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IS 1918 (1966): Methods of physical tests for foundry sands

[MTD 14: Foundry]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 IS : 1918 - 1966

Indian Standard
METHODS OF PHYSICAL
TESTS FOR FOUNDRY SANDS
( Th ir d Repr in t AP RIL 1997 )

UDC 621.742 : 620.1

0 Copyright 1966
BURE AU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BH AVAN, 9 BAH ADUR SH AH ZAF AR MARG
NE W DE LH I 110002

Gr 7 December 1966
 IS: 1918-1966

Indian Standard
METHODS OF PHYSICAL
TESTS FOR FOUNDRY SANDS
Fou nd ry Sectional Com m ittee, SMDC 17
Chairman Rcfitzsmting
SERI N. G. CE AKRABABTI In per son a l ca pa cit y ( 3/D, Nandy Strsrt, Calcutta-29)
Members
SH RI H . R. BADYA~ Th e In dia n Ir on & St eel Co Lt d, Ca lcu t t a
DE P . VASUDE VAN (Alt er n a t e )
SBRI B. N. BALIQA Cooper E n gin eer in g Lt d, Sa t a r a Roa d
SE E I D. N. BANE RJ E E H in du st a n Ma ch in e Tools Lt d. Ba n ga lor e
SH RI K. NAQF .SH A RAO ( Alternate )
SBRI NANUBH AI H . BH ATT Th e In dia n P lu m ba go Co, Bom ba y
SRBI SURE SH N. BH ATT ( Alternate )
SH RI S. C. BISWAS In dia n F ou n dr y Associa t ion , Ca lcu t t a
SH RI M. K. RAO ( Alternate)
SERI P . K. CH ATTE RJ E E Th e J a y E n gin eer in g Wor ks Lt d, Ca lcu t t a
SERI S. N. CH AUDH UE I E n gin eer in g Associa t ion of In dia , Ca lcu t t a
SH RI B. N. BALI~A ( Alternate )
SH RI S. K. DAM Bu r n & Co Lt d, H owa r h ; ond In dia n E n gin eer in g
Associa t ion , Ca lcu t t a
SRRI B. SE N ( .4lternate)
SHXI D. H. DATE Mu ka n d Ir on & St eel Wor ks Lt d, Bom ba y
DB P . DAYAL Dir ect or a t e Gen er a l of Tech n ica l Developm en t ,
Min ist r y of In du st r y a n d Su pply
SHRI B. P . SINHA (Alternate)
SH BI A. S. DE ~AI J yot i Lt d, Ba r oda
SE RI N. SE N ( Alternate)
DIRE CTORATE OF F LE E T Na va l H ea dqu a r t er s
MAINTE NANCE , NE W DE LH I
SH BI M. S. DU A Th e Ta t a Ir on & St eel Co Lt d, J a m sh ed UT
SH BI M. L. DUTT ROY In spect ion Win g, Dir ect or a t e Gen er a l o P Su pplies St
Disposa ls ( Min ist r y of In du st r y & Su pply )
&OF S. N. IYE NGAR U n icor n P r iva t e Lt d, Ma dr a s
SH BI V. R. IYE B Th e Br it a n n ia E n gin eer in g Co Lt d, Tit a gh u r
SHE1 S. J OE BI Ku m a r dh u bi E n gin eer in g Wor ks Lt d, Ca lcu t t a
SH BI J . T. KANA~ABAJ ( Alt er n a .r e\1
J OINT DIRE CTOR RE SE ABUE Min ist r y of Ra ilwa ys
( M & C ), RE SE AROH , DE SIGNS
& STANDABDS OBQANIZATION,
CH ITTAE ANJ AN
CH E MIE T ik ME TALLUBOI~T,
CH ITTABANJ AN LoaomoTms
Woags, CH ITTAB- J AN ( Altern& )
WOBICS MANAQE B ( MANU-
F AOTWINO ), CH ITTABANJ AN
LOCOMOTIVE WOBKB, CH IT-
TIBANJ AN ( Altarn& )
( Contimrcd on paage2 )

INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION

MANAK BH AVAN, 9 BAH ADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 1 9 1 8- 1 9 6 6
( Confinuedfrom~ugc1 )
Members Representing
S HRI M. N. KH ANNA H in du st a n St eel Lt d, Bh ila i
SH RI R. R. SABAN ( Alt er n a t e)
SE RI R. M. KBISH NAN Na t ion a l Met a llu r gica l La bor a t or y ( CSIR ),
J a m sh edpu r
Da 0. P . LUTH E B Bh a r t ia E lect r ic St eel Co Lt d, Ca lcu t t a
SH RI B. V. MAE ABALE N ew P r ecision ( In dia ) P r iva t e Lt d, Dewa s
SH RI K. H . MAH ADE VAP P A Th e Mysor e Ir on & St eel Lt d, Bh a dr a va t i
, SH RI M. LIN~AIAE ( Alfer n a t e )
S HRI AMAL MITRA Ma ch in er y Ma n u fa ct u r er s Cor por a t ion Lt d, Ca lcu t t a
SH RI H . S. P AUL ( Aller n a t e )
SH RI N. J . MODY Bom ba y Met a l & Alloys Ma n u fa ct u r in g Co P vt Lt d,
Bom ba y
Sa a r T. N. D. P ILLAI In dia n N on -F er r ou s Met a ls Ma n u fa ct u r er s’ Associa -
t ion , Ca lcu t t a
SH RI D. P . J AIN ( Alt er n a t e)
SH RI H . C. P RADH AN Th e Ta t a E n gin eer in g & Locom ot ive Co Lt d,
J a m sh edpu r
SH RI K. S. S. VA~AN P ion eer E qu ipm en t Co P vt Lt d, Bom ba y
SH RI P . B. H . J H AVE BI ( Alt er n a t e )
DB P . VASUDE VAN Th e In dia n In st it u t e of Met a ls, Ca lcu t t a
SHRI ARJAN VABWAN I The Institute of Indian Foundrymen, Ca lcu t t a
SH RI S. GUH A ( Alt er n a t e )
SH RI B. S. KRISH NAMACH AR, Dir ect or Gen er a l, IS1 ( Ex-o&o Member )
Dir ect or (St r u t & Met )
Secr et a r y
SH RI R. K. SRIVAE TAVA
Depu t y Dir ect or (Met a ls), IS1

Panel for Methods ofPhysical Tests for Foundry Sands, SMD C 17 : P 1

SH RI R. M. KRISH NAN Na t ion a l Met a llu r gica l La bor a t or y ( CSIR j, J a m

sh edpu r
 IS I 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 6 6

CONTENTS

PAGE

0. FOREWORD ... ,.. ... .. . . .. 4

1. S COPE ... .. . ... ... .. 4

SECT I ON I GEN ERA L

2. TERMINOLOGY ... ..* . .. ... 4
3. S AMPLING ... ... ... ... ... 5
4. PREPARATION OF FOUNDRY S AND FOR TES TING ... ... 5
‘5 . PREPARATION OF S TANDARD TES T S PECIMEN ... ... 6

SECT I ON 2 M ET H OD OF PH Y SI CA L T ES’I S FOR

FOU N DRY M OU L DI N G, SA N DS
6. DETERMINATION OF MOIS TURE CONTENT ... ... 7
7. DETERMINATION OF CLAY CONTENT . . . ... .. . 8
8. DETERMINATION OF GRAIN FINENES S. . . ... ... 9
9. DETEZWINATION OF GRAIN S HAPE ... ... .,. 12
10. DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY , . . ... ... 13
11. DETERMINATION o F TENS ILE S TRENGTH ... ... 14
12. DETERMINATION OF COMPRES S IONS TRENGTH ... .. . 16
13. DETERMINATION OF S HEAR S TRENGTH ... ... 17
14. DETERMINATION OF BULK DENS ITY . . . ... ... 18
15. DETERMINATION OF GREEN MOULD S URFACE HARDNES S .. . 18
16. DETERMINATION OF FLOWABILITY ... . .. . .. 19
17. DETERMINATION OF S HATTER INDEX . . . . .. ... 19
18. DETERMINATION OF S INTERING POINT ... ... 19

SECT I ON 3 M ET H ODS OF PH Y SI CA L T EST S FOR

FOU N DRY CORE SA N DS
19. DETERMINATION OF MOIS TURE CONTENT ... . .. 22.
20. DETERMINATION OF CLAY CONTENT . . . ... . .. 22
21. DETERMINATION OF GRAIN FINENES S .._ . .. . .. 22
22. DETERMINATION OF GRAIN S HAPE ... ... ... 22
23. DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY . . . ... .. . 22
24. DETERMINATION OF S TRENGTH ... ... .*. 23
25. DETERMINATIONOF BULK DENS ITY . . . ... ... 27
26. DETERMINATION OF BAKED S CRATCH HARDNES S . . . . .. 27
27. DETERMINATION OF GAS GENERATED IN A CORE DUR .ING
BAKING ... ... ... ... ... 27
28. DETERMINATION OF S INTERING POINT ... ... 28

3
IS : 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 6 6

Indian Standard
METHODS OF PHYSICAL
TESTS FOR FOUNDRY SANDS
0. F OREWORD
0 .1 This Ind ian Stand ard w as ad op ted by the Ind ian Stand ard s Jnstitu tion
on 8 Au gu st 1966, after the d raft finalized by the Fou nd ry Sectional Com -
m ittee had been ap p roved by the Stru ctu ral and Metals Division Cou ncil.
0.2 This stand ard ou tlines basic principles of physical tests for fou nd ry
sand s. Any stand ard sand testing equ ip m ent shall be u sed for testing
fou nd ry sand s. ‘The d etailed p recau tions su pplied bv the m anu factu rer
w ith the testing equ ip m ent shall be follow ed along w ith the p roced u res
specified in this stand ard . The test specim en to be u sed shall be one of the
tw o recom m end ed in this stand ard as applicable to the equ ip m ent.
0.3 This stand ard keeps in view the m anu factu ring and trad e p ractices
follow ed in the cou ntry in this field . While p rep arm this stand ard assis-
tance has been d erived from the follow ing:
DIN 52401 Exam ination of clayfree and claybond ed m ou ld ing 4nd s
in the loose and in the’com p ressed m oist and green state. Deu t-
scher N orm enau sschu ss.
Fou nd ry sand hand book. 1963. Ed 7. Am erican Fou nd rym en’s
Society, Illinois, USA.
0.4 For the p u rp ose of d ecid ing w hether a particu lar requ irem ent of this
stand ard is com p lied w ith, the final value, observed or calcu lated , exp res-
sing the resu lt of a test or analysis, shall be rou nd ed off in accord ance w ith
IS : 2-1960*. The nu m ber of significant p laces retained - in the rou nd ed off
value shou ld be the sam e as that of the specified value in this stand ard .

1 . SCOPE

1 .1 This stand ard p rescribes the m ethod s of tests for fou nd ry sand s to
evalu ate their p rop erties u nd er stand ard cond itions.

SECT I ON I GEN ERA L

2 . TERMIN OLOGY
2 .1 For the p u rp ose of this stand ard , the term ‘ Found ry Mou ld ing Sand ’
shall inclu d e high-silica sand , natu ral m ou ld ing sand , synthetic m ou ld ing
*Ru les for rou nd ing off numerical values (revised).

4
 IS : 1918 - 1966

sand m ixtu res, and reclaim ed sand placed in heap s on the fou nd ry floor for
reuse.
2.2 The term ‘ Core Sand ’ shall cover sand that is su itable for m akm g
cores, u su ally low in clay su bstance.

3. SAMPEIN G
3.1 Representative sam ples shall be d raw n accord ing to the schem e of
sam pling given in IS : 1811-1961*.

4. PREPARATION OF FOUN DRY S AN D F OR TES TIN G

4.1 P re p a ra tio n o f Hig h -S ilic a S a n d -The samples in accordance
with 3.1 shall be used without any processing.

4.2 Preparation of Natural Motllding Sand

4.2.1 Tempering by Hand- Dry abou t Z-kg sam ple of sand for one hou r
at 105” to 110°C. Sp read the sand over a large area in a thin layer S Othat
all m oistu re is expelled in the given t ime. After allow ing the sand to cool
d ow n to room tem p eratu re, m easu re the qu antity of w ater need ed to give
the d esired m oistu re content ( in term s of p ercent w eight of tem p ered m ix ),
ad d ing little extra w ater ( u su ally from O-25 to 1-O p ercent ) to allow for
evap oration. Sp read the sand on a sm ooth, flat, d ry, non-absorbent su rface
in a layer abou t 25 m m thick. Sprinkle a small qu antity of the w ater from
the m easu red qu antity evenly over the sand and w ork the sand grad u ally.
Sp read again the sand into a thin layer and rep eat the above op erations,
ad d ing m ore w ater. Rep eat the process u ntil all the w ater has been
thorou ghly d istribu ted in the sand . There shou ld be no d ry lu m p s or other
evid ence of u neven tem p ering.
4.2.2 Alt ernat e Met hod of Tempering by Hand-In case sand has a low er
m oistu re content than d esired , it need not be d ried before tem p ering. Ad d
su fficient w ater to bring the sand to the d esired m oistu re content. In case
the sand has a higher m oistu re content than d esired , the sand shall be
partially d ried , allow ed to cool and then tem p ered w ith su fficient w ater to
bring the m oistu re to the d esired value.
4.2.3 Tempering by Mechanical Mixing - Dry abou t 2-kg sam ple of sand
as given in 4.2.1. Place the d ried sand in the laboratory m ixer and ad d
su fficient w ater to p rod u ce the d esired moist ure content p lu s an ad d itional
am ou nt to allow for evap oration d u ring m ixing. Water shou ld be ad d ed
grad u ally w ithin 30 second s w hile the m ixer is op erating. Total m ixing
tim e shou ld be 5 m inu tes.
N OTE-An y one method of tempering shall be follow ed throughout to prepare sand
mixture of same or different moisture contents during the course of an investigation for
evaluating a sand sample.

*Methods of sampling foundry sands.

5
IS : 1918 - 1966

4.3 P re p a ra tio n o f S y n th e tic a lly B o n d e d S a n d Mix tu re - Test s&m -

pies of synthetically bond ed sand m ixtu re shall be p rep ared in a m echanicai
m ixer. Dry abou t 2 kg of sand for one hou r at 105” to 110°C. Sp read
the sand over a large area in a thin layer so that all m oistu re is expelled
in the given tim e. After d ryin g and cooling to room tem p eratu re, w eigh
the correct am ou nts of sand or sand s, and bond or bond s, as u sed in the
fou nd ry m ixtu res. Place the d ried sand and then the d ried bond ing m ate-
rials, in the m ixer. Place the cover on the m ixer, start the m ixer and m ix
for tw o m inu tes. Follow ing the tw o-m inu te m ixing p eriod , allow tw o
m inu tes for d u st to settle before rem oving the m ixer cover. Ad d the
required am ou nt of w ater grad u ally w ithin 30 second s to give the required
m oistu re p ercentage p lu s su fficient ad d itional w ater to allow for evap ora-
titan d u ring m ixing. Mix for a period of 5 m inu tes. Rem ove the sand
from the m ixer as quickly as possible. Allow sam ples to stand in an air-tight
container for tw o hou rs before testing.

N OTE - Variation in physical properties w ith moisture content shall be determined

by giving small increments to w ater content (say 0.5 to 1.0 percent ).

5. P REP ARATION OF S TAN D ARD TES T S P ECIMEN

5.1 Ap p a ra tu s - Stand ard sand ram m er w ith accessories.

5.2 Te s t S p e c im e n - Cylind rical test specim en of 50.8 f O-03 m m height

aild 50.8 m m d iam eter ( or of 50 -& O-3 m m height and 50 m m d iam eter j
shall be u sed .

5.3 P ro c e d u re -We ig h su fficient qu antity of tem p ered sand m ixtu re to

m ake, w hen ram m ed , a specim en of required height. Place the sand care-
fully in the specim en container. After levelling the sand in the container,
gently low er the ram m ing head into the specim en container, u ntil it is
su p p orted by the sand . Slow ly raise the ram m er w eight by hand or by
cam to the full height of the specim en and let it fall. Rep eat tw ice, m aking
a total of 3 ram s to get the stand ard test specim en.

5.3.1 For sand s w hich d o not possess su fficient bond strength to p erm it
hand ling, a circular d rier p late shall be placed on top of a stripping p ost.
After the specim en is strip p ed from the container, it shall be hand led by
lifting the d rier p late.

5.3.2 For preparing specim ens of low bond stretigth, ram m ing is d one in
a split specim en tu be. The specim en, after it is ram m ed , is rem oved from
the split specim en tu be by op ening the tu be and allow ing the specim en to
rest on a d rier p late.

6
 IS : 1918 l 1966

SECT I ON 2 M ET H OD OF PH Y SI CA L T EST S FOR FOU N DRY

M OU L DI N G S AN D S

6 . D ETERMIN ATION OF MOIS TU RE CON TEN T

6.1 D ire c t We ig h t Me th o d *

6.1.1 Proced u re - Weigh accu rately abou t 100 g cf sam ple of sand in a
tared covered porcelain d ish. Dry it in a u niform ly heated oven betw een
105” and 1lO’C for abou t one hou r. Cool to room tem p eratu re and w eigh.
Rep eat the process of d rying and cooling till constant w eight is attained .

6.1.2 Calcu late the p ercentage m oistu re by the follow ing form u la:

Moistu re, p ercent = $ x 100

w here
A = loss of w eight of the sand sam ple in g on heating, and
B = w eight in g of the sand sam ple taken.

6.1.3 Make the d eterm ination on three separate sam ples and take the
average of three test results as the m oistu re content of the sand .

6.2 Ca lc iu m Ca rbid e .Me th o d

6.2.1 Apparatu s - Sp eed y m oistu re tester.

6.2.2 Proced u re - Weigh accu rately abou t 6 g ofsam p le of sand and place
it in the cap of the instru m ent. Take a m easu re of calciu m carbid e and
place in the shaker. Place the cap and the shaker in the horizontal p osi-
tion, ad ju st stirru p , fasten cap to shaker w ith set screw on stirru p and finally
shake the contents. Read m oistu re content on d ial gau ge keeping the
ap p aratu s in a horizontal p osition. Make d eterm inations on three separate
sam ples and take the average of three results as the m oistu re content of
the sand m ixtu re.
NOTE- The sand m ixtu re and calcium carbide should not come in contact w ith each
other until the cap of the moisture tester is securely in place.

6.3 Co n tro l Me th o d s - For control tests, m oistu re in fou nd ry sand s m ay

be d eterm ined by d irect w eight m ethod , calciu m carbid e m ethod or by any
other m ethod ( su ch as d ielectric typ e m oistu re m eters ) w hich w ill d u pli-
cate the accu racy of results obtained by the d irect w eight m ethod .
*This method is applicable for all sand mixtures except those containing volatile mate-
rial ( other than w ater) or oxidisable materials such as core oils or both. For such sand
mixture, calcium carbide method ( see 6.2 ) shall be used.

7
Is : 1918 - 1966

7. DETERMINATION OF CLAY CONTENT

7.1 Apparatus -An electric rapid agitator equ ip p ed w ith vertical baffles
or a rotating sand w asher shall be u sed .

7.2 Reagent
7.2.1 Sodium Hydroxide Solu tion - Dissolve 30 g of sod iu m hyd roxid e in
d istilled w ater and d ilu te to a total volu m e of one litre.

7.3 Procedure
7.3.1 General -Take a 50-g representative sand sam ple. Sp read it over
a large area in thin layer and d ry it for one hou r at 105’ to 110°C so that
all m oistu re is expelled . Weigh the d ried sam ple and plad e it in an
elect1 rapid agitator equ ip p ed w ith vertical baffles or a rotating sand
w asher. Ad d 475 m l of d istilled w ater (@H 7.0 d eionized or d em ineralized
w ater ) &d 25 m l of sod iu m hyd roxid e solu tion at room tem p eratu re.
Stir for five m inu tes. ( If a rotating w asher is u sed , place the cover on the
jar, and the jar in a m achine m aking abou t 60 rev/ m in in su ch a m anner
as to allow the jar to be op ened at each revolu tion. Operate the m achine
for one hou r. Then rem ove the jar from the m achine, u nseal the cover
and w ash the ad hering sand into the jar, ) Wash sand from the stirrer
into the jar and fill the jar w ith d istilled w ater to a height of 150 m m
above the bottom of the jar and in su ch a m anner that the contents are
w ell stirred . Allow to settle for 10 m inu tes and then syp hon off the w ater
to a d ep th of exactly 125 m m below the level to w hich it had been filled ,
leaving a m inim u m d ep th of 25 m m of w ater in the bottom of the jar.
Ad d d istilled w ater, again filling the jar to the 150 m m height, stirring the
sed im ent at the bottom . After settling for the second tim e for 10 m inu tes,
again sip hon off 125 m m of the w ater. Ad d w ater again filling to 150 m m
height, stirring the sed im ent at the bottom . After settlm g exactly
for 5 m inu tes, sip hon off 125 m m of the w ater. Rep eat the process of five
m inu tes stand &g. and siphoning u ntil the w ater is clear to a d ep th of
125 m m at the en of five-m inu te p eriod . By this m ethod , the m &&al
w hich fails t6 settfe at a rate of 25. m m p er m inu te is rem oved . Thie
is stand ard clay grad e m atter and includ es all grains of 20 m icrons or ‘less
in d iam eter. Dry and w eigh the rem aining grains. The d ifference
betw een the w eight of the d ried grains and that of the original 50-g sam ple
represents clay content.
NOT= - Certain varieties of sand m ay rew ire longer agitation to liberate p rop erly
the clay from the sand grains. Incomplete clay remova! may be checked microscopi-
cally.

7.3.1.1 Calcu late clay content d nd sand p ortion by ..the follow ing
form u lae:-

Clay content, p ercent = w 1 w

- w , x 100
1

8
 iS : 1918 - 1966

W
Sand p ortion, p ercent = 3w x100
1

w here
WI = w eight in g of the d ried sand sam ple taken for the test,
and
w , = w eight in g of the d ried sand p ortion ( free from clay ).
7.3.2 Synthetic Sand Mixture - The p roced u re in accord ance w ith 7.3.1
hall be slightly changed for sand m ixtu res containing coal d u st, coal
resid ues, and bind er resid ues. As given in 7.3.1, 50 g of fou nd ry sand is
w ashed after d rying. In the cou rse of w ashing op eration a p art of the
coal d u st and similar su bstances is rem oved , the rem aind er being p art of
the sand p ortion. The w ashed sand p ortion is heated in a porcelain
crucible to 750°C for bu rning the coal and the coal-free sand is w eighed .
The heating loss, equal to the total coal content, is d eterm ined by heating
to 750°C and w eighing a separate sam ple of u nw ashed , d ried fou nd ry sand .
The heating tim e shou ld be su fficient for com p lete com bu stion of the coal
contained in the sand . The clay su bstance shall be the d ifference betw een
the tru e sand p ortion ( w ashed and heated sam ple ) p lu s coal p ortion ( of
u nw ashed and heated sam ple ), and the total qu antity of u nw ashed d ried
sand .
7.3.2.1 If cereal bind ers ( especially d extrin ) are present in the sand , a
prelim inary w ash shall be m ad e w ithou t ad d ing sod iu m hyd roxid e to the
d istilled w ater. After stirring and allow ing the sand to settle for 10 m inu tes,
sip hon off the w ater. Then p roceed as u nd er 7.3.1.
7.3.2.2 A sand m ixtu re containing cem ent cannot be w ashed free of
cem ent by the m ethod given u nd er 7.3.1. The cem ent shall be rem oved
from the sand grains by ad d ing 25 m l of d ilu te hyd rochloric acid ( 1 t 1 by
volu m e ) instead of sod iu m hyd roxid e, taking su itable p recau tions against
acid attacking the agitating ap p aratu s.

8. DETERMINATION OF GRAIN FINENESS

8.1 General -The p ercentage of grain sizes shall be d eterm ined by
sieving the d ried clay-free sand . Sifting tim e shall be at least 15 m inu tes
and the test sieves u sed shall be 3*35-m m , l-70-m m , 850-m icron, 600+m icron,
425-m icron, 300-m icron, 2 1P-m icron, 150.m icron, 106-m icron, 75-m icron
and 53-m icron IS Sieves.
8.2 Ap p aratu s - A set of Ind ian Stand ard s Sieves (see IS : 460-1962’ ).
8.3 Proced u re -Sieve 50-g of representative sam ple throu gh 11 sieves
ind icated u nd er 8.1 starting w ith the coarse sieve. Weigh ou t the sand
retained on each sieve and the p an m aterial ind ivid ually and p u t d ow n as
p ercent of the d ried u nw ashed sand .
*Specification for test sieves ( revised ) .

9
 LS : 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 6 6

8 .4 Evalu at io n o f Fin e n e s s o f S an d

8 .4 .1 Size-Frequency Curve - The size-frequ ency cu rve shall be obtained

by p lotting the p ercent of sand retained on each sieve (see Fig. 1 ).

100

90

ul
% 60
W
._
i 5 70

5
0 60
Y
z 50
L
f 40

?I
u 30
K
a 20

10
I ar

850 600 425 300 212 150 106 75 53

IS SlEVE OESIGNATIONS IN MICRONS

N OTE-Va lu e s a lo n g a bs c is s aa re p lo tte don lo g s c a le .
F ro . 1 CU RVESCON S TRU CTEDFROM SI EV E AN ALYS ISOF Tw o F OU N D RY
S AN D S TO S HOW COMP ARIS ONOF S IZE-F REQU EN CYAN D CU MU LATIVE
Cu RVES
8.4.2 Cumulative Curve -The cu m u lative cu rve p oints shall ind icate
the p ercentage of particles larger than the sieve size represented by that
p oint ( SCGFig. 1 ). The cu m u lative cu rve is alw ays sm ooth, w hereas
size frequ ency cu rve m ay not alw ays be a broken line connecting the
d ifferent sieve p oints. If a sand is taken on specification, tw o cu m u lative
curves m ay be d raw n show ing the lim iting values for each sieve. Then, if
the cu rve of the sand being tested falls betw een these tw o cnrves it shall’be
satisfactory. Finally, d ata for slit and clay m ay be p lotted as a p art af the
sam e grap h. Sieves that retain little m aterial m ay be elim inated or
ad d itional ones m ay be ad d ed w ithou t d istorting the cu rve. If there are

10
 IS : 1 9 1 8 - 1 8 6 6

fau lty sieves these shall be ind icated by a break at the sam e p oint in the
cu rve w hen d ifferent sam ples of the sam e sand arc sieved .
8.4.3 Sorting Coe# cient -A n ind ex to the sorting or d istribu tion of the
grains in a sand sam ple shall be obtained from the sorting coefficient, $,
d efined by the follow ing form u la:

w here Q1 is the size in m icrons where the cumulative curve for a

sand crosses the 25 percent retained line and Qs is the size in
microns where the curve crosses 75 p ercent retained . Sorting
coefficient is a rapid m ethod of ind icating the slope of the cu rve.
This is also a m easu re of the d istribu tion.
The range of d istribu tion nu m bers shall be from 1-O for particles of
u niform size, su ch as ball bearings to a m axim u m of abou t 10-O. Washed
and grad ed sand s shall range from l-14 to l-40 w hile natu rally bond ed
sand s are u su ally betw een I.40 and 2.50.
8.4.4 Grain Fineness N umber - It is ap p roxim ately 2.54 tim es the nu m her
of m eshes p er centim etre of that sieve w hich w ou ld allow to pass the
sam ple if its grains w ere of a u niform size, that is, the average of the sizes
of grain in the sam ple. It is ap p roxim ately p rop ortional to the su rface
area p er u nit w eight of a sand , exclusive of clay.
8.4.4.1 Calculation ofjneness number - Exp ress the w eight in gram s of
variou s sizes accord ing to the p roced u re given u nd er 8.3 as p ercentage ot ’
the original 50-g sam ple. Mu ltiply them by the m ultipliers as given in
Table 1. Ad d the p rod u cts and d ivid e the total by the su m of the percen-
ages of sand grains. The resu lt shall be the grain fineness nu m ber.

TABLE 1 MULTIPLIER FOR GRAIN FINENESS NUMBER

IS SIEVE MTJLTIPIJSB

3*35-mm 3
l-70-mm 5
850-micron 10
600-micron 20
425-micron 30
300-micron 40
2 12-micron 50
150-micron 70
106-micron 100
75-micron 140
53-micron 200
Pan 300

11
IS : 1918.1966

9. DETERMINATION OF GRAIN SHAPE

9.1 Apparatus -A low p ow er stereoscop ic m icroscop e w orking w ith
reflected light and giving m agnifications of 30 x to 60 x .
9.2 Procedure - The grain shap e shall be d eterm ined by the m icroscop ic
exam ination of a small p ortions of the grain size fractions from all the
sieves and the p an at m agnifications of 30 x to 60 x .
9.2.1 The grain shapes to be d istinguished are rou nd ed , su bangu lar,
angu lar and splintered as show n in Fig. 2. Id entification for grain shap e
shall be based on the p red om inant grain shap e of the largest fraction ( by
w eight ) of sand .

Upper Left - Angular Sand Grains

Low er Left - Subangular Sand Grains
Upper Right - Rounded Sand Grains
Low er Right - Compound and Splintered Sand Grains
Fro. 2 SAND GRAINS

12
 IS : 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 6 6

1 0 . DETERMIN ATION OF PERMEABILITY

10.0 Perm eability is d efined as that physical p rop erty of the m ou ld ed m ass
of sand m ixtu re w hich allow s gas to pass throu gh it. It is num erically
equal to the volu m e of air in millilitres that w ill pass p er m inu te u nd er a
pressu re of 1 gf/ em s throu gh a specim en of 1 em s in cross-sectional area
and 1 cm high.
1 0 .1 De t e rm in at io n o f Bas e Pe rm e abilit y - Base perm eability is the
perm eabilitv of p acked d ry sand grains containing no clay or other bond ing
su bstance.
IO.1 .I A pparatus
1 0 .1 .l .l Standard permeability meter
1 0 .1 .1 .2 Stop-watch
10.1.1.3 Standard sand rammer along w ith the stand ard specim en con-
tainer and special screens to be kep t at each end of the specimen to hold
the bond free sand in p osition in the specim en tu be. The screen shall be
sau cer shap ed , one pressed w ithin the other, the sau cer being of such
d iam eter as to ju st fit into the stand ard s ecim en container. The outer
screen shall be of m etal and p erforated w it*r: at least 100 holes at the rate
of 16 holes of I.6 m m d iam eter p er squ are centim etre.
10.1.2 Procedure -W ash the sam ple for its clay content in accordance
# w ith the m ethod given u nd er 7.3 and d ry the sand grains thorou ghly at
105” to 110%. Place a base perm eability screen, w ith sid es of the cu p
u p w ard , in the bottom of the stand ard specim en container. Place su fficient
qu antity of d ried sand in the specim en container to p rod u ce the stand ard
sand test specim en. Place the second base perm eabilitv screen, w ith sid es
of the cu p d ow nw ard , on top of the sand in the specim en container. R~w n
the specim en in accord ance w ith the m ethod given in 5.3 bbt d o not
rem ove the specim en from the container. Place the specim en co ntainer
w ith the specim en in the m ercu ry seal of the perm eability ap p aratu s. Find
ou t the tim e required for exactly 2 000 m l of air to pass throu gh the
specim en. After the pressu re has becom e stead y, read the pressu re on the
pressu re ind icator and record in gf/ cm s.
10.1.2.1 Calcu late the base perm eability nu m ber (P) of the sand from
the follow ing form u la:
vxh
p =-----
Pxaxt
w here
v 7 volu m e of air in m l passed throu gh the specim en,
h = height of the test specim en in cm ,
p = pressu re of the air in gf/ cm 2,
a = cross-sectional area of the test specim en in cm 2, and
t = tim e in m inu tes.

13
IS t 1918 - 1966

10.1.2.2 Test three speLlmens individually. The base permeability

shall be the average of three tests. If the test result of one of the test
specimens varies more than 10 percent from the average of three, this
result shall be discarded and another specimen tested.
10.2 D e te rm in a tio n o f Gre e n P e rm e a bility - The green permeability
of foundry moulding sand is the permeability of a moulded mass o f sand
in its moist or tempered condition. In other w ords, it is the permeability
of a naturally or synthetically-bonded foundry moulding sand mixture
w hich (a) has been mixed and tempered experimentally in the laboratory
or (b) has been mixed and tempered for use in the foundry,
10.2.1 A pjmatus - Same as described in 10.1.1.
10.2.2 Test Specimen - The standard test. specimen specified under 5
shall be used.
10.2.3 Procedure -Ram the standard test specimen in a specimen
container and follow the procedure as given in 10.1.2.

10.3 D e te rm in a tio n o f D ry P e rm e a bility

10.3.0 D ry permeability is defined as the permeability of a moulded
mass of sand, containing clay or binders, w hich has been completely dried
at 105” to 110°C.
10.3.1 A@mztw - Same as described in 10.1.1.
10.3.1.1 Special type of split specimen container used for ramming
test specimens ( see 5.3.2 ).
10.3.1.2 Standard d rie r
10.3.1.3 Special permeability machine attachment for the determina-
tion of dry permeability.
10.3.2 Test @ecimen - The standard test specimen specified under 5
shall be used after drying at 105” to 110°C in the drier for a period of 2
hours and cooling to room temperature in a desiccator.
10.3.3 Procedure - Using the split specimen container to hold the dried
specimen, determine the dry permeability as in 10.1.2.

11. D ETERMIN ATION OF TEN S ILE 8TREN GTII

11.0 The tensile strength of a moulding sand mixture is the maximum
tensile stress w hich the sand mixture k capable of sustaining w hen pre-
pared, rammed and tested according to standard procedures.
11.1 D etermi~tlon of W l,ensila ltrengtb -Green tensne
strength is the tensile strength of a foundry sand mixture in the moist or
tempered condition.

14
 IS : 1 9 1 8- 1 9 6 6

1 1 .1 .1 A@m z t u ~ -Dead w eight typ e of universal sand strength testing

m achine or spring typ e of sand strength testing m achine.
1 1 .1 .2 Test Q ecimen - A specially d esigned specim en tu be shall be
u sed for m aking the stand ard test specim en (see 5.2 ). It shall be a tw o-
p art tu be d esigned so that the specim en m ay rem ain in the tu be d u ring
testing and the tw o halves of the tu be read ily separate ap p roxim ately at
the m id d le of the specim en w hen it fails ( see Fig. 3 ).
11.1.2.1 In preparing the test specim en the specim en tu be is placed
on its ped estal cap and the tu be carefully filled w ith the correct w erght of
sand to be tested . The specim en tu be and ped estal cap are then placed
d irectly beneath the ram m er and ram m ed accord ing to the p roced u re
given u nd er 5.3.

FIG. 3 S PECIMEN TUBE FOR DETERMIN IN GGREEN AND TENS ILE

S TRENGTH OF FOUNDRY S ANDS
1 1 .1 .3 Procedure - Place the ram m ed specim en contained in the speci-
m en tu be in the specim en tu be hold er and hold firmly by m eans of tw o
clam p screw s. Ap p lV a u niform load along the axis of stand ard test
specim en at the rate not exceed ing I.5 f O-5 gf/ m m * p er m inu te u ntil the
specim en breaks. Record . the breaking Ioad in gram s and caIcu late the

15
tensile strength in kgf/ cm & by d ivid ing the breaking load w ith area of
ru p tu re section.
11.1.3.1 An average of three tensile tests shall be taken. If the test
resu lt of one of the three varies m ore than 10 p ercent from the average of
three, this resu lt shall be d iscard ed and another sp ecim en tested .
11.2 D e te rm iu a tio n o f D ry Te n s ile S tre n g th - Dry tensile strength is
the tensile strength of a fou nd ry sand m ixtu re w hich has been d ried at
105” to 110°C and cooled to room tem p eratu re in a d esiccator.
11.2.1 A pparatus - Sam e is d escribed in 11 .l.l together w ith a stand ard
d rier.
11.2.2 Test Qecimen - The stand ard test sp ecim en contained in the
sp ecim en tu be (see 11.1.2 and 11.1.2.1 ) shall be Gsed after d rying at
105” to 1 10% in a d rier for a p eriod of 2 hou rs or u ntil d ry, and cooling
to room tem p eratu re.
11.2.3 Procedure - Test the d ried sp ecim en in the sp ecim en tu be as
u nd er 11.1.3. In this test the rate of load ing shall not exceed 10.0 f l-5
gf/ m m 2 p er m inu te.

12. D ETERMIN ATION OF COMP RES S ION S TREN GTH

12.1 D e te rm izs a tio n o f Gre e n Co m p re s s io n S tre n g th - The gree-

com p ression strength of a fou nd ry m ou ld ing sand is the m axim u m com -
p ressive stress in gf/ m m 2 w hich the sand in u nbaked cond ition is cap able
of w ithstand ing.
12.1.1 A pparatus - Dead w eight typ e of u niversal sand strength testim p
m achine or sp ring typ e of sand strength testing m achine.
12.1.2 Test Specimen - The stand ard test sp ecim en sp ecified in 5 shall br.
u sed .
12.1.3 Procedure - Ram a stand ard test sp ecim en and strip it fron, the
sp ecim en container. Place the test sp ecim en in the com p ression m achine
in su ch a m anner that the top of the sp ecim en as ram m ed in the sp ecim en
container rests against the u p p er head of the m achine. Ap p ly a u niform
load against the p lane faces ‘of the sp ecim en so that the force is axial at a
rate of 2 1 f 4 gf/ m m z p er m inu te u ntil the sp ecim en breaks. Record the
load at ru p tu re.
12.1.3.1 Calcu late the green com p ression strength from the follow ing
form u la:-

Green com p ression strength, gf/ m m s =$

w here
F = load at ru p tu re in gf, and
A = cross-sectional area of the test sp ecim en in mm*.

16
 IS : 1918 - 1966

12.1.3.2 Test three specim ens ind ivid ually. The com pressive strength
shall be the average of three tests. If the test resu lt of one of the specim ens
varies by m ore than 10 p ercent, from the average of the three this resu lt
shall be d iscard ed and another specim en tested .
12.2 D e te rm in a tio n o f D ry a n d B a k e d Co m p re s s io n S tre n g th - Dry
com p ression strength is the m axim u m com pressive stress in gf/ m m * w hich
a d ry sand m ixtu re is cap able of d eveloping. In case the test specim en has
been baked at a specified tem p eratu re above 1 lO”C, the m axim u m com -
pressive stress in gf/ m m a d eveloped is know n as ‘baked com p ression
strength ’
12.2.1 A j~aratus - Same as specified in 12.1.1.
12.2.2 Test SjM cimen - The stand ard test specim en specified in 5 shall be
u sed .
12.2.2.1 Drying - When tile test is applied to sand s for u se in green
sand m ou ld s, the specim en shall be d ried on a flat, rigid p late in a venti-
lated oven and allow ed to cool to room tem p eratu re in a d esiccator. Test
the specim en after it has reached the room tem p eratu re.
12.2.2.2 Baking - When the test is applied to sand s u sed for d ry
sand m ou ld ing or to other m ixtu res w hich w ou ld norm ally be baked at a
tem p eratu re higher than 1 lo’%, a baking tem p eratu re and tim e w hich is
su itable for that particu lar m ixtu re shou ld be u sed .
12.2.3 Proced u re-The stand ard test specim en after rem oval from the
specim en container shall be d ried or baked and cooled as specified
in 12.2.2. The specim en shou ld be placed in the ap p aratu s w ith the sam e
sid e against the com p ression head w hich w as u p p erm ost in the specim en
container d u ring ram m ing. Ap p ly a u niform load against the plain
su rfaces of the specim en 50 that the force is axial at a rate of 100 f 15
gf/ m m a p er m inu te, u ntil the specim en breaks. Record the load at ru p tu re.
Calcu late the d ry or baked com p ression strength as u nd er 12.1.3.1.

13. D ETERMIN ATION OF S HEAR S TREN GTH

13.1 D e te rm in a tio n o f Gre e n S h e a r S tre n g th - The green shear

strength of sand is the m axim u m shear stress w hich a tem p ered sand m ix-
tu re is cap able of d eveloping.
13.1.1 A fiparatus - Universal stand ard sand testing m achine w $h shear
strength attachm ent.
13.1.2 Test Specimen - The stand ard test specim en specified in 5 shall
be used.
13.1.3 Procedure-Ram a stand ard test specim en and strip from thr
specim en container. Place the specim en betw een the shear head s of the

17
IS t 1918 - 1966

m achine in su ch a w ay that the load is applied along a line throu gh its

axis. Ap p ly a u niform load to the d iam etrically op p osite halves of the tw o
plain sqfaces of the specim en at the. rate of 17 .f 4 gf/ m m a p er m inu te.
Record the breaking load in kg and c&d late the shear strength in gf/ m m 2
by d i ‘id ing the breaking load by area of ru p tu re section.
1“s .1.3.I Test three specim ens ind ivid ually. The sheer strength shall
be the average of three tests. If the test resu lt of one of the specim ens
varied m ore than 10 p ercent, from the average of the three, this resu lt
shall be :d iscard ed and another specim en tested .
13.2 D e te rm in a tio n o f D ry S h e a r S tre n g th - The m ethod given in 13.1
shall be em p loyed for the d eterm ination of d ry shear strength, excep t
that the test specim en shall be d ried at 105’ to 110°C for 2 hou rs or u ntil
d ried , and allow ed to cool in a d esiccator to room tem p eratu re before
testing.

14. D ETERMIN ATION OF B U LK D EN S ITY

14.1 D e te rm in a tio n o f B u lk D e n s ity B e fo re Co m p re s s io n
14.1.1 Procedure -Take 500 g ,of tem p ered sand m ixtu re as p rep ared
u nd er 4 and allow it to fall in a one-litre m easu ring cylind er throu gh a
p erforated d isc rotating slow ly at the 1 000 m l m ark. After the w hole sand
has d rop p ed into the m easu ring flask, even ou t the sand su rface by slightly
pressing w ith the p erforated d isc. The ratio of the m ass of the sand to
the volu m e occu p ied by it w ill represent the bu lk d ensity before com p res-
sion in gram s p er millilitre ( g/ m l ).

14.2 D e te rm in a tio n o f B u lk D e n s ity a fte r Co m p re s s io n

14.2.1 Apparat us - Stand ard ram m er and physical balance.

14.2.2 Test S’ecimen - The stand ard test specim en specified in 5 shall be
u sed .
14.2.3 Procedure - Ram a stand ard test specim en as given in 5.3. ,Weigh
it in a balance and also calcu late. its volu m e from its d im ensions. The ratio
of the w eight of the specim en to tne volu m e w ill give the bu lk d ensity
after com p ression in g/ m l.

15. .D ETERMIN ATION OF GREEN MOU LD S U RF ACE HARD N ES S

15.0 Green m ou ld su rface hard ness is the &stance offered by the su rface
of a green sand m ou ld to p enetration .by a load ed p lu nger.
I .l Ap p aratns- Stand ard m ou ld su rface hard ness tester.
I 1X1.1 Test SpeGimn - The stand ard test specim en specified in 5 shall be
u sed .

18
 IS : 1918 - 1966

15.1.2 Procedure- B&g the unloaded plunger of the tester in contact

w ith the mould surface. Apply the load to the plunger and read the hard -
ness number, on the graduated dial of the testing apparatus.
N OTE -The test is performed on standard test specimen pxpared as given in 5 or on
the mould itself. The test should be performed immediately after the specimen is
stripped from the tube or the pattern is w ithdraw n from the mould.

16. D ETERMIN ATION OF F LOWAB ILITY

16.0 In general the term ‘ flow ability’ refers to the movement of sand
grains w hen they are subjected to moulding forces.

16.1 Ap p a ra tu s -Standard sand rammer together w ith the standard

flow ability meter.

16.2 Te s t S p e c im e n - The standard test specimen specified in 5 shall be

used.

16.3 Procedure - Read the percent flow ability on the dial of the flow -
ability meter after. the fifth drop of the ramming w eight. The stem of the
flow ability meter rests against the top of the plunger of the rammer and
registers the movement of the rammer plunger betw een the fourth and fifth
drops as percentage flow ability.

16.3.1 Test three specimens individually. The flow ability number shalt
be the average of three tests. If the test result of one of the specimens varies
more than 10 percent from the average of three, this result shall be dir-
carded and another specimen tested.

17. D ETERMIN ATION OF S HATTER IN D EX

17.1 Te s t S p eci m en - T h e standard test specimen specified in 5 shall be

used.

17.2 P ro c e d u re -Ra m a standard test specimen by 10 blow s in accord-

ance w ith the method given in 5.3 and allow it to fall from a height of
1 830 mm. Collect the portion of the sand retained on. 12-mm IS Sieve.
The percent w eight retained shall be the shatter index.

18. D ETERMIN ATION OF S IN TERIN G P OIN T

18.1 D e te rm in a tio n o f S in te ria g P o in t o f Hig h -S ilic a S a n d - Sinter-

ing point of high-silica sand shall be determined in accordance w ith the
method given under 3 of IS : 1526-1962+.
*Methods of sampling and physical tests for refractory materiala.

19
 ls:1918-1966

18.2 Determination of Sintering Point of Foundry Sand Mixtures

X8.2.1 Afibaratus
18.2.1.1 Porcelain combustion boats - of 75 to 90 mm length and 10 to
15 mm width.
18.2.1.2 Electric furnace- with a testing temperature of at least 1 500°C.
18.2.2 Procedure - Loosely filI the sand sample in the combustion boat
and place the boat in the hot zone of the electric furnace. When tempera-
ture has reached 1 000°C keep the temperature constant for at least 3
minutes. Take out the boat from the furnace, cool and observe whether
the sintering of the sand grain has started. If not sintered, replace the
combustion boat in the furnace and continue the test with temperature
increments of 50°C till sintering occurs. Keep the combustion boat at each
particular temperature for at least 3 minutes. After cooling, examine
the sand sample for sintering by scraping or visual examination with a
magnifier or microscope.
18.2.3 Determination of ‘A’ Sintering Point of Foundry Sand Mixtures - ‘A
sintering point is the lowest temperature at which the ribbon used in the
sintering test makes a ‘V’ when lifted off the sand specimen.
NOTE -Th e ‘V’ determination is applicable to practically all types of sands except
sands w ith very low dry atnngth.

18.2.3.1 Apparatus -Standard equipment for the deten&ation of ‘A’

sintering point,
18.2.3.2 TdSt specimen -The standard test specimen as specified in 5
and dried for at least one hour at 105” to 110%.
18.2.3.3 Procedure - Place the sand specimen in position in the sinter-
ing apparatus under the platinum ribbon heater. Centre the specimen
between the platinum ribbon holder terminals and place the platinum
ribbon in contact with the rounded surface of the sand specimen, allowing
170-g load to be ap lied to the ribbon. Sight the optical pyrometer on the
central part of the pPatinum ribbon and adjust it to read the desired tempe-
rature. Allow for the emissivity of platinum as given in Table 2. Pass an
electfic current through the platinum ribbon and adjust the variable resia-
tance%so that the brightness of the platinum ribbon matches the brightness
of the. filament or dot in the optical pyrometer, which has been set at the
desired temperature. Heat to rquired temperature in about 30 seconds
and start a stop-watch and allow the heated ribbon to remain in contact
with the specimen to cool for exactly 15 seconds. Lift up the ribbon holder
and ribbon MXI observe whether the ribbon adheres to the sand specimen
and makes a ‘V? when it is lifted. Rotate the specimen about 50 mm to
a fresh surface and again place the platinum ribbon in contact with the
speciinen. All adhermg material should be removed from the ribbon
by scraping or dissolving in hydrofluoric acid after each individual

20
 IS t 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 6 6

d eterm ination. If the ribbon d id not m ake a ‘V’ rep eat the above p roced u re,
this tim e increasing the.tru e tem p eratu re by abou t 23 d eg. This corresp ond s
to an increase in the observed tem p eratu re of abou t 22 d eg. The actu al
valu es shou ld be taken from Table 2. Rep eat the above p roced u re either
by increasing or d ecreasing the tru e tem p eratu re by increm ents or d ecre-
m ents of 25 d eg, u ntil ribbon d oes not m ake a d efinite ‘ V ’ at one tem p era-
tu re, bu t d oes at the next higher tem p eratu re. The low est tru e tem p eratu re
at w hich the p latinu m ribbon m akes a d efinite ‘V’ w hen lifted off the sand
sp ecim en 15 second s after the 4lm inu te heating p eriod is the <A’ sintering
p oint.

TABLE 2 TE MP E RATURE CORRE CTIONS F OR E MISSIVITY OF P LATINUM

( Cla u se 18.2.3.3 )

OBS EBVED TEMPEEATUFCE TBUE TE~~PEBATURE

OC “C

917 1000
939 1 025
961 1 050
1 005 1 075
1 027 1 125
1 048 1 150
1 070 1 175
1 091 1 200
1 113 1 225
1 134 1 250
1 156 1 275
1 177 1 300
1 199 1 325
1 220 1 350
1 242 1 375
1 263 1 400
1 284 1 425
1 305 1 450
1 326 1 475
1 348 1 500
1 369 1 525
1 390 1 550
1411 1 575
I 432 1 600
k 452 1 625
1 473 1 650
1 494 1 675
1515 1 700
1 536 1 725

21
IS : 1918 - 1966

18.2.4 Determination of ‘B’ Sintering Point of Foundry Sand M ixtures - ‘B

sintering p oint is the low est tem p eratu re at w hich the smaller sand grains
show signs of fusion.
18.2.4.1 A pparatus -Same as specified in 18.2.3.1.
18.2.4.2 Test specimen - The stand ard test specim en specified in 5
shall be u sed .
18.2.4.3 Procedure -The m ethod to be ad op ted shah be the sam e as
for the ‘A’ sintering p oint test, excep t that the p latinu m ribbon shall be
lifted from the sand specim en im m ed iately after the electric cu rrent is shu t
off, so as to preserve the su rface in contact w ith the ribbon. The ‘B’
sintering p oint is the low est tem p eratu re w hich cau ses traces of fu sion to be
seen at 20 to 25 d iam eter m agnification. In the scraper m ethod 2 m inu te
interval shall be allow ed after tu rning of the electric cu rrent before
lifting the p latinu m ribbon from the sand specim en. The ribbon is rem oved
from the hold er, placed on a flat p late and scraped . The ‘B’ sintering
p oint by this m ethod shall be the low est tem p eratu re w hich necessitates
50 passes of a m echanical scraper to rem ove the sand from the ribbon. The
scraper shall be of su ch d esign as to ap p ly 113 g load to a knife-ed ge in
contact w ith the ribbon d u ring scraping. The knife-ed ge shall be at 140’
angle w ith the plane of the ribbon.

SECT I ON 3 M ET H ODS OF PH Y SI CA L T EST S FOR

FOU N DRY CORE SA N DS

19. DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT

19.1 Direct Weight Method - Same as given in 6.1.
19.2 Calcium Carbide Method - Same as given in 6.2.

20. DETERMINATION OF CLAY CONTENT

20.1 Sam e as given in 7.

21. DETERMINATION OF GRAIN FINENESS

21.1 Sam e as given in 8.

22. DETERMINATION OF GRAIN SHAPE

22.1 Sam e as given in 9.

23. DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY

23.1 D e te rm in a tio n o f B a s e P e rm e a bility - Sam e as given in 10.1.

22
 IS : 1918 - 1966

23.2 D e te rm in a tio n o f Gre e n P e rm e a bility - Sam e as given in 10.2.

23.3 D e te rm in a tio n o f D ry P e rm e a bility - Sam e as given in 10.3.
23.4 D e te rm in a tio n o f B a k e d P e rm e a bility - Baked perm eability is
the perm eability of a m ou ld ed m ass of sand baked at a tem p eratu re higher
than 110°C and then cooled to room tem p eratu re.
23.4.1 A@aratus - The ap p aratu s specified in 10.3.1 and a core baking
oven of the’follow ing specificaiion: -
The oven shall be cap able of giving u niform tem p eratu re u p to
320°C and shall be equ ip p ed w ith au tom atic regu lator to m aintain
an even and u niform oven tem p eratu re w ith a variation not greater
than 5 d eg over the entire tem p eratu re range. Openings shall be
provid ed throu gh w hich baked cores m ay be rem oved at d ifferent
intervals, w hen testing for baking tim e, w ithou t cau sing a d rop in
tem p eratu re of m ore than 5 d eg. The inp u t of heat shall be su ch
that., after p u tting in the charge, the oven shall retu rn to the d esired
baking tem p eratu re in 20 m inu tes.
23.4.2 Test Specimen - Sam e as specified in 10.3.2.
23.4.3 Procedure - Sam e as specified in 10.3.3.
N OTE -The permeability needed for a given core depends on the amount of gas-
forming materials in the sand mixture used.

, 24. D ETERMIN ATION OF S TREN GTH

24.1 Gre e n Co m p re s s io n S tre n g th - Sam e as given in 12.1.

24.2 B a k e d Co m p re s s io n S tre n g th - Sam e as given in 12.2.
24.3 Determ ination of Baked Te n s ile S tre n g th -Th e baked tensile
strength of a core sand m ixtu re is the m axim u m tensile stress in gf/ m m 2
w hich a core m ad e ou t of this m ixtu re w ill d evelop in the baked cond ition.
It is an ind ex to core breakage and is a fu nction of the typ e of bind er used.
24.3.1 Apparatus
24.3.1.1 Universal standard sand testing machine - w ith tensile strength
attachm ent.
24.3.1.2 Standard sand rammer-with the equ ip m ent for m aking
briqu ette typ e of special test specim ens.
24.3.1.3 Standard baking ovenfor core
24.3.2 Test Specimens
24.3.2.1 The test specim ens shall be of shap e and d im ensions given in
Fig. 4 or shall have a ru p tu re section or of 22.36 x 22.36 m m that is 5 cm 2.

23
IS : I918 - 1 9 6 6

k-44*5----/ -+25*4:.4t---
All d im ensions in m ilhm etres.
FIG. 4 TEST SPECIMENS FOR TESTING TENSILE STRBNGTH OF
CORESANDMIXTURE

24.3.2.2 A tw o-p art m etal core box, provid ed w ith a load ing hop p er,
ram m ing p late, and ram m er head w hich m ay be attached to a stand ard
ram m er u sed for m aking test specim en.
24.3.2.3 Baking of t est specimens- Bake a nu m ber of test specim ens
u nd er the follow ing cond itions:
a) at 180°C for 2, 1, l+, 2 and 2+ h,
b) at 223°C for 4, 1, l), 2 and 2) h, and
c) at 250°C for 4, 1, l), 2 and 24 h.
24.3.2.4 After baking allow the core specim ens ro COOI,preferably in a
d esiccator. Any test specim ens show ing an im p erfection shall be rejected .
Caliper each test specim en t o check d im ensions. Reject the specim ens if
any d im ension is not w ithin &5 p ercent. The specim en shall be tested
as soon as possible after having reached room tem p eratu re.
24.3.3 Procedure - Fit the grips for pu lling tensile test specim ens in the
universal testing m achine. Place the specim en into the grip of .the
m achine in su ch a w ay that it is grip p ed u niform ly along w ith the lateral
su rfaces and so that the load is applied along a line throu gh its axis.
Ap p ly load at the rate of 40 f 5 gf/ m m s p er m inu te. Record the break-
ing load in kilogram s and calcu late the tensile strength in gf/ m m 2, by
d ivid ing the breaking load w ith area of ru p tu re section.
24.3.3.1 An average of the three tensile tests at each baking tim e and
tem p eratu re ( see 24.3.2.3 ) shall be taken. If the test resu lt of one of the
three varies m ore than 10 p ercent from the average of three, this resu lt
shall be d iscard ed and another specim en tested . From these results the
op tim u m baking tem p eratu re and tim e to get the m axim u m tensile strength
shall be d ed u ced .

24
 IS : 1918 - 1966

24.4 Hu m id ity Te s t a n d D e te rm in a tio n o f th e Lo s s of Baked

S tre n g th U n d e r Hu m id Co n d itio n s
24.4.1 A pfiaratus - Sam e as specified in 24.3.1.
24.4.1.1 Humidity chamber - See Fig. 5.

All d im ensions in millimetres.

FIG. 5 HUMIDITY TES T CHAMBER ( S HELF AREA 500 x 375 m m AP P ROX)

24.4.2 Test Specimens - The test specim ens specified in 24.3.2 shall be
u sed .
24.4.3 Procedure-Bake a su fficient nu m ber of stand ard tensile test
specim ens at the op tim u m tem p eratu re for the op tim u m period of tim e
( see 24.3.2.1). Cool them to room tem p eratu re in a d esiccator. Test
three sam ples to give average tensile strength. Place the rem aining test

25
IS : 1918 - 1966

sp ecim ens in the hu m id ity cham ber, and test for tensile strength, three at a
tim e after 1, 2, 4 and 8 hou rs in hu m id atm osp here. Find the average loss
in tensile strength, and p lot as a p ercentage of the original, tensile strength
of the sp ecim ens w ith the tim e interval.

24.5 D e te rm in a tio n of Baked Tra n s v e rs e S tre n g th - The baked

transverse strength of a core is the load p er u nit area requ ired to break a
stand ard test bar of sp ecified d im ensions m ad e ou t of core-sand m ixtu re,
w hen the load is ap p lied m id w ay betw een the end s of the test bar.

24.5.1 A fiparatus
24.5.1.1 Universal testing machine - w ith the attachm ent for transverse
test.
24.5.1.2 Standard sand rammer
24.5.1.3 Special core box assembly - w ith a d rier p late and hop p er and
a ram m er head to be attached w ith the stand ard ram m er.
24.5.1.4 Standard baking oven

24.5.2 Test Specimens

24.5.2.1 The test bar shall have the d im ensions 25.4 x 25.4 x
203.2 m m or having a squ are section of 22.36 x 22.36 mm, that is, a sec-
tion of 5 Am 2 and a length of abou t 170 mm.
24.5.2.2 Ram three test bars and strip them from the core box on a
core p late. Bake the test sp ecim ens at the op tim u m tem p eratu re for the
op tim u m p eriod .
24.5.3 Procedure - Place the test sp ecim ens on the su p p orts of the testing
m achine in the sam e relative p osition in w hich it w as baked . Ap p ly a load
m id w ay betw een su p p orts at the rate of 80 & 12 gf/ m m 2 p er m inu te.
Record the breaking load in gram s.
24.5.3.1 Calcu late the transverse strength from the follow ing form u la:
3 WI
Transverse strength, gf/ m m 2 = 2

w here
W = total load in gf at w hich the failu re occu rs,
1= d istance betw een su p p orts in mm,
b = w id th of the test sp ecim en in mm, and
d = thickness of the test sp ecim en in mm.
24.5.3.2 An average of the resu lts of three tests cond u cted on three
ind ivid u al test sp ecim ens shall be rep orted as the transverse strength. If
the test resu lt of one of the test sp ecim ens varies, m ore than 10 p ercent
from the average of the three, this resu lt shall be d iscard ed and another
sp ecim en tested .

26
 IS : 1918 - 1966

25. DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY

25.1 Sam e as given in 14.

26. DETERMINATION OF BAKED SCRATCH HARDNESS

26.0 Baked scratch hard ness is a m easu re of the ability of the core to
w ithstand abrasion d u ring the hand ling op eration from the baking oven to
the m ou ld . A core w ith high scratch hard ness is m ore likely to go into
the m ou ld w ith its ed ges and su rfaces having the exact contou rs of the
core box. All other things being equ al, a core w hich has a low scratch
hard ness m ay be abrad ed in hand ling and therefore give a casting w hich
has a p oorer su rface finish then d esired .

26.1 Ap p aratu s - Stand ard baked core hard ness tester.

26.1 .l Test Specimens - The hard ness shall be tested on the tensile or
transverse test specim ens baked at op tim u m tem p eratu re for the op tim u m
period (see 24.3.2 and 24.3.2.3 ).
26.1.2 Procedure - H old the hard ness tester in the right hand and press
it against the su rface of the test specim en. This w ill give an ind entation
hard ness value. Slow ly pu ll the tester across the su rface t o be tested ,
m aking su re that the knife-ed ge is parallel to the long ed ge of the tester.
The hard ness of the su rfaces w ill be ind icated on the d ial. Perform the
test at three d ifferent locations over the specim en and the average of three
su ch read ings shall be record ed as hard ness nu m ber.

27. DETERMIN ATION OF GAS GEN ERATED IN A CORE DUR-

IN G BAKIN G

27.0 The am ou nt of gas generated w ithin a core d u ring baking, p ou ring

and solid ification of the m etal is ,of consid erable im p ortance offou nd ry-
m en. Since am p le ‘ venting ’ of cores and m ou ld s has to be provid ed for
rem oval of this gas, both the volu m e of gas and the rate at w hich it is
evolved are im p ortant.

27.1 Apparatus - Core gas d eterm inator w ith accessories.

27.1.1 Test Sample - Broken halves of baked tensile or transverse test

specim ens shall be u sed . Dry all specim en m aterial to constant w eight at
105’ to 110°C and cool in a d esiccator. Ru b tw o sections of the core
specim ens together over a su itable piece of p ap er in ord er to obtain a cross-
sectional representative sam ple, alternatively core sand m ay be pulverized
+o pass entirely throu gh 1*70-m m IS Sieve ( SW IS : 460-1962* ).
*Specification for test sieves ( revised).

27
IS : 1918 - 1966

27.1.2 Procedure -W eigh accu rately abou t 2 to 3 g of the test sam p le in

tared com bu stion boat or su itable cru cible w hich has been p re-heated and
cooled in a d esiccator. Keep it in a d esiccator betw een the tim e of w eigh-
ing and testing.
27.1.3 Place the sam p le in the com bu stion tu be and heat it in an
atm osp here of carbon d ioxid e or nitrogen ( non-oxid izing ) at 1 000°C and
collect the gas evolved . Record the volu m e of the gas collected in the
bu rette after every 30 second s. Record also the final volu m e of the gas
evolved . This m ay requ ire as m u ch as 10 to 12 m inu tes..
27.1.3.1 Calcu late the volu m e in m illilitres of gas evolved p er gram of
the sam p le from the follow ing form u la:
Total corrected gas volu m e in m l
Gas in m l/ g =
Sam p le w eight in g

If it is d esired to red u ce the volu m e of gas to N TP ( norm al tem p era-

tu re and p ressu re ), correction shall be m ad e for m ean barom etric p ressu re
and tem p eratu re.
27.1.3.2 For the rate of gas evolu tion, d ivid e the gas volu m e by the
sam p le w eight to obtain the read ing in m l/ g, for each tim e interval. Plot
these vaIu es against tim e interval to ind icate the rate of gas evolu tion.

28. DETERMINATION OF SINTERING POINT

28.1 Sam e as given in 18.2.

28
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 AMENDMENT NO. 1 JANUARY 2013
TO
IS 1918 : 1966 METHODS OF PHYSICAL TESTS FOR
FOUNDRY SANDS
(Page 8, clause 7.3.1.1) — Insert the following Note at the end of the clause:

NOTE — The least count for weighing shall be commensurate with maximum permissible clay
content. For example, least count 0.01 g for maximum of 0.2 percent clay content based on a sample
of size 50 grams.

A table as guide for ready reference of the user, for sample size 50 g is given below:

Upper Limit Least Count

Percent g g
Equal to or more than 20 > 10 1
Equal to or more than 10, > 5, up to 10 0.5
up to 20
Equal to or more than 2, > 1, up to 5 0.1
up to 10
Equal to or more than 1, up to 2 > 0.5, up to 1 0.05
Equal to or more than 0.2, > 0.1, up to 0.5 0.01
up to 1
Equal to or more than 0.1, > 0.05, up to 0.1 0.005
up to 0.2
Less than 0.1 < 0.05 0.001

(MTD 14)
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India