INDEX

Index Terms Links

a,b co-ordinates 115

Acceleration area 185 209 211
AC exciter
Rotating 22 466
Static 22 468
Aggregation
of generators 567
of nodes 562
Air-gap flux 80
Alert state 10
Amortisseurs 21 146 172
Angle of attack 273
Angular momentum 171
Annual energy demand 15
Aperiodic mode 504
Area control error (ACE) 343
Armature
Leakage 85 136
flux paths 134
short circuit current 133
time constant 133
winding 21
reactance 81 85 135
reaction 21 79
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Asynchronous
operation 210 239 245 251
torque 172
Attenuation constant 66
Automatic generator control (AGC) 336 346
Auto-reclosing 54 212
Automatic voltage regulator (AVR)
modelling 462 527
load compensation 23 462
limiters 24 200
influence on fault current 150
influence on steady state stability 196
influence on transient stability 216
influence on voltage stability 317
modelling 462 526
Autotransformer 37
Auxiliary services 20

Backward swing 400

Bang-bang control 391 397
Bandwidth of secondary control 345
Betz limit 266
Bias factors 343 366
Bifurcation point 319
Blackouts 323 340
Blocking relay 248

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Boiler control 475

boiler-follows-turbine 475
turbine-follows-boiler 475
integrated 475
Braking resistor 45 49 391
Buchholz protection 57
Busbars 35
protection 57

Capacity factor 269

Centre of power swing 249
Classification of dynamics 5
Characteristic equation 192 492 517 602
Characteristic impedance 67
Charging current
line 66
cable 72
Classical model 180 456
Coherency 567
based equivalents 573
criterion 571
electromechanical 566
exact 567
recognition 569
Combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) 27
single shaft mode 28
Combustion chamber 27

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Constant flux linkage 127 145 153

Contingencies 9
Controller
field-oriented 289
vector 289
Critical
disturbance 4
fault clearing time 210 215 230 235
operating point 176 311
power demand 310 319
power state 311
voltage 311

Damped frequency 611

Damper windings 21 129 136 172 186
205
Damping
coefficient 171 175 193
power 172 240
ratio 193 256 262 611
torque 205
Danish concept 270
Decentralized control 341
DC excitation system 20 463
DC offset 129
Declaration area 189 209 229
Defence plan 347

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Diagonalization 496
Dimo’s method 564
Direct method 22 230 418
Disc averaging 482
Discharge lighting 105
Distance relay 56
Distributed generation 18
Distribution 17 19
Distribution transformer 36
Disturbance
critical 4
large 207
small 169
Dominant mode 506
Droop 32 46 336 341
d,q axis 76 434
d,q to a,b transformation 117 436
0,d,q transformation 436 438

Economic dispatch 336

Eigenvalues 195 491
Eigenvectors 491
left and right hand 492 497
Electrical centre 249
Electro-hydraulic governor 29
Embedded generation 18 278
Emergency state 10
Elimination of nodes 230 559

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Energy function 225

Environmental issues 16
Exact coherency 567
Excitation systems 21 384
load compensation 23 462
modelling 462
Excitation transformer 22 40 490
Extremis state 9
Equal-area criteria 184 209 228 388 400
419
Equilibrium
point 3 176 305 339 589
stable point 178 194 306 359
unstable point 33 178 194 306
Equivalents 557

FACTS 43 119 370 391 423

488
Fast-valving 35 244 389
momentary 389
sustained 389
Fault
clearing 166 168
critical clearing time 210 215
shunts 208
unbalanced 211
Feedback control 5
Fixed speed generator 269

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Flux decrement 145 195 215

Forward swing 387 400 419 423
Francis turbine 476
Frequency collapse 358 363
Frequency control 335
primary 339 346
secondary 340 346
tertiary 345 346
Frequency stiffness 340
Fundamental system of solutions 601

Gate turn-off thyristor 44

Gas turbines 26
Gauss-Seidel 123
General solution 602
Generating unit 20
Generation characteristic 336
Generator emfs 78 137 143
establishing initial values 143
subtransient 140 449
steady-state 99 447
transient 142 447
Generator equivalent circuits 454
steady-state 143
subtransient 141 143
transient 142 143
Generator reactance 136 138
Generator transformer 21 36

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Generator tripping 392

preventive 393
restitutive 394
Governor control valves 26 389 471 473
Governor systems 32 480

Heat recovery boiler 27

Hybrid network equations 116
Hydraulic turbines 28
modelling 476
transfer function 479

Ideally stiff load 300

Impulse turbine 29
Incremental model 371 577
Induction generator 265
doubly fed 271
fixed speed 269
variable speed 271
Induction motor 103 282
easy starting 107
equivalent circuit 106
heavy-starting 107
modelling 485
slip 106 486
stalling voltage 107
torque-slip curve 106

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Inertia coefficient 172

Inertia constant 171
Infinite busbar 146 163 167 173
Integration constants 604
Intercept valves 26 389 472
Interconnected systems 340 344 364
Interface error 353
Internal power factor angle 82
Islanded systems 335 361

Jacobian 116

Kaplan turbine 29

Line trap 55
Leakage flux 72 76 459
Leakage reactance 81 460
Load angle 68 118
Load characteristics 104 110
effect of tap-changer 111
frequency 104 112 358
static 110
voltage 105 107 108 110

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Load modelling 104 111 485

composite load 104 485
constant current 111
constant power 111
constant impedance 105 111 324
exponential 112
frequency dependent 112
polynomial model 111
stiffness 321
voltage sensitivity 105 318
Load sensitivity
frequency 104 339
voltage 104
Load shedding 348 360
Load reference set point 39
Local measurements 400 410 421 428
Logarithmic spiral 613
Lyapunov’s first method 513
Lyapunov’s second (direct) method 222 407

Magnetizing reactance 106 274

Main stop valves 34
Matrix
factorization 547 553
partial inversion 543 559 600
Mechanical-hydraulic governor 29 470
Mechanical time constant 171
Mho relay 248 250

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Modal
analysis 513 528 570 579
matrix 501
reduction 558
variables 501 580 587
Mode shape 254 509
Modulation controller 47 401 404 405
Multimachine systems 220 230 307 318 352
371 491

Natural frequency 193

damped/undamped 193 256 262
Natural load 67
Negative damping 187 204 218 384 422
Network equations 113 442 450 546 553
Network feasibility 299 317
Network loadability 300
Network splitting 251
Network reduction 557
Newton method 123 539 551
Nodal admittance matrix 75 113
Nodal impedance matrix 114
Nodal network equations 113
Nodes: PV, PQ, slack 122
Non-intervention rule 342
Normal state 10
Nose curves 301
Numerical integration 536

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Off-nominal transformation ratio 72 74

Oscillatory mode 504
Out-of-step protection (relaying) 244
Out-of-step tripping 245
Overexcitation 103
Overhead line 68

Park’s transformation 438

Partial inversion 543 559 600
Partially equidistant point 590
Participation factor 511
Particular solution 606
Partitioned solution method 541
Participation factor 511 588
Pelton Wheel 28
Penstock 28
Per unit systems 439 593
Pitch control 237 482
Phase angle regulator (TCPAR) 52 370 423
Phase constant 66
Phase-shifting transformer 40 423 488
Phasor
Diagram 86 95 141 161 180
197 288 451
measurement unit (PMU) 61
Physical reduction 558

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Point of common connection 278

Pole-slip protection 245 249
Potier reactance 460
Power angle 92 97 101 171
Power-angle characteristic
classical 183
steady-state 103
transient 179 183 209
Power capability curve 91
Power conditioning system 48
Power flow 118
Power invariance 595
Power line carrier 55
Power swing 185 191 215 219
detection 248
Power system stability 9
angle 9 207
voltage 9 299
frequency 9 335
Power system stabilizer 23 47 383 429 470
Power system structure 19
Primary control 339
Protection
differential current 54
directional comparison 55
distance 56
local back-up 43
pole-slip 244
remote back-up 54

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Pull-out power 177

Quadrature booster 40 52
q axis 76

Rayleigh distribution 268

Reactive power 70 91 109 305
Regulation power 344 362
Reheat stop valves 26
Reliability of supply 15
Reluctance power 91
Reserve of secondary control 345
Resynchronization 237 393
Rotation matrix 441
Rotational
voltage 87 486
sampling 482
Rotor angle 101 118 170
Rotor screening 135
Rotor swing 184 207 218
Run-up control 34
Roots
distinct 604
repeated 605

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Saturation
characteristics 458
factor 459
parameter sensitivity 461
Secondary control 340
Security 9
assessment 10
dynamic 11
small signal 10
static 10
transient 11
voltage 10
Self-excitation 329
synchronous 332
asynchronous 333
Sensitivity analysis 319 510
Series capacitor 41
thyristor controlled (TCSC) 50 416
Series transformer 40
Servomotor 26 473
Short circuit
current 128 134 146 149
in network 167
power 108 396
reactance 396

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Shunt capacitor 42 45 395

Shunt compensation 41 425
Shunt reactor 25
Shut down wind speed 267
Simulation methods
partitioned (alternating) 541
simultaneous (combined) 553
Slack bus (node) 122
Slip frequency 271
Small signal stability 491
Sparse matrix 114 547 560
Speed deviation 170
Speed measuring device 26
Speeder gear 29
Speed-droop
characteristic 34 336 338
coefficient 33
Speed reference set-point 30
Speed ratio 266
Spinning reserve 337
Stability enhancement 383
Stable equilibrium point 181 210 227 589
Stall control 273
Standard form 609
State
control 370 410
matrix 500
space equation 515
steady 65 135

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State (Cont.)
subtransient 125 140
transient 135 141
variable 3 397 500 541
vector 3 500
Static compensator (STATCOM) 47 395 327 488
Static VAR compensator (SVC) 45 395 488
Steady-state stability 69 177 196 491
condition 190 517
limit 178
margin 178
regulated system 196
unregulated system 177
Steam turbine 25
cross-compound 26
condenser 26
modelling 470
non-reheat 25
overspeed control 34
regulated characteristic
run-up control 34
reheat 25
stages 25
tandem-compound 25 472
transfer function 472
unregulated characteristic 31
valves 26 389 475
Step-up transformer 18
Stiffness 349 344

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Subtransmission network 17
Subsynchronous resonance 334
Substation 21 35
Subtransient reactance 136
d axis 136 139
q axis 137 139
Subtransient saliency 137 148 156
Subtransient time constant 139
d axis 139 446
q axis 139 446
Superconducting magnetic energy storage
(SMES) 49 395
Supplementary control 383
Surge impedance 66
Surge impedance load (SIL) 67
Survival wind speed 267
Swing equation 169 452 514
Swing frequency 189
Symmetrical components 158
Synchronization 163 237
condition 239
currents 164 238
torque 164 238
Synchronous compensator 42
Synchronous generator 19
emfs 85 95 99
equivalent circuits 87 100
leakage flux 76
modelling 433

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Synchronous generator (Cont.)

on no-load 77
parameters 139
power supplied to system 102 103
protection 57
round-rotor 76
salient pole 83
saliency 76
steady state 135
subtransient 135
torque 82 88
transient state 135
Synchronous reactance 82
d axis 85
q axis 85
Synchronous speed 28 77 163 170 239
Synchronizing power
steady state 178
transient 184

Tap-changing transformers 37
Tertiary control 345
Thyristor 43
conventional 43
gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) 44
Tie-line 17 120 342
control 336 343
oscillations 364

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Time constant 128

armature 133
d-axis 133
mechanical 171
q-axis 138
Torque
asynchronous 172
in round-rotor generator 82
in salient pole generator 88
mechanical 171
subtransient 150
synchronous 82 88
Torque angle 83
Torsional oscillation 253
Torsional fatigue 237 253 263
Tower shadow 482
Trajectory 3 223 567 591
Transfer
admittance 231 561
capability 523
equivalent network 207 560
Transformation matrix 437
Transformer emf 442
Transformers 36
booster 40
π equivalent 73
autotransformers 41
core loss 72
equivalent circuit 73 75

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Transformers (Cont.)
excitation current 73
ideal 73
leakage flux 72
magnetization current 72
modelling 74
no-load test 73
off-nominal taps 74
phase shifting 75
short-circuit test 73
short-circuit voltage 74
tap-changing 37
three-winding transformers 36
two-winding transformers 36
unit transformer 20
Transmission 16
angle 66
Transmission lines 65
long 66
lossless 67
medium-length 67
short-length 67
π equivalent 67
Transient droop 479
Transient power angle 178 215
Transient reactance
d axis 136 139 444
q axis 138 139 444

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Transient saliency 179 455

Transient stability 9 207
margin 210 215
Transient time constant
open-circuit 139 445
short-circuit 139 445
Trumpet characteristic 349
Turbine
governor 19 34 470
modelling 470
Turbogenerator 20
Two-reaction theory 84

Unbalanced faults 211

Underexcitation 103
Underdamped second – order system 609
Underground cables 35 72
Unified power controller (UPFC) 52 119 423 488
Uniform damping 517
Unit transformer 20
Unstable equilibrium point 179 195 228 589

Vandermonde’s determinant 603

Vector control 289
Voltage collapse 299 310 312

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Voltage sensitivities 104

Voltage-sensitive loads 315
Voltage source converter 47
Voltage stability 9 299
criteria 305
index 320
proximity index 320

Watt governor 29
Water starting time 474
Weibull distribution 268
Wicket gates 28
Wide area
measurement system (WAMS) 58
monitoring 59
measurement, protection, and
control, (WAMPAC) 59 378 410
Wind
power 265
shear 482
speed 266 482
turbines 265 481
Wronskian 603

Zhukov’s method 563

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