Topic: Parts of Speech

Subject: English-I(Functional)
Week/Lecture No. 02
Class: Fashion Designing
Teacher: Nusrat Saeed
Department of Fine Arts
Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan
"In the name of Allah, the Most
Gracious, the Most Merciful"
 Lecture Outline

• Parts of Speech
• Noun
• Pronoun
• verb
• Parts of Speech:
• In traditional grammar, a part of speech or
part-of-speech is a category of words that
have similar grammatical properties.
• The definition of a part of speech is a class of
words based on the word's function, the way
it works in a sentence. The parts of speech
are noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun,
preposition, conjunction, and interjection.
1. Noun:
• A noun is a word used to describe a person,
place, thing, or idea. It is the most valuable
part of speech in the English language. In a
properly structured sentence, a noun can
perform the function of the indirect object,
direct object, object complement, subject
complement, appositive, subject, or adjective.
• Types of Noun:

• There are many types of nouns. Each type

serves its own unique purpose in everyday
communication, but common nouns are the
most basic classification.
• Common Nouns
• Common nouns are the opposites of the proper nouns. It is not anything,
person, or place, in particular. They do not need to be capitalized unless
they are the first word of a sentence.

• Examples:
• Woman
• Car
• Restaurant
• House
• Building
• Girl
• Boy
• Cousin
• Frog
• Chair
• Sentence Examples:
• Ali loves to play football with his brother
after school.
• The music professor taught all of her students
to read notes within a month of them signing
up for piano lessons.
• Rabia and her sister drove to the
movie theatre to meet their friends.
• Proper Nouns
• A proper noun is any noun that refers to a specific
thing, person, organization, corporation, team, or
place. Proper nouns are to always be capitalized,
whether or not they are used at the beginning of
a sentence.
• Examples:
• Toyota
• Quaid-e-Azam
• McDonald’s
• Google
• Sentence Examples:
• Ayesha asked the children whether they
preferred to use Google or Bing as their
default search engine.
• Abstract Nouns
• Abstract nouns refer to abstract objects such as
ideas, thoughts, or concepts that can not be seen,
felt, or held. They can be experienced or directed
towards someone or something, however, they
are not tangible. They include qualities that we
cannot taste, feel, see, or smell. If you are unsure
if a word is an abstract noun ask yourself the
following questions: Can you touch it? Can you
hold it? Can you see it? Is it tangible? Can you
smell it? Is it something that is formulated in the
mind or heart? Is it an emotion?
• Examples:
• Love
• Hate
• Fear
• Joy
• Depression
• Sadness
• Sympathy
• Apathy
• Excitement
• Freedom
• Sentence Examples:
• Ali could no longer hide the feeling
of hatred that he had towards his brother.
• Saira had a strong feeling of excitement when
his sister was accepted into her dream college.
• My best friend, Ali , always had
brilliant ideas for our community.
• Collective Nouns
• Collective nouns are a specific group of nouns that refer to
groups that are made up of more than one individual or
item.
• Examples:
• Tribe
• Family
• Team
• Class
• Jury
• Board (In reference to an assembly of people appointed as
the decision-making group of an association.)
• Flock
• Sentence Examples:
• After a little encouragement from her sister,
Farah decided to join the school’s swim team.
• In science class, we watched an interesting
documentary about animals that travel
in herds.
• Compound Nouns
• The majority of English compound
nouns include phrases that are composed of a
noun modified by adjectives or another noun.
They ordinarily are made up of more than two
other words that can be constructed by
joining two words at one time. Combining
“mother ”, “in”, and “law ”, for example, can
result in the compound “mother-in-law ”.
• Examples (Hyphenated)
• Daughter-in-law
• Long-term
• Merry-go-round
• Mother-in-law
• Up-to-date
• Check-in
• Sign-up
• Forty-seven
• Two-fold
• Non-toxic
• Examples (Not Hyphenated)
• Toothpaste
• Ice cream
• Sunflower
• Backdrop
• Blueberry
• Airport
• Cartwheel
• Firefly
• Airplane
• Paycheck
• Sentence Examples:
• The unbelieving judges overestimated the
skills of the young competitor in the
gymnastics competition.
• The infamous legend of John Henry follows
the stirring story of a Black man who worked
on the railroad and was able to build the
tracks faster than a machine.
• Today, Genny ’s grandfather turned seventy-
nine years old, and they celebrated with a
family gathering.
• Possessive Nouns
• A possessive noun is a noun that names who
or what owns or has possession of something.
In most cases, for singular nouns to show that
possession, we add an apostrophe and the
letter “s”. When making a pronoun possessive,
however, you will not need to add the
apostrophe.
• Examples (Regular Nouns)
• Lucy ’s
• The boy ’s
• The Teacher ’s
• Samantha’s
• Drew ’s
• The store’s
• The team’s
• My mother ’s
• Her brother’s
• Our child’s
• Examples (Possessive Pronouns)
• Hers
• His
• Theirs
• Mine
• Ours
• Everyone’s
• Countable Nouns
• Countable nouns are simply nouns that have the ability to become
plural and/or be counted. Singularly, they will most likely be
preceded by the words “a” or “an”. The vast majority of nouns in
the English language fall into the classification of countable nouns.
• Examples:
• Animals
• People
• Houses
• Toys
• Pebbles
• Windows
• Clothes
• Cars
• Flowers
• Uncountable Nouns
• Uncountable nouns are simply nouns that do not have the ability to
become plural and/or be counted.
• Countable and Uncountable nouns vary from language to language. In
some languages, there are no countable nouns. In addition, some nouns
that are uncountable in English may be countable in other languages.
• Examples:
• Furniture
• Milk
• Water
• Rain
• Light
• Stress
• Anger
• Sand
• Music
• Love
• What is pronoun?
• In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a word or
a group of words that one may substitute for a
noun or noun phrase.
• A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a
noun. Examples: he, she, it, they, someone, who.
Pronouns can do all of the things that nouns can
do. They can be subjects, direct objects, indirect
objects, object of the preposition, and more.
• Pronouns are classified as
• personal (I, we, you, he, she, it, they),
demonstrative (this, these, that, those),
relative (who, which, that, as),
• indefinite (each, all, everyone, either, one,
both, a ny, such, somebody),
• interrogative (who, which, what),
• reflexive (myself, herself),
• possessive (mine, yours, his, hers.
• verb
• A verb is the action or state of being in a
sentence. ... It happened in the past, so it is a
past-tense verb. Example: You were a great
singer. In this sentence, the verb is "were." It
shows a state of being that was in the past, so
it is a past tense verb. Example: After lunch, I
will call my mother.
• Verbs are words that show an action (sing),
occurrence (develop), or state of being (exist).
Almost every sentence requires a verb. The
basic form of a verb is known as its infinitive.
The forms call, love, break, and go are all
infinitives. ... The verb's past tense usually has
the same -ed form as the past participle.
• The Three Types of Verbs
• Action verbs (which can be transitive or
intransitive)
• Modal or helping verbs.
• Auxiliary or linking verbs.
• There are 4 levels of grammar:
• (1)parts of speech,
• (2)sentences,
• (3)phrases,
• (4)clauses.
•
• Action verb:
• An action verb is a verb that describes an action,
like run, jump, kick, eat, break, cry, smile, or
think.
• Action verbs, also called dynamic verbs, express
an action whether it be physical or mental.
An action verb explains what the subject of the
sentence is ...
•
An action verb animates a sentence, either
physically ( swim, jump, drop, whistle) or
mentally ( think, dream, believe, suppose, love).
Verbs make sentences .
• Linking verb:
• In traditional grammar and guide books, a
linking verb is a verb that describes the
subject by connecting it to a predicate
adjective or predicate noun. Unlike the
majority of verbs, they do not describe any
direct action taken or controlled by the
subject.
• Linking verbs are verbs that serve as a
connection between a subject and further
information about that subject. They do not
show any action; rather, they “link” the
subject with the rest of the sentence.
• Auxiliary verb
• An auxiliary verb is a verb that adds functional
or grammatical meaning to the clause in
which it occurs, so as to express tense, aspect,
modality, voice, emphasis, etc. Auxiliary verbs
usually accompany an infinitive verb or a
participle, which respectively provide the
main semantic content of the clause.
• Helping Verbs
• These verbs include: am, is, are, was, were,
be, been, have, has, had, do, does, and did. ...
• These verbs, while they don't show action,
help build the action for the main verbs of the
writing, so they are essential to the operation.
• There are nine modal auxiliary verbs: shall,
should, can, could, will, would, m ay, must,
might. There are also quasi-modal auxiliary verbs:
ought to, need to, has to.
• The definition of a modal auxiliary is a verb that is
used with another verb to express a mood or
tense.
• The English modal verbs are a subset of the
English auxiliary verbs used mostly to express
modality. They can be distinguished from other
verbs by their defectiveness and by their
neutralization.