Sets

Grade 8
SDH Daan Mogot
2013/2014
Eri Nugroho, B. Sc., S.Pd.
 Understanding Sets
 A set is a collection of objects which can be clearly defined.
 Clearly defined implies that one can tell definitely which objects
are included in or excluded from the known set.
 It means also that the objects is not subjective, not based on
opinions.

For example:
1. A group of students in your class who wear glasses.
It is a set because it is clearly defined
2. A group of numbers which are the factors of 12.
which are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12. It is a set.
3. A group of students who are tall. (not a set)
The term ‘tall’ is indefinite (opinion)
Symbols of Set
 Using capital letter
 Using bracket (kurung kurawal) as follows
A = {counting numbers smaller than 10}
B = {grade 8 SDH Daan Mogot}
Members of Set
Let:
B = {banana, apple, star-fruit, mango}
So,
Banana is a member of set B
Apple is a member of set B, and so on.

Symbol: r read as ‘element’

Banana B
B = {banana, apple, star-fruit, mango}
To state how many member a set has, we use the symbol n(B).
So, n(B) = 4

Example:
A = { a, i, u, e, o}
So, n(A) = 5
Set of Numbers
1. The set of all natural numbers, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ….}
2. The set of all counting numbers, {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ….}
3. The set of all integers, {…., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …}
4. The set of all prime numbers, {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ….}
5. The set of all square numbers, {0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, …}
Describing a Set
1. By word
2. Using set-builder notation
3. By listing each member of the set
1. By words
Example:
a. A is a set of the first five natural numbers.
A = {the first five natural numbers}
b. B is the set of all mountains in Java island.
B = {mountain in Java island}
2. Using Set-builder Notation
 Example:
a. A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

Answer:
a. A = {x|1 < x < 11, x is an even natural number} or
A = {x|2 ≤ x < 12, x is an even natural number} or
A = {x|2 ≤ x ≤ 10, x is an even natural number}
 3. Listing its members
Each member of a set is listed inside braces and separated
from the other members by a comma.

Example:
1. P = {the months in Gregorian Calendar which start with
J}
2. Q = {x|x < 5, x natural numbers}
3. R = {x|-2 ≤ x < 5, x integers}
Answer:
1. P = {January, June, July}
2. Q = {1, 2, 3, 4}
3. R = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2,3, 4}
Empty Set and Universal Set
 An empty set is a set that has no member.
Symbol: Ø or { }
For example:
1. Set of months whose days are less than 28.
2. A set of odd numbers that evenly divisible by 2.
 A universal set (S) is a set which contains all members of the sets
under consideration. It is a bigger set than a certain set.
Example:
Let K = {soccer, computer, acting, swimming, cooking}
So the universal set for set K is:
S = {the extracurricular activities in SDH Daan Mogot}. This is a
bigger set that contains all members of K.
Subsets
Let A = {a, b, c}
B = {a, b, c, d, e}
Obviously, each member of A is also a member of B.

The set A is a subset of the set B, if each member

of A is also a member of B, this is denoted by
A B
 Example:
Let A = {1, 2, 3}
Determine all the possible subsets that can be built.
Answer:
There will be subsets with 3 members, 2 members, 1 member,
and no member.
3 members: {1, 2, 3}
2 members: {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}
1 member: {1}, {2}, {3}
0 member: { }
There are 8 subsets of A

To determine the number of subsets from a set we can use a formula.

Let A be a set, so number of subset of set A is 2 n(A)
Intersection of Sets
Consider two sets A and B and their Venn diagram in the figure
below.
A = {Devi, Ari, Andre, Indah}
B = {Jatu, Devi, Ari}
Devi and Ari are members of both the sets A and B simultaneously.
{Devi, Ari} whose members are the common members of
the sets A and B is called the intersection of the sets A and B,
and is denoted by:

A ∩ B = {Devi, Ari}

The intersection of the sets A and B is a set whose members

are the members of both the sets A and B simultaneously.
Using set builder notation, the intersection of A and B may
be defined as:
A ∩ B = {x│x A and x B}
Example
1. Let P = {1, 2, 3, 4} and Q = {2, 4, 6}
a. Describe P ∩ Q by listing its members
b. Build the corresponding Venn diagram and shade in the area
which represents P ∩ Q!
Answer:
a. P ∩ Q = {2, 4}
b. .
2. Let:
K = {prime numbers which are less than 12}
L = {odd numbers between 2 and 8}
a. Describe K ∩ L by listing its members!
b. Build the corresponding Venn diagram and shade in the area
which represents K ∩ L
Answer:
a. K = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} b.
L = {3, 5, 7}
K ∩ L = {3, 5, 7}
Union of Sets
Consider the following sets A and B together with their Venn
diagram as shown in figure below!
A = {Ani, Budi, Tuti} and
B = {Tuti, Ari}

From the sets A and B, the set {Ani, Budi, Tuti, Ari}
can be built. This set is a set whose members are the
members of A only, the members of B only, and the
common members of A and B. This set is called the
union of the sets A and B. The union of the sets A
and B is denoted by A and B.
The union of the sets A and B is a set whose members are the
members of A only, the member of set B only, and the
common members of A and B.
Using set-builder notation, the union of A and B may be defined
as:

A U B = {x|x A or x B}
1. Let:
K = {natural numbers which are less than 7}
L = {the first four prime numbers}
a. Describe K U L by listing its members!
b. Build the corresponding Venn diagram and shade in the area
which represents K U L
Answer:
a. K = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
L = {2, 3, 5, 7}
K U L = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
2. Let:
E = {even natural numbers which are less than 10}
F = {odd natural numbers which are less than 10}
a. Describe E U F by listing its members!
b. Build the corresponding Venn diagram and shade in the
area which represents E U F
Answer:
a. E = {2, 4, 6, 8}
F = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
E U F = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
Difference of Sets
The difference of sets A and B or A – B is the set of all
members of A which are not the members of B
With set-builder notation, the difference of sets A and B may
be defined as

A – B = {x|x A and x B}
Example
1. Let:
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
A= {1, 2, 4}, and
B = {1, 2, 3, 6}
Describe the following differences of sets!
a. A – B b. B – A
Answer:
a. A – B = {4} (anggota A yang bukan anggota B)
b. B – A = {3, 6} (anggota B yang bukan anggota A)
2. From the Venn diagram, describe:
a. P – Q
b. Q – P
c. S – (P ∩ Q)
d. S – (P U Q)
Answer:
a. P – Q = {a, b, c}
b. Q – P = {f, g}
c. S – (P ∩ Q) = {a, b, e, f, g, h}
d. S – (P U Q) = {i, h}
Complement of Set
The complement of the set A is the set whose members
are those members of S which are not the
members of A.
With set-builder notation, it can be written as:

A’ = {x ι x A and x S}

Using the difference of sets, it will be:

A’ = S – A
Example:
1. Let:
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
P = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Q = {2, 4, 6}
Describe each of the following sets by listing its members and build the
corresponding Venn diagram and shade in the area representing it!
a. ( P ∩ Q)’ b. (P U Q)’
Answer
a. P ∩ Q = {2, 4}
(P ∩Q)’ = S – (P ∩ Q)
= {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Answer
b. P U Q = {1, 2, 3, 4,5 ,6}
(P U Q)’ = S – (P U Q)
= {7, 8, 9, 10}
Exercise:
Shaded region of a venn diagram
Using Venn Diagram for Intersections
and Unions of Sets
Example:
1. After conducting a survey on 50 children, it is found that
32 children like playing volleyball, 40 children like playing
soccer, and 25 children like playing both games.
a. Build a venn diagram from that information!
B. How many children like playing neither volleyball nor
soccer?
 Answer:
1. a). V = {children who like playing volleyball}
B = {children who like playing soccer}
Remarks:
(i) Write the number of those who like both games,
i.e., 25 children
(ii) Write the number of those who like volleyball only,
i.e., 32 – 25 = 7 children
(iii) Write the number of those who like soccer only,
i.e., 40 – 25 = 15 children
(iv) Write the number of those who like neither volleyball nor
soccer,
i.e., 50 – (7 + 25 + 15) = 3 children

b). The number of children who like neither volleyball nor

soccer is 3 children.
2. There are 40 children in a class. Apparently, 25 of them
like milk, 35 of them like tea, and x of them like both
beverages.
a. Build a Venn diagram from the above information
b. How many children like both milk and tea?
Answer:
a.
b.
25 – x + x + 35 – x = 40
60 – x = 40
x = 20
Thus, there are 20 children
who like both milk and
tea.
Here we go!!!!