“Electromagnetic Breaking system in EMU”

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of phase-1

Report on Mini Project

Submitted By
Pravin Bavkar
Shailesh Chougule
Prathmesh Borse
Pradeep Bandichhode

Under the guidance of

Prof. Madhukar Sorte

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Saraswati College of Engineering, Kharghar
University of Mumbai
2021-22
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini project entitled

“Electromagnetic Breaking system in EMU”
is a bonafide work of

Pravin Bavkar

Shailesh Chougule

Prathamesh Borse
Pradeep Bandichhode

Prof. Madhukar Sorte Prof. Vishal Bhagat.

Project guide (Mini Project Co-ordinator)

Prof. D.D.Baviskar / Prof.Sunil JankarHead Dr. Manjusha Deshmukh

of Department Principal
 Mini Project Report Approval for S.E.

This project report entitled “Electromagnetic Breaking

system in EMU” by

Pravin Bavkar

Shailesh Chougule

Prathmesh Borse

Pradeep Bandichhode
Examiners

2.

Date:

Place:
 DECLARATION

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where
other’s ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty
and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified anyidea/data/fact/source
in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary
action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus
not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has notbeen taken when needed.

I. PRAVIN BAVKAR…………………………….

II. SHAILESH CHOUGULE…………………………….

III. PRATHMESH BORSE……………………………

IV. PRADEEP BANDICHHODE …………………………….

(Signature)

Date
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We hereby take this opportunity to present our project named “Quadcopter with gear mechanism
Hotchkiss spring mechanism”. We are grateful to those who helped us in our project. We are very
much thankful to our guide Prof. Madhukar Sorte and Prof. D.D.Baviskar / Prof.Sunil Jankar
(Head of Department). We couldn’t have completed this work without his timely intervention and
meticulous guidance. We are out of words in expressing our thanks for his guidance and
encouragement. We would also like to tender our sincere thanks to the staff members for their co-
operation. We would also like to express our deep regards and gratitude to our respected principal
Dr. Manjusha Deshmukh. We would wish to thank the non -teaching staff and our friends who
have helped us all the time in one way or other. Really it is difficult to repay the debt of all the
people who have directly or indirectly helped us for completing the project.
MISSION AND VISION OF COLLEGE

• MISSION:
"To educate Students to become quality techno-crafts for taking up challenges in all facets of
life"

• VISION:
"To develop a core of eminency in Engineering Education and Research"

MISSION & VISION OF MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT

• MISSION:
"To develop highly competent technical manpower."

• VISION:
"To foster research based technical skills to satisfy the needs of society."
 Abstract:

Engineering complications in actual sense incorporate linguistic information process that proves complex to
enumerate through conventional calculations since it is a representation of subjective knowledge. Failure to quantify
linguistic information results, therefore, to assumptions in developing mathematical models. Moreover, in
transportation engineering, several values are described through improbability, subjectivity; imprecision’s as well as
ambiguity. The electromagnetic braking system uses magnetic strength to decrease or stop the speed in wheel rotation.
The idea of electromagnetic braking comes with the advantages and disadvantages of stresses in calipers and
dissipation of heat. The electromagnetic braking system entirely depends on magnetic power to move the parts of the
braking system. The system indulges the principle of if a magnetic field is induced in the rotating disc, then the other
side produces the eddy current of the movement or rotation of the disc brake. The major parts of an electromagnetic
braking system are braking discs, solenoid, circuit board, step-down transformer and battery power. In other words,
human operators, dispatchers, drivers, as well as passengers, gauge the context of a situation through idiosyncratic
knowledge or linguistic evidence in regular decisions. Electromagnetic braking system is classical example of
increased effectiveness of braking system while minimizing losses. In this paper the focus is provided on comparison
between Electromagnetic braking system and conventional exhaust braking system. The focus of Electromagnetic
system is to increase the safety of the device meanwhile keeping the losses to minimum. The sole aim of the research
study lies on providing advantages of both the systems as well as clearly mentioning
their ambiguity.
 Index

1. INTRODUTION
1.1 Background of Research
1.2 Research Rationale
1.3 Scope of the Research
2. LITERATURE ANALYSIS
3. METHODOLOGY
4. DETAILS OF DESIGN, WORKING AND PROCESSES.
4.1 Components Description
4.2 Construction Details
4.3 Working
4.4 Working Principle

5. ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS

5.1 Advantages
5.2 Disadvantages
5.3 Application

6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

7. REFERENCE
 Chapter 1 – Introduction

There are many types of electromagnetic brakes (tooth, multiple disc, hysteresis, magnetic particle). The most widely
used version is the single face design. Electromagnetic brakes operate electrically but transmit torque mechanically.
This is why they used to be referred to as Electro Mechanical clutches and brakes. Over the years EM became known
as electromagnetic verses electro mechanical referring more about their actuation method verses physical operation.
Since electromagnetic brakes started becoming popular, over seventy years ago, the variety of applications and brake
designs has increased dramatically but the basic operation of the single face electromagnetic brake still remains the
same.

Think of the coil shell as a horseshoe magnet having a north and south pole. If a piece of iron contacted both poles a
magnetic circuit is created. When power is applied a magnetic field is created this field (flux) overcomes the air gap
between field and the armature. This magnetic attraction pulls the armature in contact with the brake field face. The
friction and the strength of the magnetic field, is what causes the rotational motion to stop. Almost all of the torque
comes from the magnetic attraction and coefficient of friction between the steel of the armature and the steel of the
rotor or brake field. But for many industrial clutches or brakes, friction material is used between the poles. The
material is mainly used to help decrease the wear rate. But different types of material can also be used to change the
coefficient of friction for special applications. For example, if the brake was required to have an extended time to
stop or slip time, a low coefficient material can be used. Conversely, if the brake was required to have a slightly
higher torque, a high coefficient friction material could be used.
Copper (sometimes aluminum) magnet wire used to create the coil which is held in the shell either by a bobbin or by
an epoxy / adhesive. For most industrial brakes, friction material is then placed over the coil and is set between the
inner and outer pole. The friction material is flush with the surface of the brake because you want to have metal to
metal contact between the coil shell and the armature. (Some people mistakenly look at electromagnetic brakes and
assume that it is already worn down since the friction material is flush but that is not the case.)
1.1 Background of Research

Automobile industry is a constantly changing industry with the fast pace of technological
developments and implementations. With introduction of new and powerful machine the need
to stop these machines also arises. Not on stopping but increasing the efficiency to maximum
in order to keep the energy losses to minimum. Generally, friction braking or exhaust braking
is used in the automobiles, friction or exhaust braking system comprises of means to use
friction to convert Kinetic energy of body into Heat energy causing the motion to retard. The
stopping force generated by a braking system is more than the actual energy generated by
engines. Nowadays the greater power of engines and greater need for safety has caused to
develop a system to minimize the dangers. Vehicle safety improvement is one area in the
automobile industry that is increasingly being emphasized with passing time. Stability of
vehicles running on the road is very much dependent on the ongoing improvements in brake
technology. Currently, for the purpose of improving braking functionality and to have the least
environmental impact, automotive manufacturers are investing in developing EMB
(Electromechanical braking systems). Electromagnetic brakes are simply an mechanical brakes
which bring about retardation by applying electromagnetic induction in the disc brake in
direction opposite to the rotation of the actual disc i.e. If vehicle is moving forward, then
rotation of disc will be clockwise (Frame of reference is from left hand side of vehicle) then
the magnetic field will be counterclockwise. By this way the motion of the brake is retarded by
the brakes but there is no physical contact in any case. This is a revolutionary concept. Hence
electrical energy from the appropriate power source is used to the purpose. As any type of brake
the heat energy is generated in the brakes which have to be exhausted into environment but
wear and tear is minimized. Brakes are imperative for any vehicle and a substantial vehicle by
and large uses grating brakes alongside Electromagnetic brakes. This venture primarily
concentrates on building a slowing mechanism, which can be material in bike at fast and low
upkeep cost. This framework utilizes an electromagnet connected directly to vehicle’s battery.
Electromagnetic brakes are likewise called electro-mechanical brakes or EM brakes and
moderate or stop movement utilizing electromagnetic constrain to apply mechanical resistance.

Drum brakes:

In drum brakes the motion is retarded by using a brake pad mounted inside the drum of the wheel.
Which brakes are applied then the pad lined with frictional material rubs against the drum and
retardation is observed.

Disc brakes:

Disc brakes are hydraulic type of braking system. In this braking system which brakes are
applied fluid from master cylinder is generates pressure and this pressure is passed through
fluid lines. This fluid applies pressure on slave cylinders, causing them to rub against the disc.
Heads of slave cylinders are also coated with frictional material to increase the effectiveness.
When braking action is brought by the use of electromagnetic induction rotation
Electromagnetic brakes brings about the same action as above stated brakes only with greater
efficiency and effectiveness. In this report we observe the studies done on the said topic and
various developments the field of braking and careful use of energy. Vehicle safety
improvement is one area in the automobile industry that is increasingly being emphasized with
passing time. Stability of vehicles running on the road is very much dependent on the ongoing
improvements in brake technology. Currently, for the purpose of improving braking
functionality and to have the least environmental impact, automotive manufacturers are
investing in developing EMB (Electromechanical braking systems). These braking systems are
unique in the sense (Electromechanical braking systems). A greater torque becomes necessary
to produce enough thrust that would be required to brake when these actuators are used. For
this reason if a light weight, compact and effective electromechanical braking system is desired
to be produced, the motor has to be compact as well thereby necessitating the addition of a
reducer. Another factor to be taken care of is the intense vibration experienced by the braking
system because of its positioning. A greater torque causes greater induced couple to produce
enough thrust that would be required to brake when these brakes are used.

1.2 Research Rationale:

Electromagnetic braking systems are a process design activity which is of paramount
importance. For this reason, computerized automation is essential to integrate braking systems.
A literature review of the state of the art trends and approaches for braking system is presented.
Some shortcomings of the current approaches is also discussed new research focus areas are
explored. A part that must be machined is held by an assembly or a An Empirical Review Of
Electromagnetic Braking Systems component. This assembly or component is further defined.
It must be designed properly so that it would fit the shape of the part and also be compatible to
the machining process. This review would discuss the basics and techniques etc. and would
also dwell on planning, dedicated design, and verification of design and of course how all these
can be integrated with the main process.

1.3 Scope of the Research:

Electromagnetic braking system is found to be more reliable as compared to other braking
systems. In oil braking system or air braking system even a small leakage may lead to complete
failure of brakes. While in electromagnetic braking system as four disc plates, coils and firing
circuits are attached individually on each wheel, even any coil fails the brake does not
completely fails remaining three coil works properly. And this system needs very little of
maintenance. In addition, it is found that electromagnetic brakes make up approximately 80%
of all of the power applied brake applications. Electromagnetic brakes have been used as
supplementary retardation equipment in addition to the regular friction brakes on heavy
vehicles. The frictions brakes can be used less frequently and therefore practically never reach
high temperatures. The brake linings would last considerably longer before requiring
maintenance and the potentially “brake fade” problem could be avoided. This enhanced braking
system not only helps in effective braking but also helps in avoiding the accidents and reducing
the frequency of accidents to a minimum. Furthermore, the electromagnetic brakes prevent the
danger that can arise from the prolonged use of brake beyond their capability to dissipate heat.
Production costs, time required for product development, time required for process
development are all significantly reduced by the proper utilization of tools. Not only the above-
mentioned benefits but also the simulation techniques that are involved in braking systems give
a boost to quality assurance of the final part. Moreover, it becomes easier to make cost estimates
for making business related quotations to customers, specifying parameters as specifications
for technical purposes as all these are required in the mechanisms prevalent in the business
world (Huang, 2005).
 Chapter 2 – Literature Survey

Out team goes through various different review papers so we can know about other people’s
work on different brakes. We find some very useful papers that are listed below.

1. Literature review on Design Study in Single Disk Axial Eddy Current Brake. 2018 5th
International Conference on Electric Vehicular Technology (ICEVT) October 30-31,
2018, Surakarta, Indonesia.

In daily life the role of brake is very important. In generally vehicle is used conventional
braking like disc brake drum brake etc. Eddy current brake can be alternative for
conventional brake ECB is an electromagnetic brake which use the principle of eddy
current brake. This research aim to investigate the relationship between braking torque with
the amount of coil and the air gap in single disc axial brake ECB. FEM is used in ECB
performance modelling. The eddy current brake has many parameters that need to be
developed. In this paper by changing the air gap and number of conductors the torque is
also changed. by using FEM, we can find this. The braking torque is strongly affected by
the parameter of eddy current brake. By result of this research we can conclude that smaller
air gap increases the braking torque and also number of conductors is improving the
performance of eddy current brake also by change in design the braking torque is also
change. Better braking performance is obtain when using 0.5mm air gap and 360
conductors.

2. Literature review on Enhancement of Braking System in Automobile Using

Electromagnetic Braking. Akshaya S. Putt war and Nagnath U. published in IOSR
Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR- JMCE), in 2009

Two main functions of a braking system are to maintain control of the car/vehicle at a
vertiginous inclination or a declination and to stop the vehicle in the shortest distance
possible. Electromagnetic brake is a new idea. Itis discovered that electromagnetic brakes
can build up a power which is almost double the most extreme power yield of a normal
motor, and no less than three times the braking energy of a fume brake to stop the vehicle.
These results of electromagnetic brakes make them essentially more focused possibility for
elective hindrance hardware's contrasted and different retarders. This project expects to
limit the brake inability to stay away from the street mis happenings. It additionally
diminishes the support of stopping mechanism. Preference for this mechanism is that it can
be used in any vehicle and is less problematic. Mr. Akshaya S. Putt war and Nagnath U. Et
al analyses that Electromagnetic braking system is found to be more reliable as compared
to other braking systems. In oil braking system or air braking system even, a small leakage
may lead to complete failure of brakes. While in electromagnetic braking system as four-
disc plates, coils and firing circuits are attached individually on each wheel, even any coil
fails the brake does not completely fails remaining three coil works properly. This enhanced
braking system not only helps in effective braking but also helps in avoiding the accidents
and reducing the frequency of accidents to a minimum. the electromagnetic brakes can be
used as an auxiliary braking system along with the friction braking system to avoid
overheating and brake failure. ABS usage can be neglected by simply using a micro
controlled electromagnetic disk brake system. When these brakes are combined with
mechanical brakes, it increases the life of brake and act like fully loaded brakes. These
electromagnetic brakes can be used in wet conditions which eliminate the anti-skidding
equipment. Hence, the braking force produced in this is less than the disc brakes if can be
used as a secondary or emergency braking system in the automobiles

3. Literature review on electromagnetic brake. Inventors: Lindberg; Teppo (Nuppulinna,

FI) Assignee: Kone Oy (Helsinki, FI) United States Patent 5,186,286. Lindberg
February 16, 1993

A vehicle braking system having a Brake disk structure defining an annular surface and
having axis, annular magnet support assembly, an annular pole piece support assembly the
system is an adjustment mechanism for producing relative angular movement between the
magnet support and the pole piece support assembly, so as to change the circumferential
alignment between each of the pole pieces and the pair of permanent magnets adjacent there
to. The invention is a vehicle braking system including a brake disk structure defining an
annular surface means and having an axis, an annular magnet support assembly disposed
adjacent to the annular surface means in the direction of the axis, a plurality of
circumferentially spaced apart pairs of circumferentially spaced apart permanent magnets
mounted on the magnet support and circumferentially spaced apart thereon, each pair
Arranged with like polarities facing the annular surface means and the polarities of the pairs
of permanent mag nets facing the annular surface means alternating circumferentially, an
annular pole piece support assembly, and a plurality of ferromagnetic pole pieces mounted
on the pole piece support assembly and circumferentially spaced apart in positions between
the annular surface means and the permanent magnets, each pole piece disposed adjacent
to a pair of the permanent magnets and having a circumferential length substantially greater
than the circumferential length of either of the adjacent pair of permanent magnets. Also
included in the system is an adjustment mechanism for producing relative angular
movement between the magnet support and the pole piece support assembly so as to change
the circumferential alignment between each of the pole pieces and the pair of permanent
magnets adjacent thereto. Selective braking and non-braking periods are established by
changing the alignment between the pole pieces and magnets. eddy braking can be used as
a safety brake. Eddy braking also find application in high-speed vehicles as braking force
is proportional to speed of vehicle.

4. Literature review on contactless eddy current brake for cars. United States Patent, US
6,286,637B1, Kwangju Institute of Science & Technology (KR): Sep. 11, 2001

A contactless eddy current brake for car is disclosed in the brake two cores are arranged
the edge of the brake disc while being spaced apart from each other at an angle of 90 each
of the cores is wound with a coil thus forming and electric magnet A control units calculates
Dc or Ac control in response to a speed signal output from the sensor thus outputting control
current value to the coils, while the AC current is variable in the frequency in accordance
with the pedaling force As well known to those skilled in a art known contact brakes for
cars are designed to be operated by hydraulic or pneumatic pressure thus pressing against
the brake disc of a wheel using frictional brake pads are frictionally in that the brake pads
and making a car go slow or stop. However, such known contact brakes in are problematic
in that the brake pads with the brake disc. Another problem experienced in the known brake
the wheels while driving a car at high speed.
 Chapter 3-Methodology

This section emphasizes the methodology and techniques for this research and the pattern
considered most appropriate for this study. It is made up of the research purpose, study
design, ethical considerations, and challenges encountered in the course of the research. An
Empirical Review Of Electromagnetic Braking Systems.

A. Electromagnetism:
Electromagnetism is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature. The other three are
the strong interaction, the weak interaction and gravitation. Electromagnetism is the force
that causes the interaction between electrically charged particles; the areas in which this
happens are called electromagnetic fields.
B. Magnetic Effect of Current:
The term "Magnetic effect of current" means that "a current flowing in a wire produces a
magnetic field around it". The magnetic effect of current was discovered by Oersted in
1820. Oersted found that a wire carrying a current was able to deflect a magnetic needle.

C. Electromagnet:
An electric current can be used for making temporary magnets known as electromagnets.
An electromagnet works on the magnetic effect of current. It has been found that if a soft
iron rod called core is placed inside a solenoid, then the strength of the magnetic field
becomes very large because the iron ore is magnetized by induction.

D. Factors Affecting Strength of an Electromagnet:

The strength of an electromagnet is:
1) Directly proportional to the number of turns in the coil.
2) Directly proportional to the current flowing in the coil.
3) Inversely proportional to the length of air gap between the poles.
In general, an electromagnet is often considered better than a permanent magnet because it
can produce very strong magnetic fields and its strength can be controlled by varying the
number of turns in its coil or by changing the current flowing through the coil.

E. Eddy Current:
Eddy currents are circular electric currents induced within conductors by a changing
magnetic field in the conductor, due to Faraday's law of induction. Eddy currents flow in
closed loops within conductors, in planes perpendicular to the magnetic field. By Lenz's
law, an eddy current creates a magnetic field that opposes the magnetic field that created
it, and thus eddy currents react back on the source of the magnetic field. This effect is
employed in eddy current brakes which are used to stop rotating power tools quickly when
they are turned off. The current flowing through the resistance of the conductor also
dissipates energy as heat in the material.
 Chapter 4 - Details of Design, working and processes.

The current study involves the fabrication of electromagnetic brake which acts as an effective
decelerator for the vehicle. Block Diagram Components Used:

i. Alternate Current Motor

ii. Resistance type current regulator
iii. V Belt
iv. Wheel
v. Metal
vi. Disc
vii. Electromagnet
viii. Vertical holding column
ix. Control
x. Switch
xi. Fasteners
4.1 Components Description

A. AC Motor:
An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC). The AC motor
commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stationary stator having coils supplied
with alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached
to the output shaft producing a second rotating magnetic field. The rotor magnetic field
may be produced by permanent magnets, reluctance saliency, or DC or AC electrical
windings.
Less commonly, linear AC motors operate on similar principles as rotating motors but have
their stationary and moving parts arranged in a straight line configuration, producing linear
motion instead of rotation.
B. Regulator:

The regulator been used in order to control the speed of the electric motor. The speed is
controlled by changing the frequency of the electric supply to the motor. The frequency can
be adjusted to match the need of the process. The higher the frequency of the output voltage
is, the higher the speed of thr motor, and thus, the output of the process. Here the capacity
of the regulator are 220V±10% in voltage, 50HZ in frequency and 400watt is used. Design
and Development of Electromagnetic Braking System Siva Subramanian R, Siva sundar S,
Umakhesan A, Rajavel M, Saravanan M Design and Development of Electromagnetic
Braking System 374 Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering Retrieval Number:
DS2892028419 & Sciences Publication /19©BEIESP
C. Belt:
A belt is made up of a polymer material used to transmit power between two or more rotary
shafts, mostly parallel in arrangement. Belts may be used to transmit power effectively.
Belts are fitted over grooves in pulleys and also may have twists between pulleys, and the
shafts need not to be parallel in all conditions. Flat belt, vee-belt, round belt are the some
important types of belts. Here the vee-belt has been looped over the driving motor and the
driven wheel.

D. Pulley:
The pulley has been used to mound the metal disc along with it. It provides the rotary
motion from motor to the disc by the use of V-belt. Here we used a typical pulley has six
arms. The material of the pulley is used as hardened plastic.
E. Vertical Column:
Vertical is being need to provide the support to pulley. It has base surface of 80mm×130mm
and a vertical beam of 80mm×240mm is welded as „L‟ shape with the base. A hole is
drilled on the vertical column which located 81mm from the top with the diameter (10mm)
of the shaft of the pulley. A hub is welded at 70mm from the top of the vertical column.
The hub has the inner diameter 10mm and the outer diameter 23mm. The base has three
holes for bolts with the diameter of 7mm. Material used for this setup is cast iron plate of
5mm thickness. Gas welding is used for the welding joints.

F. Metal Disc:
The metal disc is one of the important component been used here. It is made up of cast iron
plate of 2 mm thickness. The reason for using cast iron plate is that the plate is to be
magnetic material. The diameter of the disc is 255 mm and it has a hole of 90 mm in
diameter inorder to reduce the weight. There four holes are drilled for 4 mm screw. The
holes are drilled at the reference circle of 65 mm diameter. At last the disc is fitted with the
pulley by the use of 4 mm screws.

G. Electromagnet:
Electromagnet is the device which get magnetized when the current is feed into it. Here the
electromagnet is designed by modified a typical transformer. The transforms has double
side „E‟ shape outer core around the inner core. This outside „E‟ shape core of the
transformer is removed and then arranged as single side. Now it is act as a electromagnet.

H. Switch And Wires:

ON/OFF switch used to control the power supply to the electromagnet. It is connected with
the electromagnet. A typical common electric switch is used here. When the rotation of the
pulley is to be stop, the braking is applied by turned the switch on. When the free rotation
of the pulley is required the switch is turned off. To provide the electric supply to the motor
and the electromagnet the electric wire is used here. The copper wire has been used here
since it has the better electrical conductivity.
I. Bolts And Nuts :
To joint the motor, electromagnet, vertical column with the wooden base and to joint the
metal disc with the pulley the bolts and nuts are used. The 7mm bolts and the 13mm nuts
are used for the joints with the wooden base. The 4mm bolts and the 8mm nuts are used for
the joint of disc with pulley.
4.2 Construction Details:
The construction of the system is done by the following manner. The system consists of a
vertical column. The pulley is mounted at the top of the vertical column. This setup is fitted on
a wooden board which is act as a base. On the other end of the base, the motor is fitted with
the help of bolts. The driving wheel pulley (motor) and the driven wheel pulley are looped by
a typical v-belt. A metallic disc is mounted with the front of the driven pulley. An
electromagnet is fitted in the front of the metallic disc which is fitted with driven pulley. The
important thing is that the electromagnet is to be fitted with the smallest clearance with the
metallic disc. The ON/OFF switch and the regulator are connected with the electromagnet and
the motor respectively with the help of the electric wires to controll the current supply to them.

4.3 Working:
Eddy current is the swirling current produced in a conductor which is subjected to change in
magnetic field. Because of the tendency of the eddy current to oppose, it causes energy to be
lost. It converts kinetic energy in to heat. These are simple magnetic devices that consists of
non-ferromagnetic conductor that moves through a magnetic field. An example is shown in fig.
where magnetic field is created in the gap of magnet with diameter =D When a conductive disc
rotates eddy current is induced at a average distance R from axis of rotation
4.4 Working Principle:
It works according to faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. According to this law
whenever a conductor cuts magnetic lines of forces a emf is induced in it. Magnitude of EMF
is proportional to strength of magnetic field and speed of the conductor. According to Lenz’s
law the direction of current is in such a way that it opposes movement of the disc. In magnetic
brake by using strong magnet which are connected on lever and when we need to apply brake
new can move the lever by moving the lever magnet also move and magnetic field is produce
around the disc now this magnetic field is cut by rotor and the eddy current produce in disc
which is oppose the movement of the disc and hence kinetic energy of rotor converted into heat
disc is slow down and finally the disc is stop and wheels of vehicle are connected to disc and
hence vehicle is stop. In electromagnetic brake by using armature coil we can set the armature
coil near the rotating disc now when we need to stop or reduce the speed of disc or apply the
brake we can flow the current in the wire due to flowing of current in wire the armature is act
as a magnet and it is produce magnetic field and this magnetic field is cut by rotating disc now
due to this action eddy current induce in the disc and which is oppose the movement of the disc
here also kinetic energy is converted into the heat and finally the disc is stop and wheels of
vehicle are connected to disc and hence the vehicle is stop.
 Chapter 5 – Advantages, Disadvantages & Applications

5.1 Advantages:
1. Problems of wear and tear is negligible
2. Potential hazard of tire burst due to excess temperature is prevented
3. Individual wheel braking is possible.
4. As heat generation is less due to shared efforts by both the brakes, hence brakes remains
cooler.
5. Functioning of EM brakes is similar in all climates, i.e. no need for special changes in
hot or cold climates like in case of disc brakes.
6. Maintenance cost is very less
7. Changing of parts due to wear and tear is less.
8. Easier integration with anti-lock, traction system
9. “Brake fade” effect is negligible, hence can be used for long hauls in trucks and other
heavy vehicle.

5.2 Disadvantages:
1. Electromagnetic braking system doesn’t function well on lower RPMs as the Eddy
current generated is of low power.
2. Large amount of electricity is needed for heavy braking, hence the battery life is
reduced 40
3. Due to low speed limitation EM braking cannot be used as an independent system.
4. System can be bulky in case of vehicles needed larger braking force.

5.3 Applications:
1. Railways
2. Coaches
3. Roller coasters and other theme park rides
4. Industrial lifts
5. Heavy duty trucks
6. Automobiles
7. It can be applied to aeronautic application
8. Slowing down a airplane on carrier ship
 Chapter 6- Conclusion and Future Scope

Electromagnetic brakes have numerous preferences over frictional slowing mechanism. The
blend of swirl present and attractive powers makes this brake more successful. This brake can
be utilized as assistant stopping mechanism in vehicle. The utilization of abs can be dismissed
by utilizing a smaller scale controlled electromagnetic framework. it can be utilized as a part
of rail mentors to decelerate the prepare moving in fast. Mix of these brakes expands the brake
life and act like completely stacked brakes. These brakes can be utilized as a part of wet
condition, so there is no utilization of against slipping instrument. it is completely electrically
controlled which brings about less mishaps. The braking power delivered in this brake is not
as much as the plate brakes. Subsequently, it can be utilized as an auxiliary or crisis slowing
mechanism in the autos.

An electromagnetic brake system could substantially increase braking efficiency while

reducing friction brake wear. Bringing this technology to market would create extra revenue
for automobile companies, and could increase client base. It reaffirms the company‟s
commitment to safety and quality. By producing this brake will be possible to sell it for
substantially less than outsourced systems while still making a profit. Most potential truck
owners will consider this option, since it reduces the upkeep and cost of traditional brakes and
increases truck safety. Electromagnetic braking systems represent the future of brake
technology.

Electromagnetic brakes have numerous preferences over frictional slowing mechanism. The
blend of swirl present and attractive powers makes this brake more successful. This brake can
be utilized as assistant stopping mechanism in vehicle. The utilization of abs can be dismissed
by utilizing a smaller scale controlled electromagnetic framework. it can be utilized as a part
of rail mentors to decelerate the prepare moving in fast. Mix of these brakes expands the brake
life and act like completely stacked brakes. These brakes can be utilized as a part of wet
condition, so there is no utilization of against slipping instrument. it is completely electrically
controlled which brings about less mishaps. The braking power delivered in this brake is not
as much as the plate brakes. Subsequently, it can be utilized as an auxiliary or crisis slowing
mechanism in the autos.
 Chapter 7- Reference

1. Journal- Eddy Current in Magnetic Brakes- Henry A. Sudano and Jae Sung Bae
2. Design of a magnetic braking system, Min Jou, Jaw-Kuen Shiau,Chi-Chian Sun
3. Analysis of an eddy-current brake considering finite radius and induced magnetic flux-
Journal of Applied Physics, Kapjin Lee, Kyihwan Pa
4. Sumit Patel, ” Development of the Electro-Magnetic Brake”, IJIRST –International
Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 1 | Issue 12 | May
2015
5. Sevvel P, Nirmal Kannan V, Mars Mukesh S, “Innovative Electro Magnetic Braking
System”, IJIRSET, April 2014
6. Oriano Bottauscio, Mario Chiampi, Alessandra Mansion, “Modeling analysis of the
electromagnetic braking action on rotating solid cylinders”, Science Direct, December
2006
7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266246472_The_design_of_eddy
current_magnet_brakes
8. 2018 5th International Conference on Electric Vehicular Technology (ICEVT)
9. Enhancement of Braking System in Automobile Using Electromagnetic Braking.
published in IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR- JMCE), in
2009,
10. electromagnetic brake. United States Patent Date of Patent: Feb. 16, 1993 Patent
Number: 5,186,286
11. on contactless eddy current brake for cars. United States Patent, Date of Patent: Sep.
11, 2001, Patent No.: US 6,286,637B1,