Notes in English 7

1. Introduction to Pre-Colonial Philippine Literature

 Long before the Spaniards came our forefathers already had their own literature
 Our Ancient literature shows our customs and traditions
 Baybayin- first alphabet used by our ancestors, our own version of the Alphabet
 Oral literature bore the marks of the community and the subject was the common experience of the people
 Everyone is a potential writer
 Different Literary Genres:
1. Legend- origin of a thing, place location, or name
2. Folk Tales- made up of stories about life, adventure love, horror and humor where one can derive lessons
about life
3. Epics- long narrative in poems about the adventures of a hero/heroine
4. Folk Songs- mirrored the early forms of culture which expresses the hopes and aspirations, peoples life as
well as their loves
5. Myths- derived from Philipine Folk literature which is the traditional oral literature of the Filipino people. It
is also known as our “Creation Stories”
6. Salawikain( Epigrams)- these are like allegories or parables that impart lessons for the young
7. Kasabihan (Sayings)- often used in teasing or to comment on a person actuations
8. Sawikain- sayings with no hidden meanings
9. Tanaga- a mono-rhyming heptasyllabic quatrain expressing insights and lessons in life
10. Bugtong- made up of one or more measured lines with rhyme and consists of four to 12 syllables
11. Maxims- rhyming couplets of 5, 6 or 8 syllables
2. The Creation Story (Found on your book page: )
3. Idiomatic Expessions
 A group of words that may have a definition unique to a particular culture/context
 Uses figurative language and should not be taken literally
 It is a phrase that has a figurative meaning as opposed to its literal sense,
4. Slang vs. Colloquial Expressions
o Colloquial and slang are both informal spoken forms of language
o Both spoken forms of language.
o What is a COLLOQUIALISM?
o Is a language used mostly in ordinary or familiar communication settings, as in conversation
between friends or relatives.
o Mostly consists of contractions or other informal words and ohrases known to most native
speakers of a language
o The word “colloquialism” comes from the Latin colloquium, which means a “conference” or
“conversation.”
 What is slang?
 Refers to the regular language used in everyday speech
 This presents a moderate tone, not so much informal or formal
 This is the level used in everyday conversations
 This is the level used in speaking with classmates, teachers, visitors, etc.

5. Skimming vs Scanning and Literary Writing vs Academic Writing

What is Skimming?
• Is a reading text quickly to get a general idea of meaning.
• It is something you usually do when you see a book in the bookstore to check if it will interest you.
What is scanning?
  Is a reading to find specific information only. It is something you would normally do when you need to find
out from your Science textbook what a specific term means.
What is Literary Writing?
• It is a kind of writing that is meant to entertain, although it can teach or impart lessons as well.
• It makes use of artful language and is generally enjoyable to read
• Example:
• Short Stories
• Novels
• Poems
What is Academic Writing?
• Is a kind of writing whose purpose is to convey information, data, or knowledge.
• It is rigid, orderly, and organized as it follows specific procedures and formula
• Examples:
• Research Work
• Academic Essays
6. Subject-Verb Agreement
Subject-Verb Agreement for Regular and Irregular Verbs
• In present tense, singular verb is formed by adding –s or –es to the base form; a plural form just follows the base
form.
• In past tense, singular and plural and nouns and pronouns use the same past form of the verb by usually adding
–ed or –d to the base form of regular verbs. The tricky part comes with irregular verbs where the form is
completely different.
• In perfect tenses, use has/have plus the participle form of the verb for present perfect tense, and had plus the
past participle form of the verb for the past perfect tense
Table of Pattern
Present Past Future
Simple Tense Singular- add s/es Singular or Plural Singular or Plural- will/
Plural- “Base Form of (Regular) – ed/d shall + base form of
the Verb Irregular- changed the verb
spelling
Perfect Tense Singular- “HAS”+ past Singular/plural- Singular or Plural
particple of the verb “HAD”+ Past Particple “WILL HAVE” + past
Plural – “HAVE” + past of the verb participle of the verb
participle of the verb

Example of pattern using the verb “WRITE”:

Present Past Future
Simple Singular= WRITES Singular/Plural = Singular/ Plural=
Plural= WRITE WROTE WILL/SHALL WRITE
Perfect Singular- HAS Singular/Plural= Singular/Plural=
WRITTEN HAD WRITTEN WILL/SHALL HAVE
PLURAL-= HAVE WRITTTEN
WRITTEN
Subject-Verb Agreement : Indefinite Pronouns
• Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that are not specific regarding what or who are being referred to.
• Some of these pronouns are always singular or always plural
ALWAYS SINGULAR ALWAYS PLURAL CONTEXT DEPENDENT
NOSEEE BFMS MANS
 Nobody  Both • More
 One  Few • All
  Something  Many • None
 Everyone  Several • Some
 Each NOTE!
 Either Singular- Non Countable
Plural- Countable
1. Singular Indefinite Pronouns
Nobody contradicts her statements in the plenary.
One requires confidence to face the crows.
Something is missing in the organization.
2. Plural Indefinite Pronouns
Both were required to present proposals in Congress.
Few in this parliament support him.
Several members attend practice regularly.
3. Context-Dependent Pronouns
Some of the sugar was sprinkled on the cake (Sugar is uncountable).
None of the paint w as used.
All of the marbles were bought at the store. (Marbles are countable)
Subject-Verb Agreement : Compound Subjects
• Refer to subjects joined by coordinating conjunction
• They generally make use of the plural form of the verb, however, there are compound subjects that require a
singular verb.
• When the compound subject form a collective idea or oneness of idea, the singular verb is used.
• Compound Subjects with Plural Verb
1. Ryan and Kyle are my good friends.
2. The Philippine Model Congress and the National Youth Parliament encourage delegates to come up with
resolutions that would make our country better.
Compound Subject with Singular Verb
• 1. Mac and cheese is a favourite dish of mine.
• 2. Spaghetti and meatballs is Mom’s specialty.
Subject-Verb Agreement : Correlative Conjunctions
• -a word that joins together two other words, phrases, or clauses. These conjunctive pairs, as they are sometimes
known, are used commonly in everyday communication.
• Used to join grammatically equal elements in a sentence.
 • Both/ and • Both/ and
• Either/or • Either/or
• Neither/ nor • Neither/ nor
• Not only/ but also • Not only/ but also
• Whether/ or • Whether/ or
• 1. This summer, Paul will either take up art class as his mother wants or enrol in karate lessons
as his father desires.
• 2. Ms. Gozon not only requires a 2,000 word research essay but also assigns a 500-word
reaction paper every week.
• Now when you connect two subjects with a correlative conjunction the rule is pretty sImple THE
VERB MUST AGREE WITH THE SECOND SUBJECT.
• Example:
• 1. Every night, either the howling dog or the squabbling cats wake Gilbert.
• 2. Not only Janice but also her parents go to mass early every Sunday
Subject-Verb Agreement : Intervening Expressions
• It is a phrase or a clause placed in-between the subject and the verb
• In such cases, one just needs to remember that intervening expression DO NOT in any way
affect the subject in terms of singularity or plurality.
EXAMPLES:
• 1. My father, together with his brothers, has to go to Bataan.
• 2. The teachers, not the principal, are responsible for planning lessons taught in class.
• 3. Keith, who has many friends, watches movies on weekends by his lonesome

7. Ibalon (story found on your book)

8. Writing A Paragraph