first generation.
– The other families are produced in high-energy cosmic ray collisions
and in particle accelerators.
– No reason has been found for the existence of three families of particles
with identical quantum numbers and interactions.

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 The Quark and Lepton Lagrangian
        D
Y i i a a
D      ig1 B   ig2 W  ig3 G
2 2 2
• B is the spin-one field needed to maintain the U(1) gauge invariance. g1 is
the coupling strength (to be measured experimentally. Y is the generator of
U(1), transformations, a constant, but in principle different for the different
fermions.
• Analogous remarks describe the SU(2) and SU(3) terms. We introduce 3
and, respectively, 8 vector bosons which are needed to maintain the local
gauge invariance.  i W   W   W   W
i 1 1 2 2 3 3

• D gives a zero result when it acts on a term of different matrix form. For
example  iW i is a 22 matrix in SU(2) and it gives zero acting on eR, uR ,dR.

Lferm   f D f f  L, e R , Q L , u R , d R
f

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 Gauging the Global Symmetries
Dirac kinetic energy Lagrangian for the first generation:
L  eR     eR  eL    eL   L    L
We put eL and L in a doublet, eR in a singlet.
 
i  2
Le L
Global SU(2) symmetry
eR  eR
L  e i L
Global U(1) symmetry
i 
eR  e eR

We make these symmetries locals by introducing potentials Wi and B. and
by replacing  with the covariant derivative D . Thus we obtain the same
result. Some attempts to extend the Standard Model proceed along these
lines, by adding particles and symmetries and then gauging the symmetries.

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 The Electroweak Lagrangian

• Since the term  is always present we will not write it.

• All the calculations in SU(2) will be done only for the leptons.
• Since the color labels of the quarks do not operate in the U(1) or
SU(2) space, quarks will behave the same way as leptons for U(1)
and SU(2) interactions.

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 The U(1) Terms

 Y   Y 
 Lferm U 1, leptoni  L i   ig1 L B  L  e R i   ig1 R B e R
 2   2 

L   L   L  L  eL  eL

Lferm U 1, leptoni 

g1
2
 
YL  L  L  eL  eL   YR eR  eR B

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 The SU(2) Terms

 i 
 Lferm SU 2 , leptoni  L i  ig2 W   L
i

 2 
    L 
3 1 2
g2 W W iW
   L eL  
 
W 1  iW 2

 
2     W  eL 
3

g  W 0
 2W  L 
  2  L eL    

 
0 
2   2W   W  eL 
g  W 0
  2W 
 eL 
  2  L eL  
  L


  2W  L  W eL 
 0
2


g2
2
 L  LW0  2 L  eLW  2eL  LW  eL  eLW0 

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 The Neutral Current

Electromagnetic interaction of particles of charge Q:


LEM  QA eL  eL  eR   eR 
 g1 g2 0  
There are terms involving neutrinos   YL B  W   L   L
 2 2 

We assume the the electromagnetic field A is the orthogonal combination:

A  g 2 B  g1YLW0 Z   g1YL B  g 2W0

g 2 B  g1YLW0 g1YL B  g 2W0

A  Z 
g 22  g12Y L2 g 22  g12Y L2

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   g g 0   g 
Terms involving electrons: e L  e L   1 YL B  2 W    eR  eR   1 YR B 
 2 2   2 
g 2 A  g1YL Z   g1YL A  g 2 Z 
B  W 
0

g 22  g12Y L2 g 22  g12Y L2

  g g Y   g g Y 
    
 A eL  eL  1 2 L   eR  eR  1 2 R

  g 22  g12Y 2   2 g 22  g12Y 2  
 L   L 

  g 2Y 2  g 2   g 2Y Y 
  
 Z  eL   eL  1 L 2 
 eR   eR  1 R L

  2 g 22  g12Y 2   2 g 22  g12Y 2  
 L   L 

The term in A must be the usual electromagnetic current.

The term in Z can be an additional interaction, to be checked experimentally.

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 g1 g 2YL g1 g 2YR
e  e 
g 22  g12Y L2 2 g 22  g12Y L2

YR  2YL
We can choose YL=-1, since any
g 22  g12Y L2 change in YL can be absorbed by
YL  e a redefinition of g1.
g1 g 2
g1 g 2
YL  1  e 
g 22  g12
The theory we have been writing can be interpreted to contain the usual
electromagnetic interaction, plus an additional neutral current interaction
with Z for both electrons and neutrinos.

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 g1
Define: sin W 
g 22  g12 W weak mixing angle
g2 (Weinberg angle)
cosW 
g 22  g12

e
g1 
cosW
e
g2 
sin W

g1 and g2 are written in terms of the known e (e2/41/137)

and the electroweak mixing angle, which needs to be measured
or calculated some other way.
sin 2 W  0.23

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 -Z Coupling

g 22  g12  g2
 Z  L   L   Z  L   L
2 2 cosW
g2
quantity to be associated to each L-Z vertex.
2 cosW “electroweak charge” of the left-handed neutrino.
12
 e2 e2 
g 2  g1   2
2 2
 2 
 cos  W sin  W 
12
 e2 
 2 
 cos  W sin 2
 W 
e

cosW sin W

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 e-Z Coupling

   g 2  g 2  
 g12  
 Z  eL eL  1 2
2
 eR  eR  2 2 
  2 g 2  g1   g 2  g1  
2

g12  g 22 e2  1 1 
   
 
2 g 22  g12  cos W sin W
2 2
2 g 22  g12 
e  1 
    sin W 
2
eL Coupling
cosW sin W  2 

g12 e 2 cosW sin W


g 22  g12 cos2 W e


e
sin 2 W  eR Coupling
cosW sin W

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 e
cosW sin W

T3f  Q f sin 2 W 
This expression gives the electroweak charge of any fermion,
i.e. the strength of the coupling to the Z.

T3f is the eigenvalue of T3 for any fermion f.

For a singlet (f=eR,uR,dR ecc) T3f = 0.
For the upper member of a doublet (f=L,uL ecc) T3f = +1/2.
For the lower member of a doublet (f=eL,dL ecc) T3f = -1/2.
Qf is the electric charge of the fermion in units of e:
Qe=-1. Q=0, Qu=2/3, Qd=-1/3)

The electroweak theory contains both the electromagnetic interaction,

mediated by the photon, and the weak neutral current, mediated by the Z0,
which couples to any fermion with electric charge or electroweak isospin.

The strength of the Z0 interaction is not intrinsically small, but it gets reduced
by the high value of its mass.

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 The process e+e-  +- (or
e+e-  +-) is not purely
electromagnetic, but it has a
weak component, due to the
exchange of a Z0.

e     e G G 
    Z0
e e 

d d d d
 QED   ( weak )  interference
d d d d

2 G2s G
s
The asymmetry comes from the interference term, the effect is of the order of
10 % for s = 1000 GeV2.
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 The Charged Current
The U(1) part of the Lagrangian contains only terms diagonal in the
fermions, whereas the SU(2) part has also non diagonal terms.

Lferm 
g2
2

 L  eLW  eL   LW  charged current

1

 L  eL     1   5 e
2

V-A interaction

We thus expect W bosons and the associated charged current

transitions. The observed charged currents occur with a strength much
smaller than one would expect:

g 2 2
2

e 2 4  
2
4 2 sin 2 W 137

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 Example of a Charge Current:
 decay
n  p  e  e 
  885.7  0.8 s
d  u  e 
 e 
u e- u e-
MW = 80.425  0.038 GeV/c2
G
g g
W- d e
d e q2 << M2W
The interaction is practically pointlike, described by a 4-fermion couplgin
g2
G 2
MW
As is the case with neutral currents, also for charged currents the
charged current strenghts are reduced by the high value of the W mass.
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 The Quark Electroweak Terms
The SU(2) and spin structure of quarks and leptons are the same,
consequently all the previous conclusions hold without modifications for
the quarks:
• They couple to the same gauge bosons W, Z0, .
• Normal electromagnetic coupling to the photon.
• Charged current coupling generating transitions uL  dL, but no
charged current transitions for uR e dR.
• Neutral current transitions with a f Q T3f
universal strength: uL +2/3 +1/2
e
cosW sin W

T3f  Q f sin 2 W  dL -1/3 -1/2
uR +2/3 0
dR -1/3 0

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 The Quark QCD Lagrangian

g3  ,   1,2,3
q   
a
Ga q  
2  a  1,...,8
• It contains only quarks, since leptons have no color charge.
• In the electroweak case the Wi are related to states of
electromagnetic charge because of the interaction with the photon.
The gluons are electrically neutral, i.e. they have no interaction with
the electromagnetic field.
• Since the generators a are not all diagonal, the interaction with a
gluon can change the color charge of a quark.
• Gluons and quarks are confined within hadrons.

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 The Second and Third Families
 e       
     
 e        

u   c  t 
     
 d    s  b
• All known phenomenology is consistent with the above replacements
• It is unknown whether more families or additional quarks and leptons
exist
• All fermions of the three families have been observed experimentally.
• The same set of gauge bosons (, W, Z0,g) interacts with all the
families of fermions:
– lepton universality
– u- and d- universality

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 The Fermion-Gauge Boson Lagrangian

L  eQ f  f  f A
f  ,e,u , d


g2
cosW
  f  
f T
L L
3
f   
 Q f sin 2 W  f R   f R  Q f sin 2 W Z 
f  ,e ,u , d


g2
2

u L   d L   L   eL W  h.c.  
g
 3  q    a
q  Ga
2 q u , d

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 Masses

• For fermions a mass term would be of the form m.

m   m R L   L R 
Since L fermions are members of an SU(2) doublet, whereas the R
fermions are singlets, the termsRL and LR are not SU(2)
singlets and would not give and SU(2) invariant Lagrangian,
• For gauge bosons mass terms are of the form
1 2 
m B B B
2
which is clearly not invariant under gauge transformations.
The solution of this problem lies in the Higgs mechanism.

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