TOPIC: PIEZOELECTRIC CELLS

Submitted By: Jiya Pandey, Megha Taylor, Amogh Sharma, Abhyuday

Batch: BBA LLB (2019-2024)

Under the Supervision

FACULTY: SUNIL KUMAR

Alliance School of Law

Alliance University, Bangalore
15th September, 2019

Alliance School of Law

Alliance University, Bangalore
31st March, 2020
CONTENTS-
1. INTRODUCTION

2. COST OF PRODUCTION OF CELLS

3. USES OF THESE PZHIOELECTRO CELLS

4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE

CELLS

5. BENEFITS AND FACTORS RELATED TO ECONOMY OF THE

COUNTRY

RESEARCH PROBLEM

CONCLUSION

ABSTRACT
In day today life the utilization of power turns to be necessary for each work .The power
delivered in this paper will not contaminate the surroundings and it is also will not to rely
upon the climate conditions. The paper proposes a novel technique for the creation of power
utilizing piezoelectric sensors kept along the footpaths which can ready to charge the battery
and ready to supply the force at whatever time of our prerequisite. The footstep power
generation technique through piezoelectric sensors produces electrical force by changing
mechanical energy of the development of individuals on the floor to electrical energy. The
benefits of piezoelectric force generation framework is that it is sheltered and secure to
utilize, it doesn't make any issue or distress for the general population strolling through
footpath, and it is absolutely chance free strategy. Footstep power generation technique has
mechanical part and in addition electrical part, however the electrical and mechanical losses
are negligible. This framework additionally has the ability to store the electrical force away
battery. The power produced by this technique can be utilized for helping up the road lights,
additionally for activity reason, sign boards of streets. At long last the force which will be
abandoned can be given to national grid for power reason.

INTRODUCTION
A piezoelectric sensor is a sensor that generates a mechanical strain when an external force is
applied or a deformation occurs when a voltage is applied to the sensor. The piezoelectric
sensor is applied in various purposes in many industries and used widely such as medical
industries, automobile industries, and information communication industry. This piezoelectric
sensor determines the energy level from the external force condition, and it is expected to
collect high energy in the ocean where the main external force is expected to be collected. In
particular, the coastal structure protects the harbour facilities from the high waves.

The wave is usually about 1 to 2 m in range; however, when the high swell induces, it
increases up to 5 m. Thus, to convert such wave energy into electric energy, this study
proposes a new wave power generation system which derives the wave energy by the
pressure applied to the front part by attaching the piezoelectric sensor device to the outside of
the existing coastal structure. When the irregular waves impact the piezoelectric panel. the
change of pressure caused by the wave power is outputted as the voltage through the
measuring meter and converted into the amount of energy, and the maximum amount of
generated energy is predicted by the power generation time.

Alternative energy will become increasingly important as fossil fuel supplies inevitably run
out or environmental damage sparks consumer awareness. The search for a viable energy
alternative continue until these alternatives can Cotens address the dynamic demands of the
electrical grid and storage limitations. Piezoelectric devices, used for harvesting the
vibrational energy of roads and walkways due to traffic, can produce electrical energy that is
predictable (based on traffic patterns), and locally storable.

Piezoelectric devices generate electrical energy by means of a piezoelectric crystal. The

crystal, placed about 5 centimetres below the surface of the asphalt, slightly deforms when
vehicles travel across the road, thereby producing electrical current. These devices have been
implemented by the East Japan Railway Company (under pedestrian subway station gates)
and by Innowattech (under roads in Israel). Innowattech has advertised that these devices, if
planted along a one-kilometre stretch of road, could provide an average of 400 kW of power,
enough to power 162 Western-U.S. homes. These data suggest that piezoelectric energy
harvesting is a competitive, clean alternative energy source. In response to these findings, in
2011 California state assemblyman Mike Gatto proposed Assembly Bill 306 to develop this
technology for Californian roads. However, it is unclear whether the data truly reflect the
physical limitations of piezoelectric energy harvesting.
 USES OF CELL

While piezoelectric sensors are exceptionally important to the modern segment, the industry
additionally utilizes piezoelectric actuators for an assortment of uses:

Fast Response Solenoids — some procedures require quick and exact mechanical activation
that is troublesome, if certainly impossible, to accomplish with electromagnetic solenoids.
While speed may not generally be a worry, power utilization or minimization of size is a top
need. In such cases, piezoelectric actuators are regularly ready to fill the specialty as they
give quick reaction and low force utilization in little bundles, contrasted with electromagnetic
solenoids

Piezoelectric Motors — one use of utilizing piezoelectric materials is that their attributes are
precise and predictable. Hence, development and compression of a piezoelectric actuator can
be exactly controlled as long as the stock voltage is controlled. Some motor structures exploit
this reality by utilizing piezoelectric components to move a rotor or direct component in exact
additions. Accuracy on the request for nanometres can be accomplished with some piezo
engine structures. Piezo engines work at a wide scope of frequencies however commonly
work best in a low frequency range. In addition to their inherent accuracy, piezoelectric
motors can be utilized in conditions with solid attractive fields or cryogenic temperatures —
situations where conventional motors are probably not going to work. These one of a kind
difficulties are available in NMRI machines, molecule quickening agents, and other
comparative environments.

Ultrasonic Cleaning — piezoelectric actuators are additionally utilized for ultrasonic

cleaning applications. To perform ultrasonic cleaning, objects are inundated in a dissolvable
(water, liquor, CH3)2CO, and so forth.). A piezoelectric transducer at that point shakes the
dissolvable. Numerous items with difficult to reach surfaces can be cleaned utilizing this
procedure.

Ultrasonic Welding — many plastics can be consolidated utilizing a procedure known as

ultrasonic welding. This sort of procedure requires ultrasonic waves to be transmitted to an
focused area where they can make bits of plastic breaker together. Every now and again,
piezoelectric actuators are utilized to achieve this assignment.
Optical Adjustment — some optics should be balanced or regulated with a wide frequency
reaction and with a minimum number of moving parts. Piezoelectric actuators are regularly
utilized in such applications where they give quick and precise command over a long help
life: – The edge of a mirror or diffraction grinding May should be absolutely shifted by an
electrical information. Such applications are frequently experienced in optical or material
science tests. – Earth-based telescope exhibits are dependent upon atmospheric distortion,
and shuttle optics are dependent upon movement and vibration. In such cases, optics may
should be balanced (formed or melded) progressively by methods for a control framework.
This will make up for deviations that would somehow or another hinder picture goals.

– Some fibre optic converters depend on piezoelectric actuators to balance the yield of a
laser.

Diesel Fuel Injectors — in the most recent decade, guidelines on outflows from diesel
motors have gotten progressively stringent. Moreover, clients keep on requesting calmer
motors with improved power and torque curves. So as to fulfil these stringent needs for
consistence and performance, motor makers have turned to utilizing correctly planned and
metered infusions of fuel during the burning procedure.

As extraordinary as this may sound, a solitary fuel injector may switch fuel stream with
pressures surpassing 26,000 psi (1800 bar) here and there a few times in quick progression
during a single force stroke. Such exact control of high-pressure liquid is made conceivable
by utilizing piezoelectric actuators controlling little valves inside fuel injectors.

Piezoelectric Relays — piezoelectric components might be actualized to impel

electromechanical transfers or switches. For these applications, either stripe actuators or stack
actuators might be utilized to open and close electrical contacts. Such gadgets are sans
upkeep and last through numerous cycles without perceptible wear. As an extra advantage,
utilizing piezoelectric actuators to work electrical contacts empowers quick and exact control
in little bundles that are either troublesome or difficult to accomplish with electromagnetic
transfers.
 WORK OF PIEZOELECTRICITY

How Does Piezoelectric Material Work?

Dating all the way back to 1880 and the ground-breaking work of brothers Pierre and Jacques
Curie, the piezoelectric effect refers to the ability of specific materials — such as quartz,
tourmaline, topaz and Rochelle salt — to produce an electric charge when subjected to
mechanical stress. The term “piezo” can even trace its roots back to ancient Greek, where its
meanings relate to actions of pushing, squeezing and pressing.

No piezoelectric effect explanation would be complete without a brief discussion of what

piezoelectric devices are as well. Today, thanks to the additional development of manmade
piezo materials — including piezoelectric ceramics — the applications of piezoelectricity in
electronic devices are growing at an exciting pace.

How the Piezoelectric Effect Works With Sensors and Motors

To begin with, there’s probably no more popular application of the piezoelectric effect than
as a high voltage power source in electric cigarette lighters and gas grills. In these cases, a
hammer strikes a piece of piezo material, which then produces enough current to create a
spark that ignites the flammable gas in its presence. However, in other applications like
sensors, the hammer as an exciter of the piezo material is typically replaced by other forms of
energy like sound waves — including ultrasound.

When they’re put to work in sensors, piezo materials can detect even some of the most
minute disturbances and anomalies, which makes them ideal devices in industrial non-
destructive testing and medical imaging.

In other instances, piezoelectric motors can perform highly precise and repeatable
movements. This ability makes them excellent devices for the precision movements of
sensitive optical devices like telescopes and microscopes.
 TYPE OF PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS

There are a variety of piezoelectric materials that can conduct an electric current, both man-
made and natural. The most well-known, and the first piezoelectric material used in
electronic devices is the quartz crystal. Other naturally occurring piezoelectric materials
include cane sugar, Rochelle salt, topaz, tourmaline, and even bone.

Quartz crystal.

As piezoelectric technology started to take off after World War I we began developing man-
made materials to rival the performance of quartz. Man-made piezoelectric materials include:

PZT is made from lead zirconate titanate and can produce more voltage than quartz with the
same amount of mechanical pressure.

PZT piezo ceramics used in ultrasonic sensors.

Barium Titanate is a ceramic piezoelectric material that was discovered during World War II
and is known for its long lasting durability.
Barium Titanate.

Lithium Niobate is a material that combines oxygen, lithium, and nobium together in a
ceramic material that performs similar to barium titanate.

Lithium niobate.
 PIEZOELECTRICITY:

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Compared to other electronic components, piezoelectric devices have several advantages, as

well as some disadvantages.

Their advantages include the following aspects:

 No external power source required: Thanks to their ability to produce a voltage

when acted upon by a force, piezo materials require no external power source.
 Easy installation: With small dimensions, they’re a great fit and easily installed in
high-density electronic devices.
 Responsiveness to high-frequencies: Compared to other devices, piezo materials
have a substantially higher frequency response — which makes them wonderfully
responsive in even the most demanding situations.
 Highly flexible materials: Most piezo materials can be constructed in a wide variety
of shapes and sizes, so they’re highly useful across various applications and fields.

Piezo materials also display the following limitations or disadvantages:

 Small amount of electric charge: Though they’re self-generating, piezo materials

produce fairly small electric charges, which means a high impedance cable is required
to connect them to an electrical interface.
 Environmental conditions affect performance: Piezo materials are affected by
temperature and changes in humidity. Plus, while in the static condition, they can’t
measure output.
 Output is relatively low: While some piezo materials produce more output than
others, they’re all relatively low. For their use to be optimized, an external circuit will
often be required.
 PIEZOELETRIC ROADS

Alternative energy will become increasingly important as fossil fuel supplies inevitably run
out or environmental damage sparks consumer awareness. The search for a viable energy
alternative will continue until these alternatives can address the dynamic demands of the
electrical grid and storage limitations. Piezoelectric devices, used for harvesting the
vibrational energy of roads and walkways due to traffic, can produce electrical energy that is
predictable (based on traffic patterns), and locally storable.

Piezoelectric devices generate electrical energy by means of a piezoelectric crystal. The

crystal, placed about 5 centimetres below the surface of the asphalt, slightly deforms when
vehicles travel across the road, thereby producing electrical current. These devices have been
implemented by the East Japan Railway Company (under pedestrian subway station gates)
and by Innowattech (under roads in Israel). Innowattech has advertised that these devices, if
planted along a one-kilometre stretch of road, could provide an average of 400 kW of power,
enough to power 162 Western-U.S. homes. These data suggest that piezoelectric energy
harvesting is a competitive, clean alternative energy source. In response to these findings, in
2011 California state assemblyman Mike Gatto proposed Assembly Bill 306 to develop this
technology for Californian roads. However, it is unclear whether the data truly reflect the
physical limitations of piezoelectric energy harvesting.
-CAPACITY OF THE PIEZOELECTRIC ROAD

The generating capacity of piezoelectric devices can be crudely over-approximated by

assuming that the vibrations in the road are caused by traffic alone, and that each "vibration
event" from one vehicle is independent of another (i.e. the vibrations are sufficiently
dampened before the next vehicle passes). Under these assumptions, the total energy
harvested by piezoelectric devices along a one-kilometre stretch is at most the number of cars
that pass multiplied by the vibrational energy that one car transfers to the road. This
vibrational energy can be over-approximated by the energy that each car consumes and puts
to mechanical work across this stretch. In other words, the energy a car loses to vibrations in
asphalt must be less than the energy a car puts to mechanical work over the one-kilometre
stretch. This value can be computed by multiplying the energy consumed from gasoline by
thermal efficiency.

Expended Energy = (Gasoline Used) × (Energy Density of Gasoline) × (Thermal Efficiency)

1 km × 0.621 mi/km × 2.8 kg/gal × 4.43 ×10 7 J/kg × 0.4

20 mi/gal

= 1.54 MJ

This overestimation provides an appropriate upper bound to the amount of energy absorbed
by piezoelectric devices from one car moving across a one kilometre strip (i.e. no more than
1.5 MJ). Of course, some of this "mechanical" (i.e. non-thermal) energy is lost as various
forms of friction and used for other processes inside the vehicle (such as air conditioning),
and not nearly all of the vibrational energy will be absorbed by the devices in the road. If the
devices are embedded on a busy street, then such a street will generate at most this amount of
energy multiplied by the number of cars moving across the street. If such a street or highway
sees an average of 600 vehicles per hour (as assumed by Innowattech), then the energy
provided by these devices on a one-kilometre stretch could power at most 105 Western-U.S.
homes (with a total of 257 kW). [1,2] If the calculation were repeated for only 18-wheelers
(with about 5 mpg), the maximum amount of homes a one-kilometre strip could power would
increase to 421 homes (with 1 MW).

However, a more reasonable approximation can be made by using the fact that approximately
5% of the energy consumed by the car is lost as rolling friction, although rolling friction
accounts for both internal friction in the wheels and friction due to the asphalt. [5] By
replacing thermal efficiency in the above equation with 5%, the amount of energy released
into the ground for one 20 mpg car would decrease to 0.19 MJ. This one-kilometre strip could
then power at most 13 homes (32 kW) for the 20 mpg car, or 52 homes (128 kW) for an 18-
wheeler. For this calculation, there is still a major assumption that all the vibrational energy
of the road is captured by piezoelectric devices.
It is not clear whether the numbers currently used to quantify generating capacity are
misguided or simply misreported, but under the optimistic assumptions stated above,
piezoelectric devices over a one-kilometer strip of road will generate power for only about 15
homes. Unless the road carries only 5 mpg vehicles (or many more than 600 vehicles per
hour), it is unlikely that anywhere near 400 kW of power can be generated from one
kilometer.

PROFITABILITY
With the price of gasoline hovering around $4 a gallon for the past year, the cost of driving a
20 mpg car across one kilometre is about $0.124. And by recent retail prices of residential
electricity on the West Coast, the 0.19 MJ generated by one car costs about $0.0064, or about
one twentieth the cost of the gasoline burned across this one-kilometre strip. [6] At this rate,
the road will generate a revenue of $33,565 per year.

As an approximate, the price of a piezoelectric device can be estimated by its most expensive
element, namely the piezoelectric component. This component, according to Innowattech's
patent, is comprised of about 50% lead-zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic and is about
14×14×2 cm3 in dimension. [7] Given that piezoelectric sheets of the same material currently
cost $165 in bulk from Piezo Systems (for 100 sheets of 10.64 cm3 each), the cost per cm3 of
this material is about $0.155. Since the devices are embedded 30 cm apart from each other
and in two rows per lane, a kilometre of a two-way street will contain 13,333 devices, each
device costing $30.39, adding to a total of $405,253. Even without considering the
manufacturing or installation costs, it would take about 12 years to earn back this amount
from the device revenue.

PIEZOELECTRICITY AND THE FUTURE

What does the future hold for piezoelectricity? The possibilities abound. One popular idea
that inventors are throwing around is using piezoelectricity for energy harvesting. Imagine
having piezoelectric devices in your smartphone that could be activated from the simple
movement of your body to keep them charged.

Thinking a bit bigger, you could also embed a piezoelectric system underneath highway
pavement that can be activated by the wheels of traveling cars. This energy could then be
used light stoplights and other nearby devices. Couple that with a road filled with electric cars
and you’d find yourself in net positive energy situation.

CONCLUSION
In this study, the efficiency and power of the generated energy were investigated by
measuring the wave pressure and voltage according to the wave activity LLSing the
piezoelectric element and the harvesting system which are mechanical energy
conversion devices. Piemclectric sensor devices are characterized by the momentary
energy generation due to extemal force changes, and irregular Waves are suitable for
application to co & stall structures which continuously invade. As a result, the wave
pressure and voltage were increased with increasing wave energy, and it was
confirmed that maximum 7-75 kPa and 11.24 V were calculated within experimental
Conditions. Under these conditions, the generated power is about 12.35mW, and when
applied to the actual scan area, the amount is increased by the super compact rule, and
it is considered to play an important role as a substitute resource of the compost fuel.
In the future, we will examine ways to maximize the energy efficiency and review and
propose the optimal shape and maximum power generation efficiency of the piezo-
electric energy collecting device for application to the actual sea area.

Generating capability and profit square measure 2 necessary factors to think about in
selecting this energy various. There’s presently a major cap on the generating
capability. Internet profits can solely be seen when a minimum of twelve years, as an
underestimate. There also are more "costs," besides the monetary prices of producing
and installation, to require under consideration, like the environmental impact of
producing the PZT ceramics utilized in Innowattech's devices. Whereas electricity
devices square measure gaining quality, they're less capable than antecedent claimed
attributable to physical limitations.