Case Study

Tier 1 MNO C-RAN Field Trial

Technical Case Study

CONTEXT
In 2015 alone, over 1.4 billion smartphones were sold worldwide.
Copper/Coax
With the proliferation of smart phones all around the world, mobile Top to Bottom
bandwidth demands are increasing at an exponential rate. On top
of the never ending demand for bandwidth, the fierce competition
between mobile network operators (MNOs) is forcing them to
constantly upgrade and improve their mobile networks.
D-ROF
RRU
As more and more mobile cell sites are being installed and
commissioned, the need to reduce operating expenditures to maintain RRU BBU
profitability remains a top priority for MNOs. Cell site location rental RRU
and power are two of the most important operational cost for MNOs.
Therefore, MNOs are continually seeking possibilities to reduce these Cell-site cabinet
costs by modernizing their mobile networks. This is where fiber to the
antenna (FTTA) comes into play. Figure 1. Traditional coaxial-based systems on cell towers with large overhead
(copper cabling, large footprint, power, A/C and high power consumption)

THE RAN EVOLUTION

FTTA: Fiber To The Antenna RRH
FTTA is the initial phase of the RAN network evolution which began a
FTTA:
few years ago in most regions of the world. Among the many benefits CPRI/OBSAI
of FTTA, the main advantage is power savings. In FTTA, the radio RRH Protocol
and RF power amplifier are placed very close to the antenna at the
top of the tower (or roof top). Furthermore, copper cables used in
legacy mobile installations are replaced with fiber. In these legacy
installations, the power loss in the copper cables can account for
more than 50% of the total power consumption. Today, with FTTA,
this RF power loss is virtually eliminated providing tremendous cost BBU
savings for MNOs. New communications protocols were created to CSG
transport the digital RF signals on the optical link between the base
band unit (BBU) and the remote radio heads (RRH). This optical link Cell-site cabinet
is referred to as Fronthaul. The protocols running on the optical links
are either CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface) or OBSAI (Open Figure 2. Next-generation fiber-based cell tower with lower overhead
Base Station Architecture Initiative). (reduced power consumption, fiber replaces copper cabling, RRH at top
of tower, digital radio over fiber, CPRI/OBSAI protocol)
 Case Study

C-RAN: Centralize Radio Access Networks Passive Fronthaul C-RAN Networks

The next phase in the RAN evolution is Centralized Radio Access In passive Fronthaul networks, the CPRI / OBSAI traffic is transported
Networks (C-RAN). In C-RAN, the BBUs are centralized in a common end-to-end without being altered. The most common types of passive
location such as a Central Office or Data Center providing additional architectures include:
cost savings for MNOs. This concept is the reach extension of the
local fiber network at the cell site. With C-RAN, the remote sites Central
hosting the RRHs can now be located 15 to 20 Km away in a small office
non-ventilated location thus greatly reducing site rental cost and
power consumption. Since the BBUs are pooled in one central RRH RRH
RRH
location owned by the MNO, lower maintenance cost and increased
ease of access are also realized. RRH RRH

IP/MPLS
Central office/ network RRH
Data center
(BBU stacking)

D-RoF
l
h au
ck
RRH Ba Figure 5. Point to point passive fronthaul C-RAN
RRH Optical
RRH D-RoF
distribution
network RI
CP )
RRH
a ul: km
RRH th 20
on o
RRH Fr up t
(
Central
office

Figure 3. C-RAN architecture (BBU stacking)

There are many C-RAN architectures that are being evaluated in the RRH RRH
RRH
lab and tested in the field. The two main categories are active and
RRH
passive Fronthaul C-RAN networks. RRH
Single
fiber
RRH
Active Fronthaul C-RAN Networks
In the active Fronthaul network, the CPRI / OBSAI traffic is
encapsulated and transported by an Optical Transport Network
(OTN). Active Fronthaul networks usually include an automatic fiber
protection system and provides network scalability. However, these
added features tend to increase the system cost and complexity by Figure 6. CWDM or DWDM networks with passive optical Mux and Demux
requiring traffic engineering to improve latency and jitter – key metrics
that need to be controlled in mobile networks.

Central
office

Active
equipment
e
bil or
RRH Moerat
RRH
RRH
Working op

RRH
RRH
r
Protection ide
ov
r pr
RRH Fibe

e
bil or
Moerat
op

Figure 4. Active fronthaul C-RAN network

© 2016 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved.

 Case Study

Building the foundation - The Road to 5G To realize this objective, the MNO RAN team worked with EXFO to
support them during this C-RAN field trial installation and validation.
A major factor driving the development of 5G is the exponential growth
We will discuss the different challenges encountered during the field
for mobile bandwidth. The expected performance objectives of 5G
trial and present the test solutions that facilitated the troubleshooting
networks are impressive, as shown in the diagram.
and accelerated the installation process.
USER EXPERIEN
CE CO
NTIN
UIT RRH
Y
20
15 km
Mobile data volume
10 Tb/s/km2 BBU hotel
E2E latency Peak data rate
5 ms 10 Gbit/s
25 ms

DEMUX

MUX
10 Gbit/s/km2
100 Mbit/s
L SERVICES

Reliability CWDM Fiber

15 km
99.999 % 99.99 %
4G Mobility
500 km/h
90 days 1 K/km2
CRITICA

5G
SION
MIS

Service deployment time Number of devices DEMUX MUX

90 minutes 1M/km2 2 dB < <3 dB 2 dB < <3 dB
Energy efficiency
10 % of current consumption Minimum four connectors Fiber Minimum two connectors
1.2 dB < <2.8 dB 3 dB < < 4.5 dB 0.6 dB < <1.4 dB
(average 0.5 dB/connector) (0.3 dB/km at 1310 nm)
GS
THIN (0.2 dB/km at 1550 nm)
T OF
INTERNE

Figure 8. 5G Performance Objectives

5G mobile networks will be designed to support a massive amount
of devices. Connected devices ranging from self-driving cars to
traffic safety control and many more will be supported by 5G mobile
networks. Many of these new connected devices will be mission-critical
and require a combination of extreme reliability and ultra-low latency.
These stringent requirements provide a major technical challenge for
MNOs. Although there are still many unknowns regarding the inner
workings of 5G, putting in place a solid fiber network including BBU
centralization will be crucial for building tomorrow’s 5G networks. It
is therefore critical for MNOs to properly install and validate these
C-RAN networks today. Today’s fronthaul interface as well as next
generation fronthaul architectures based on Ethernet will require
multiple links at 10Gbit/s or more, such as 25Gbit/s, 50Gbit/s or even
100Gbit/s. These higher rates over the fiber infrastructure is designed
to support the demanding capacity and low latency in a “pay as your
RAN grows” topology.
Setting the stage – Passive C-RAN Field trial
The objective of this C-RAN field trial for the Tier 1 MNO RAN team
was first, to evaluate the operational performance and cost savings
of the selected C-RAN network architecture and secondly, uncover
any potential challenges with the installation and commissioning of
this new type of RAN architecture. Realizing the benefits of building
a solid RAN foundation today, this forward-thinking MNO decided to
implement a passive C-RAN field trial.
“We have to consider the evolution of Fronthaul for
tomorrow’s 5G networks. We don’t know what the
interfaces will be. It could be CPRI with a high bitrate or
something completely different, but we want to be sure that
our Fronthaul network choice today will be compatible”,
explained a senior manager of the MNO RAN team.
“We consider that our technology choices to achieve
this network segment with fiber (based on passive
infrastructure, with optionally low latency active equipment)
and microwave are natively compatible with any future 5G
implementation making the solution futureproof”.
8.8 dB < Total Power Loss < 14.7 dB
Figure 9. Budget-loss variation in a passive C-RAN installation
Challenges
The move to FTTA adds many advantages for MNOs but also includes
its share of challenges. The fact that optical fiber is new to many in the
wireless industry adds a level of complexity during the installation and
construction of cellular infrastructures. The move to a passive CWDM
C-RAN network increases both the benefits but also the installation
and troubleshooting complexities.
Optical Challenges
The fiber span between the BBU hotel and the remote RRH location
can exceed over 15 km and contain multiple fiber interconnections.
These fiber interconnections, if not properly cleaned and inspected,
can be dirty or damaged causing high optical loss leading to digital
communication issues, such as bit errors or even optical signal loss.
Furthermore, improper fiber interconnections and fiber mislabeling are
often an issue because of the many fibers present at the junction sites
along the fiber span.
Protocol Challenges
FTTA and C-RAN networks introduce new optical digital communication
protocols between the BBU and the RRH – CPRI and OBSAI.
In many cases, although the fiber inspection and characterization
has been completed, issues at the RRH or the BBU may still be
present requiring protocol testing for troubleshooting and validation.
The most common issues seen are improperly seated SFPs or SFP
fiber connectors in the RRH, dirty or damaged fiber connectors at the
RRH, and SFP mismatch between the BBU and the RRH. In order
to detect and resolve these issues, cell tower technicians must have
the right test instruments with protocol testing capabilities (CPRI or
OBSAI) as well as the right method of procedure on how to test these
technologies.
© 2016 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved.

Solution 1 - Fiber Connector Inspection
Before starting the fiber characterization from the BBU hotel site,
EXFO recommended the inspection of the fiber connectors. During
this first step of the C-RAN network validation, the team noticed that
most fiber connectors did not pass the automated Fiber Inspection
Probe (FIP) test based on the IEC standard.
Figure 10. Results generated from EXFO’s automated FIP-435B Fiber
Inspection probe
Figure 11. Results generated from EXFO’s automated FIP-435B Fiber
Inspection probe
Case Study
FIP-400B Wireless
Fiber Inspection Probe
With any fiber optic based network installation, a critical first step
is to ensure proper cleanliness of fiber optic end face connectors.
This ensures minimal optical loss along the fiber path and optimal
system performance. This is especially important in passive C-RAN
installations since no optical signal regeneration is performed along
the optical path.
Today, RAN installations may be operating at 1.2 Gbit/s or 2.4 Gbit/s
but in the near future, the data rate running on the same optical network
will increase to 9.8 Gbit/s, 12.1 Gbit/s or even 24.3 Gbit/s, providing
higher mobile bandwidth. As with any optical communication, optical
impairments such Chromatic Dispersion (CD), Polarization Mode
Dispersion (PMD) and Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) become more
important as the optical transmission rate increases. It is therefore
critical to minimize optical loss in the optical network by properly
inspecting each interconnection along the fiber span. This will ensure
proper operation today but also guarantees a solid foundation for
tomorrow’s higher optical data rates.
Taking into consideration the importance of optimizing the optical
network, the MNO RAN team proceeded to inspect and clean the
fiber connectors at the BBU hotel site using EXFO’s wireless Fiber
Inspection Probe (FIP-435B). Verification of the connectors was
done quickly and automatically taking a maximum of 4 seconds per
connector, allowing the team to test multiple fiber connectors within
minutes.
Solution 2 - Fiber Network Characterization
The second step in this field trial was to characterize the common
fiber span between the BBU hotel and the remote RRH site.
According to the installation plans, the MNO RAN team knew that
there was approximately 8 Km of fiber between these two sites. The
team needed to use an OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer)
measurement tool to ensure that the entire 8Km fiber span had no
optical issues such as high connector loss, macro bends or even
incorrect interconnections.
© 2016 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved.
 Case Study

From the BBU hotel site, the team connected EXFO’s FTB-720Gv2
to the common link and performed the OTDR test to characterize
the fiber span. The results obtained from the OTDR test indicated a
missing fiber interconnection. By using the FTB-720Gv2 OTDR test,
the missing interconnection was identified at exactly 102 meters from
the BBU hotel site, as shown in the figure below.
Once the second missing fiber interconnection was found and
resolved, the fiber span in each direction was fully characterized.
Furthermore, the MNO RAN team reduced their testing time by 50%
by using EXFO’s iLoop feature. Using iLoop and placing a loopback
fiber at the far end RRH site between the two fibers, the team was able
to test the two fibers (transmit and receive) with one single OTDR test.

Figure 12. First OTDR Test Result - Fiber span only 102 meters

After further investigation, the MNO RAN team was able to determine
that a fiber mislabeling was the root cause of the missing fiber
interconnection. Using EXFO’s FTB-720Gv2 with the VFL (Visual
Fault Locator) which is a highly visible laser light source, the team
was able to identify the correct fiber missing in the interconnection.

Figure 15. FTTA testing with the FTB-1 Pro platform and iOLM application

Original Measurement
FIBER 1 LOOP FIBER 2
Pos. –0.1580 0.0000 0.0562 0.0763 0.1325 0.2876 km
LAUNCH RECEIVE
A B

Len. 0.1580 0.0562 0.0201 0.0562 0.1551 km

Figure 13. Fiiber interconnection room

Automatically separates
iLoop the two fibers
Based on the fiber installation plans, the MNO RAN team was able for individual results
to determine the geographic location of the far-end missing fiber Split
interconnection (at 2 Km). Operating EXFO’s test solution in real-
time OTDR mode, the team was able to provide live feedback to
the technician at the far-end interconnection site (at 2 Km). In real-
time OTDR mode, fiber characterization is continuously performed Pos. –0.1580 0.0000
FIBER 1
0.0562
LOOP LOOP
0.0763
FIBER 2
0.1325 0.2876 km

and allows the user to see instant changes in the fiber span. In this LAUNCH RECEIVE
situation, once the correct fiber interconnection was completed by
A B

Len. 0.1580 0.0562 0.0201 0.0562 0.1551 km

the technician, the real-time OTDR display instantly went from 2 Km

to 8 km displaying the full fiber span. Figure 16. iLoop application splits the iOLM results into two individual
links—one for each fiber

The iLoop software application splits up the total fiber span (2 x 8

Km : 16 Km) and displays each fiber separately thus speeding up the
testing process and simplifying test result interpretation.

Figure 14. EXFO Real-Time OTDR.

© 2016 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved.

 Case Study

The importance of OTDR testing in Fronthaul networks

Type of Fault Diagnostic Solving the Issue
In working with the MNO RAN team during this field trial, the
consensus was that C-RAN network architectures provide many The connector Inspect and clean as
Bad or bulkhead is needed.
advantages. However, it also adds complexities to the Fronthaul optical connector damaged, dirty or
network. The reality today is that the Mobile architectures are evolving not well connected
to C-RAN. As such, the fiber spans are reaching longer distances (10-
Excessive fiber Inspect the fiber in this
15 Km) with multiple fiber interconnections, as seen in this field trial. bend area for excessive bending.
Macrobend Use of a visual fault locator
Throughout the years, EXFO has seen that OTDR testing is very (VFL) could help identify
valuable during the installation and commissioning of D-RAN cell sites the exact location of the
(Distributed RAN – where BBUs and RRHs are co-located). Although macrobend.
much shorter fiber spans (20-100m), quickly finding fiber issues in Excessive loss of a Inspect the splice at this
D-RAN cell site deployments increases delivery speed and quality. In non-reflective fault location, and respliced
Bad splice
if needed. Use of a VFL
addition, C-RAN networks, with their added complexities, significantly could help identify the exact
increases the importance of using OTDR test and measurement tools location of a bad splice.
for RAN installation and commissioning.
Table 1. iOLM diagnostic examples
OTDRs have been used for many years to characterize and troubleshoot
fiber networks in order to quickly and efficiently find impairments along RAN Optical Interface Validation
the fiber span. During this C-RAN field trial, OTDR testing proved to
Once the issues of the common optical link were resolved and
be instrumental in troubleshooting and validating the fiber network
validated, the next step was to validate the optical interfaces at the
between the BBU hotel and the remote RRH site.
RAN equipment (BBUs and RRHs). Through various other customer
Nevertheless, OTDRs can be complex to configure even for optical field trials, EXFO has documented a complete list of issues found
experts. Various settings such as pulse widths, pulse durations and when installing and commissioning RAN network equipment. The table
fiber span settings can be difficult to properly configure. Additionally, below describes the most common issues observed:
OTDR trace results can be very complex to read and interpret even
for OTDR experts. Issues Description
BBU / RRH SFP Mismatch in terms of SFP wavelength or SFP type
Mismatch (Multi Mode, Single Mode, High rate / Low rate)
Improperly SFP cage inside the RRH is often recessed which can
seated SFP in the make the SFP insertion difficult
RRH
Broken fiber Damage or cracked LC connectors at the RRH
jumper cable at commonly seen in cell tower installations
Figure 17. Traditional OTDR Test Results the RRH
LC fiber SFP inside the RRH is often recessed for weather
Many technicians in the RAN industry have extensive RF expertise connectors not proofing purposes which increases difficulties in LC fiber
but are new to the optical field. It is therefore important to consider fully inserted in connector insertion
the RRH’s SFP
test and measurement tools that are easy to use for engineers and
technicians at all skill levels. SFP installed in RRHs have a primary and secondary optical interface
the wrong optical port. The primary port must be used to interconnect with
port of the RRH the BBU. The secondary port is used for daisy chaining
While on site, the MNO RAN team used EXFO’s iOLM (intelligent to another RRH and cannot be used to interconnect
Optical Link Mapper) to characterize the fiber spans. EXFO’s iOLM directly to a BBU.
is an innovative OTDR-based application that uses multipulse
acquisitions and advanced algorithms to deliver detailed information Table 2. Most common BBU and RRH optical interface issues
on every element on the fiber link. By using the iOLM, it removed
the complexity of OTDR configuration and eliminated OTDR trace These issues, if not discovered during the installation phase will
interpretation guesswork. The team easily understood the fiber require a service call which may cost anywhere between 2K$ to 5K$
impairments detected and the steps they needed to take in order excluding delays in the commissioning process. It is therefore critical
to quickly resolve these issues. The figure below shows an iOLM for the MNOs to ensure that these issues are avoided or resolved
test result with various optical events along the fiber span. Users quickly during the installation phase.
can easily see issues such as high optical loss with fiber connectors,
For this trial, the MNO team validated the optical interfaces at the
macrobends or even splices.
BBUs and the RRHs to ensure proper RAN equipment configuration
and operation.

Figure 18. EXFO’s iOLM intuitive test result

© 2016 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved.


Solution 3 - BBU Optical Interface Validation
During this field trial, the team wanted to validate the optical interfaces
of the base stations. This meant validating that the optical interfaces
of the BBUs, and the SFPs in the BBUs, were operational at the
expected CPRI rate. By configuring EXFO’s CPRI Test application in
RRH emulation mode, the MNO RAN team was able to validate these
optical interfaces on the BBUs.
The EXFO CPRI test application performed a CPRI validation test and
within seconds, provided valuable information to the team regarding
the actual CPRI configured rate on the 3G BBU. CPRI test results
indicated that the configured rate of the optical ports was 1.2Gbps
(CPRI rate option 2) as opposed to the expected rate of 2.4Gbps
(CPRI rate option 3). A lower configured BBU CPRI rate would result
in lower mobile bandwidth to subscribers. The benefit of knowing this
information allowed the team to potentially save a considerable amount
of time from troubleshooting other root causes.
Next, testing the 4G BBU validated that the CPRI optical interfaces
were operational and configured at 2.4Gbps (CPRI rate option 3) as
expected.
CPR I Test Application
indicated that 3G BBU
configured CPRI rate was
1.2Gbps, not 2.4Gbps
CPR I test to
validate B B U
optical interface
operation and
configured rate
Figure 19. BBU Optical Interface Validation
Solution 4 - RRH Optical Interface Validation at the RRH site
At the RRH site, the next step was to validate the RRH optical
interfaces. The team wanted to ensure that the RRHs and the SFP
(inside the RRH) were fully operational.
By configuring EXFO’s CPRI test application in BBU Emulation Mode,
the team proceeded to validate the 3G RRH. A CPRI link up could not
be achieved regardless of the CPRI rate selected. The team noticed
that the actual SFP optical transceiver was inserted into the wrong
SFP port of the RRH.
RRHs normally have two optical ports, one primary and one secondary.
The primary port is used for optical communication with the BBU and
the secondary port is used for optical communication to a second
RRH for use in a daisy chain configuration. In this situation, the SFP
was inserted in the secondary port. This is a very common issue seen
during all basic RRH equipment installations. The SFP ports on the
RRHs are quite often not clearly labeled which makes it difficult for
RAN field technicians to know which port to use.
Case Study
Once the SFP optical transceiver was inserted in the correct port,
the primary port, the CPRI validation test was performed successfully
on the 3G RRH at 1.2 Gbps. The 4G RRH CPRI validation test was
performed successfully without any issues (at 2.4 Gbps).
3G RRH CPRI Ports are
located at the bottom
of the RRH
Wrong CPRI port
(daisy chain port)
3G RRH
Wrong CPRI port - no CPRI link
with EXFO CPRI test app
Good CPRI port
3G RRH
Good CPRI port - validation
test operational at 1.2 Gbit/s
Figure 20. Field trial images - 3G RRH Optical Interface Validation Test
“Without a CPRI validation test at the RRH site, it would
have been difficult to quickly identify the incorrectly used
RRH SFP port, causing our RAN team to potentially
spend many hours troubleshooting the root cause of the
issue.” explained a manager from the Tier 1 MNO.
“Also, other very common issues seen at the RRH are
SFP mismatch and inversion of the two fiber cables
connected in the transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) of
the SFP.” explained a senior manager from the Tier 1
MNO RAN team. These issues, if not found at the RRH
site with a CPRI protocol tester, can cause increased
deployment delays and cost for the mobile network
operators.
Solution 5 - RRH Optical Interface Validation from the
BBU Hotel location
In a C-RAN architecture, performing a CPRI validation test from the
BBU hotel site to the remote radio head location is the final validation
step in the installation process. This test will confirm proper CPRI
link connectivity and operation to the far end RRH, which may be
10-15 Km away. This test will ensure that the complete fiber span,
the Fronthaul transport equipment and the RRH are fully operational.
Additionally, a CPRI round trip delay (RTD) measurement can be
performed to confirm that the complete link delay is within 200usec
(round-trip) to avoid any potential communication issues.
By emulating the BBU using the EXFO CPRI test application, final
tests were performed and confirmed that the 3G and 4G CPRI
communication links were fully operational from the BBU hotel site all
the way to the remote RRHs. Additionally, CPRI RTD measurements
were performed which indicated that the complete link delay from the
BBU hotel to the remote RRHs was 79usec - well below the upper
threshold of 200usec.
© 2016 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved.
 Case Study

FIELD TRIAL SUMMARY

Passive Fronthaul C-RAN networks provide many benefits to MNOs.
Along with adding more bandwidth and coverage to their mobile
subscribers, implementing a C-RAN architecture allows MNOs to
lower their operational expenses. Since the BBUs are pooled in one
central location, lower maintenance cost can be achieved as well as
increased ease of access to the BBUs. Additionally, remote sites
hosting the RRHs can be located many kilometers away in small non-
ventilated locations thus greatly reducing site rental cost and power
consumption.

For MNOs that want to deliver bandwidth and coverage today and
tomorrow with 5G on the horizon, the move to C-RAN is a necessary
step. However, as seen in this field trial, Fronthaul C-RAN networks
come with its share of challenges. It is imperative to note that the
issues observed during this field trial are commonly seen during optical
and Fronthaul network installations.

Without the right test and measurement tools, field technicians could
RRH spend hours or even days troubleshooting many of the common optical
fiber and RAN network installation issues. Throughout this field trial,
the MNO RAN team utilized all the functionalities of EXFO’s FTB-
720Gv2 solution. Having the right solution such as the automated
fiber inspection probe, iOLM, VFL, real-time OTDR and the CPRI
test application, greatly improved the efficiency when it came to
troubleshooting and validating the complete Fronthaul network.

“Without EXFO’s Fronthaul test solution, our RAN team

would have spent hours even days troubleshooting the
FTB-700G V2 Series issues we encountered during this field trial” stated the
CPRI Transport System senior manager from the MNO RAN team.
(CWDM/DWDM/OTN)
“The wide range of test functionalities and the ease of use
of EXFO’s FTB-720Gv2 is the perfect test solution for all
RAN contractors and cell technicians looking to quickly
Up to 20 km
and efficiently deploy C-RAN networks.”

Figure 21. CPRI round-trip delay (RTD) measurement

Passive Fronthaul Validation Steps

1- Fiber connector inspection (with FIP)

2- Common fiber link characterization (with iOLM)
3- BBU CPRI Optical link validation (at BBU site)
4- RRH CPRI Optical link validation (at RRH site)
5- RRH CPRI Optical link validation (from BBU hotel site)

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CASESTUDY060.1AN © 2016 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in Canada 16/11