INDEX

Index Terms Links

Abrasive solids
concentration 157
damage, classification 156
material hardness 156
pump erosion 158
radial bearings 159
radial wear, reduction 161
rubber 160
sand damage 158
sand production 155
thrust washers 159
Absolute open flow potential (AOFP) 11 14
Affinity law 234
Alhanati’s approximate method 220
Alternating current (AC)
circuits and power 37
lagging 39
line voltage 37
Ohm’s law 38
three-phase supply 36
Alternative deployed installations
cable suspended units 350
coiled tubing (CT)
cable led inside/outside string 353

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Alternative deployed installations (Cont.)

inverted units 353
versions 352
American wire gauge (AWG)
calculation 107
number 105
voltage drop and energy waste 109
Ammeter charts interpretation
electric power fluctuations 325
erratic loading conditions 337
failure restart 328
free gas production 330
frequent cycling 329
gas interference 326
normal operation 323
operational problems 323
overload condition 334
pump-off condition 327
restart attempts 336
tank level control 333
undercurrent failure 332
undercurrent shutdown 331
well cleanup 335
Ampacity charts 109
AOFP. See Absolute open flow potential
Artificial lifting
flowing wells 1
gas lifting 2

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Artificial lifting (Cont.)

methods, comparison
lifting depth 5
maximum liquid production rates vs.
lifting depth 4
pumping
downhole pump 2
jet 4
rodless 3
AWG. See American wire gauge

Bag-type protectors 197

Best efficiency point (BEP) 56 58 122 136
169 232
pumps 26 29
shock losses 28
Bottomhole pressure, well inflow
performance
annular liquid gradients
flowing bottomhole pressure 286 289
gas-free liquid gradient 287
gradient correction factor 287
hydrostatic pressure 285
static bottomhole pressure 286
water/oil ratio (WOR) 286
annular liquid level 284
pressure gradients 285
surface casing pressure and well
sounding 284
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Brake horsepower (BHP) 58 63 77 80

Cables
ampacity charts 109
copper conductors 106
electric 43 199
impedance 107
materials 102
operating conditions 102
requirements 101
round and flat, construction 104
size 105
suspended units 350
temperature 107
voltage drop and power loss 109
Capital recovery factor (CRF) 201 302
Centrifugal pumps 193
affinity laws
head and brake horsepower 36
H–Q curves, different speed 35
performance parameters, relationship 34
axial thrust forces
balancing ring and holes 33
groups in 31
mixed flow impeller 32
gas interference
head performance degradation 137
impeller and diffuser 137
phase segregation 138
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Centrifugal pumps (Cont.)

single-phase liquid 136
hydraulic institute model
brake horsepower (BHP) 123
head and efficiency curves 123
liquid rate 122
water performance, conversion 121
operational basics
balancing mechanisms 26
components 23
energy conversions 24
impeller 24
performance
curves 30
head 27
H–Q curve, derivation 28
power conditions 29
specific speed
impeller design 27
radial and mixed flow stages 26
stage 23
Centrilift 400 series gas separators,
RGSs 149
Coiled tubing (CT) installations 6 8
cable led inside/outside string 353
inverted units 353
versions 352
Compression pumps
abrasion resistance 162
fixed impeller, limitations 62

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Conventional design
actual motor speed 214
downhole equipment 204
motor and pump interaction
BHP 213
comprehensive analysis 212
iterative procedure 212
motor/pump series-connected
system 214
motor selection 198
motor startup checking 203
power cable
length and type 200
size 200
protector selection 196
pump head, motor slip
pump brake horsepower 217
pumping rate calculation 215
total dynamic head calculation
(TDH) 216
pump selection stages 194
pump series 193
pump’s mechanical strength checking 195
pump type 194
switchboard and transformer selection 203
TDH calculations
frictional head loss 192
true vertical depth (TVD) 192

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Conventional design (Cont.)

well inflow calculations
flowing bottomhole pressure
(FBHP) 190
gas/oil ratio (GOR) 191
pump intake pressure (PIP) 190
Turpin correlation 191
CRF. See Capital recovery factor

DHMs. See Downhole measurements

Diffuser, centrifugal pumps 23
energy, conversion 24
parts, nomenclature 25
D1400N pump 209
Downhole equipment, miscellaneous
cable bands 110
centralizers 112
check valve 110
downhole instrumentation 113
drain valve 111
Y-tool 112
Downhole measurements 314 338
Dual zone installations 347

Energy losses and efficiencies

electrical power losses
cable loss 298

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Energy losses and efficiencies (Cont.)

motor loss 297
surface electrical loss 298
hydraulic losses
backpressure loss 296
gas separator, power loss 297
pump loss 296
tubing loss 295
Ethylene propylene diene monomer
(EPDM) 167 200

Floating impellers 196

Flowing bottomhole pressure (FBHP) 11 14 17 190
340
Flowing wells 1
Fluid flow velocity 198
Fluid over pump (FOP) 192
Free gas handling ability 154

Galvanized armor 245

Gas/liquid ratio (GLR) 263 265
Gas/oil ratio (GOR) 130 191
Gas separator. See also Rotary gas separator
pump suction conditions 99
reverse flow 100
Gassy wells
free gas volume 130

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Gassy wells (Cont.)

gas handlers 153
gas interference 140
impeller circulation 152
inflow and free gas calculations
Alhanati’s approximate method 220
pressure distributions 220
Turpin correlation 220
kinetic energy 128
natural gas separation 140 225
overstaged pumps 151
pump performance degradation 136
rotary gas separators (RGSs) 145
special pumps 154
stage recirculation 152
tapered pumps 151
total dynamic head calculations 221
Gate turn off thyristors (GTOs) 172

Hazen–Williams formula 192

Head capacity curve (Q–H) 194
High well temperatures
motors 166
submersible equipment 166
Hydraulic fundamentals
head loss 22
tubing flow calculations 21

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IGBTs. See Insulated gate bipolar transistors

Impeller
fixed
constructional stages 59 62
sand problem areas 158
floating 59
abrasive service 162
construction 61
thrust washers 160
liquid flow path and vanes 24
parts, nomenclature 25
Induction motors
slip 42
types 41
Inflow performance relationship (IPR) 10 13
composite curve 15
FBHP calculation 17
points calculation 19
SBHP and test pressures 18
schematic depiction 16
Vogel’s correlation
curve comparison 15
dimensionless curve 14
gas drive reservoirs 13
In-situ liquid volumetric rate 191
Installation methods
advantages and limitations 7

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Installation methods (Cont.)

alternative deployed type
cable suspended units 350
coiled tubing 351
applications 6
auxiliary pump 141
conventional 52
dip tube 143
features 53
gas separator 143
inverted shroud 144
shrouded 142
surface arrangement 115
tubing deployed type
dual zone type 347
single zone production 344
Insulated gate bipolar transistors
(IGBTs) 172
Integrated coiled tubing/electrical
submersible pumping (CT/ESP)
cable 354
Inverted units 353
IPR. See Inflow performance relationship
Isolation chambers, ESP protectors
bag / bladder-type
construction 95
expansion /contraction capacity 96
blocking fluids
oil flow 93
usage 94

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Isolation chambers, ESP protectors (Cont.)

labyrinth-type
annular-type 92
breather tubes 92
oil flow 91

Laminations
rotor 66
stator slots 65

Measured depth (MD) 21

Metal armor 200
MLE. See Motor lead extension
Mohs scale, mineral hardness 156
Monitoring and troubleshooting
installations
ammeter charts interpretation 323
techniques 338
operations
acoustic surveys 312
downhole measurements (DHMs) 314
levels 310
parameters 310
system failures
components 320
conditions 317
design installation 317

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Monitoring and troubleshooting (Cont.)

electrical problems 318
faulty equipment 317
vibrations 319
Motor lead extension (MLE) 353
ESP cable 109
in motor 67
splicing 105
Motors
construction
electricity 68
end rings 66
insulation system 65
pothead connector 68
refined oil 67
squirrel cage induction 64
stator and rotor 65
cooling effects 76
heat transfer
annulus, average temperature 83
convective coefficient 80
electrical power input 77
fluid, average temperature 78
generated and absorbed 78
steady-state skin temperature 81
temperature distribution 79
operational features
electric motors 68
power supply, parallel connection 69
voltage/current combination 70

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Motors (Cont.)
parts 67
performance 70
curves 72
OD motors 74
slip 70
startup conditions 74
testing types 71
torque/speed 71
voltage drop 75
pump interaction
BHP 213
comprehensive analysis 212
iterative procedure 212
motor/pump series-connected
system 214
shrouds 344
temperature 76
well temperatures 166

Natural gas separation 220

Net positive suction head (NPSH)
inducers 147 150
pump stage geometry 138
special pumps 154
Nodal analysis 44
gas rate 251
oil well, production system 250
PIP 251
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Nodal analysis (Cont.)

procedure, basic steps 251
Q–H coordinate system
constant pumping speed 254
flowing bottomhole pressure
(FBHP) 264
fluid gravity 263
gas/liquid ratio (GLR) 263 265
gas separation process 264
liquid rate 264
pressure distributions 252 261
pump discharge pressure 253 262
pump setting depth 265
tubing string performance curve 254
variable pumping speeds 257
variable wellhead pressures 259
rate/FBHP coordinate system
gas/liquid ratio (GLR) 276
pump discharge pressure 272
pump performance curve 273 276
variable speed drive (VSD) unit 272
Non-Newtonian fluids 121

Operation monitoring methods

acoustic surveys 312
downhole measurements
instruments and communications 314
measured parameters 315
levels 310
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Operation monitoring methods (Cont.)

parameters 310
Operation optimization
CAPEX 302
capital recovery factor (CRF) 302
installation design procedure 301
monthly operating cost 304
OPEX 302
total monthly expenditure 303

Parallel-connected installations 344

PI. See Productivity index
PIP. See Pump intake pressure
Poseidon gas handler 153
Power efficiency
electrical power losses
cable loss 298
motor loss 297
surface electrical loss 298
hydraulic losses
backpressure loss 296
gas separator, power loss 297
pump loss 296
tubing loss 295
power flow
hydraulic power 291
inductive reactance 294
power factor 293
surface power supply 292
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Power efficiency (Cont.)

system efficiency 299
Power factor (PF) 39
Pressure distributions 219
Productivity index (PI) 190
Darcy’s equation 11
developement 10
pressure vs. liquid flow rate 11
Protector/seal section 84
component parts 86
functions 85
isolation chambers 91
load rating 98
mechanical seal, construction 96
oil transfer 88
schematic drawing 87
selection features 97
shaft seals 96
tandem 98
thrust bearing 88
Protector’s thrust bearing 197
Pulsed width modulation (PWM) 173
carrier frequency 173
modulation 174
output 174
Pump intake pressure (PIP) 130 133 138 150
190 250 265
Pumps
affinity laws 34
axial thrust force 31

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Pumps (Cont.)
axial thrust forces and operating
range 59
cavitation 30
centrifugal 23
discharge pressure 241
housing 209
liquid producing capacity 55
motor powers 179
parts 54
performance curves 57
selection 165
shafts 195
specific speed 26
suction pressure 221
temperature 62

Q–H coordinate system

constant pumping speed 254
flowing bottomhole pressure (FBHP) 264
fluid gravity 263
gas/liquid ratio (GLR) 263 265
gas separation process 264
liquid rate 264
pressure distributions 252 261
pump discharge pressure 253 262
pump setting depth 265
tubing string performance curve 254
variable pumping speeds 257
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Q–H coordinate system (Cont.)

variable wellhead pressures 259
Q–H curve. See Head capacity curve

Radial flow 155

Rate/FBHP coordinate system
gas/liquid ratio (GLR) 276
pump discharge pressure 272
pump performance curve 273 276
variable speed drive (VSD) unit 272
REDA. See Russian Electrical Dynamo of
Arutunoff
Resistive thermal devices (RTDs) 113
Rotary gas separation 226
Rotary gas separators (RGSs) 158
available types
components 147
inducer and paddle wheels 148
paddle-wheel 145
separation efficiency 147
system types 146
inducers 150
natural separation process 149
RTDs. See Resistive thermal devices
Russian Electrical Dynamo of Arutunoff
(REDA) 5

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SCRs. See Silicone controlled rectifiers

Series-connected installations 345
540 Series labyrinth-type protector 243
Shrouded and horizontal well installations 344
Silicone controlled rectifiers (SCRs) 172
Single zone production 344
Six-step VSDs
voltage outputs 173
waveforms 174
SN3600, submersible pump
head performance curves 169
pump efficiencies 170
Solution node 47
SSSVs. See Subsurface safety valves
Static bottomhole pressure (SBHPs) 12 16
flowing bottomhole pressures
(FBHPs) 17
test pressures 18
Submersible pumps
abrasion resistant, construction 164
abrasive damage 160
features 53
operational principle 53
stages 55
thrust bearing 55
floating vs. fixed impeller pumps 61
compression pumps 62
protector, selection 61

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Submersible pumps (Cont.)

performance curves
data tolerance limits 58
four-quadrant representation 60
impeller pumps 59
percentage slip 57
up-and downthrust forces 58
radial bearings
compliant 163
pump stage 162
resilient, construction 161
tandem pumps 55
temperature
fluids 63
heat 63
power 62
Subsurface safety valves (SSSVs) 354
Sucker-rod pumping 3
Surface casing pressure 284
Surface equipments
junction box 114
switchboard 116
transformers 117
wellheads 113
Surface voltage 203
Switchboard and transformers
frequency calculation 234
galvanized armor, cable 245
natural gas separation calculations 239
pump operation 243

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Switchboard and transformers (Cont.)

pump selection 242
rotary gas separation 240
540 series labyrinth-type protector 243
TDH calculations 241
well inflow calculations 236
System analysis
flowing oil well 48
node points 46
principles 47
production system 44
System failures
components
electric cable 322
motors 321
protector (seal) section 322
pump 321
rotary gas separators 322
shafts 320
conditions 317
design installation 317
electrical problems 318
faulty equipment 317
vibrations 319

Tandem motors 69
Tandem pumps 55
Three-phase electric power 204
Three-phase step-down transformer 204
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Three-phase step-up transformer 204

Total dynamic head (TDH) 129 345
Total harmonic distortion (THD) 176
Transformers
autotransformer 40
step-up and step-down 41
turn ratio 40
Troubleshooting installations
ammeter charts interpretation
electric power fluctuations 325
erratic loading conditions 337
failure restart 328
free gas production 330
frequent cycling 329
gas interference 326
normal operation 323
operational problems 323
overload condition 334
pump-off condition 327
restart attempts 336
tank level control 333
undercurrent failure 332
undercurrent shutdown 331
well cleanup 335
techniques
DHM unit 338
flowing bottomhole pressure (FBHP)
calculation 340
fuel consumption 338

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Troubleshooting installations (Cont.)

hydraulic and mechanical
components 339
microprocessors 338
True vertical depth (TVD) 21
Tubing deployed installations
dual zone type
commingled production 347
selective production 349
single zone production
parallel-connected type 344
series-connected type 345
shrouded and horizontal well 344
Turpin correlation 191 220
Turpin parameter 239

Variable frequency 167

AC supply 168
head performance curves 169
SN3600 pump, efficiency 170
variable frequency generator (VFG) 177
variable speed drives (VSDs) 170
VSD/VFG 178
Variable frequency generators (VFGs) 168 183
components 177
output waveform 177
Variable speed drive (VSD) 6 35 120 168
170

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Variable speed drive (VSD) (Cont.)

available types
pulsed width modulation (PWM) 173
sine wave generator 175
six-step 173
components
DC control section 172
inverter 172
rectifier 171
ESP well, electric power arrangement 171
motor selection 233
operational characteristics 176
pump selection
checking pump operation, minimum
liquid rate 233
driving frequency and the number of
stages 232
quasi-sinusoidal waveforms 166
rate/FBHP coordinate system 272
switchboard and transformers
frequency calculation 234
galvanized armor, cable 245
natural gas separation calculations 239
pump operation 243
pump selection 242
rotary gas separation 240
540 series labyrinth-type protector 243
TDH calculations 241
well inflow calculations 236

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Variable speed drive (VSD) (Cont.)

well inflow performance
best efficiency points (BEPs) 282
flowing bottomhole pressure 282
inflow performance relationship (IPR)
curve 282
main advantages 283
production test 282
well testing procedure 283
Vent box 114
Viscous liquids, pumping
brake horsepower and viscous
performance curves 128
correction factors 125
hydraulic institute model 121
performance curves 121 125 127
viscosity, increase in 120
Vogel model 190
Vogel’s IPR correlation 13
Voltage source inverters (VSIs) 171
VSD. See Variable speed drive
VSD/VFG interactions
frequency allowed 180
motor and pump powers 182
volts/frequency ratio 178

Walking-beam pumping. See Sucker-rod

pumping
Water/oil ratio (WOR) 131 134 286
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Well inflow performance 9

artificial lift installation 278
bottomhole pressures
annular liquid gradients 285
annular liquid level 284
pressure gradients 285
surface casing pressure and well
sounding 284
conventional method
actual bottomhole pressure 279
flowing bottomhole pressure 280
inflow performance relationship (IPR)
curve 280
liquid rate 279
pressure gauge 279
productivity index 280
pump’s shut-in head 279
static bottomhole pressure 280
wellhead pressure 279
curved shape 13
fluid particles 10
gas/oil ratio (GOR) 191
productivity index (PI)concept 10
pump intake pressure (PIP) 190
Turpin correlation 191
Vogel’s IPR correlation 13
VSD drives
best efficiency points (BEPs) 282
flowing bottomhole pressure 282

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Well inflow performance (Cont.)

inflow performance relationship (IPR)
curve 282
main advantages 283
production test, steps 282
well testing procedure 283
WOR. See Water/oil ratio

Zirconia bearings 163

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