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CHAPTER I
RATIONALE
Today, we can clearly see the slow killing of Mother nature. Destructions are
everywhere. Air, water and even land pollution. We have no escape. As students,
something, in our smallest little ways, to help preserve our only home. We are
or Natural Insecticide. We all know, that our Ozone layer is getting thinner and
thinner every time because of the chemicals we use daily. Now, to lessen the
problem in our Ozone layer, we are going to study about the use of natural
insecticides that are CFC-free. We can not only protect and help preserve our
environment, we can also be sure that our plants and crops are healthy too. Here,
retard the growth of pests that damage or interfere with the growth of crops,
shrubs, trees, timber and other vegetation desired by humans. This is the best
substitute to synthetic insecticides that can harm our planet. A synthetic insecticide
can contain poisons and toxins that are not found in a natural insecticide. These can
be harmful to living things other than the insects they were intended for. Synthetic
chemical insecticides often contain ingredients that kill beneficial insects. These
insects may be bees that pollinate fruits and vegetables. They may be ladybugs or
butterflies, which are also helpful to have in a garden. A natural insecticide will
pesticides. This means using nature's tools to grow your plants, fruits, and
vegetables. It's a way of being kinder to the earth. Using natural insecticides is a
part of that process and has grown in popularity. If done properly, it costs less. If
you learn to grown or produce your own insecticides, you're also aiding the eco-
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system by not putting man-made chemicals into the dirt and air. You can help
reduce the negative effect on the ozone layer by doing your part to help nature. In
our modern technology today, you can look on the internet for the most trusted and
There are many alternatives in making a natural insecticide, in our group, we have
decided to use a Liquid soap recipe way of creating a natural and organic
insecticide. Soap sounds harmless enough. We wash our bodies with it, wash our
dishes with it, and blow bubbles with it. What you need are Spray bottles,
Biodegradable liquid dish soap, Lemon or orange essential oil, Cooking oil,
Baking soda, Garlic, Chili powder, Water. It is as easy as that! And it is cheaper
than the synthetic ones.
those who use them. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides
reach a destination other than their target species, including nontarget species, air,
water, bottom sediments, and food. Though there can be benefits using pesticides,
inappropriate use can counterproductively increase pest resistance and kill the
natural enemies of pests. Pesticides can contaminate unintended land and water
when they are sprayed aerially or allowed to run off fields, or when they escape
suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially
temperature and relative humidity change the spread of the pesticide in the air. As
wind velocity increases so does the spray drift and exposure. Also, droplets of
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sprayed pesticides or particles from pesticides applied as dusts may travel on the
wind to other areas, or pesticides may adhere to particles that blow in the wind,
such as dust particles. Ground spraying produces less pesticide drift than aerial
spraying does. Pesticides that are sprayed on to fields and used to fumigate soil can
give off chemicals called volatile organic compounds, which can react with other
other hydrocarbons from the atmosphere. Pesticide residues have also been found
those allowable for drinking water in some samples of river water and
groundwater. There are four major routes through which pesticides reach the
water: it may drift outside of the intended area when it is sprayed, it may percolate,
or leach, through the soil, it may be carried to the water as runoff, or it may be
spilled, for example accidentally or through neglect. They may also be carried to
water by eroding soil. Factors that affect a pesticide's ability to contaminate water
include its water solubility, the distance from an application site to a body of water,
weather, soil type, presence of a growing crop, and the method used to apply the
chemical. The use of pesticides also decreases the general biodiversity in the soil.
Many of the chemicals used in pesticides are persistent soil contaminants, whose
impact may endure for decades and adversely affect soil conservation. Degradation
and sorption are both factors which influence the persistence of pesticides in soil.
Depending on the chemical nature of the pesticide, such processes control directly
the transportation from soil to water, and in turn to air and our food.
In this project, we aim to help reduce and stop this poisoning to species, organisms
and other elements that are threatened including the risk of human health because
of synthetic insecticides.
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Statement of the Hypothesis
pesticide. The two natural pesticides are a spray made from chili peppers and one
made from garlic. These are commonly used among gardeners as repellents. With
chili, it is the hot chillies that make the most effective repellent. Garlic's strong
odor can also act as a repellent. With the synthetic insecticides, look for one that
works against general pests, such as aphids, caterpillars, beetles. Evidence of these
pests can be seen in the holes they bore or bits of leaves that they have munched.
Aphids will leave a sticky residue on the leaves. The synthetic pesticide product
will better prevent pests from harming the plants than the biopesticides.
Theoretical Framework/Conceptual
Safety defines much of the home life, and pesticides do an impeccable work of
endangering it. With the influx of insecticides and anti-pest products in the market
today (and the easy access that comes with the trade), exposure has just become a
looming prospect. One fact of life is that apart from your family, you’re sharing
your home with a diverse array of pests: ants in the cupboard, wasps in your
sunroom, termites in the cabinets, or maybe bugs having their own little party in
your garden.
Your first instinct, of course, is to run to the store and get the most effective
But little do you know that the dangers of pesticides are much bigger than the ones
you’re trying to solve. These pesticides – 4.5 billion pounds of which are used
annually as reported in 2001 – tend to spread easily, stay suspended in the air, and
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contaminate the areas in and out of your home, adversely affecting your children,
pets, and the lush plant life around you. (Dr. Mercola)
diverse and rich. Not only can it be used to prevent various crop pests, it can also
be used to prevent various diseases in livestock, poultry and fish. Apart from
fumigation), it also has other unique effects (antifeedant effect, repellent effect,
ovicidal, infertility, etc.). For example, it interferes the growth of pests, causes
prolonged larval stages, resulting in the increase in adverse natural effects; it can
reduce the ratio of pests; and it reduces the population of insects over winter. (Xu
A number of studies conducted in the U.S. and abroad have shown that botanical
Botanicals use essential oils from plants known to have natural insecticidal
properties, such as chrysanthemum, garlic, sweet flag and clove. Not only do these
natural avengers zap the bad bugs, they are also harmless to humans and the
environment. (FoxNews.com)
Unlike synthetic options, biopesticides are naturally occurring products derived
from materials like plants and microorganisms (think bacteria and fungi). In most
cases, biopesticides are less toxic than conventional pesticides, making the food
safer for people who eat it and those who grow it. Biopesticides generally affect
only the target pests, compared to broad spectrum, conventional pesticides that
may cause harm to birds, insects, mammals, and other organisms. They often
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decompose quickly, and reduce the likelihood that pests and plant pathogens will
Definition of Terms
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CHAPTER II
Related Literature and Studies
This research study cited articles which are relevant to the present investigation. It
is composed of related literature and studies both local and foreign, which contain
explanations and logical connections between previous researches and the present
work.
Insecticides have been used for centuries to fight unwanted pests. There are several
natural (plant) insecticides that have been widely used, although compared with
modern synthetics the plant substances are relatively weak. One benefit of a plant
insecticide is that many of them are biodegradable. More than 1500 species of
plants have been reported to have insecticidal value, and many more exist, but two
Rotenone. Before World War I, agricultural nations were ignorant about the plants
that contain rotenone. Rotenone was a mysterious and an unidentified fish poison
(barbasco) of the deep forests of Sounth America were natives collected roots of a
viney shrub, Lonchocarpus nicou, and threw the crushed roots into small streams
and pools. The chemical in the root stunned the fish and caused them to float to the
surface, where the fish were easily collected. Humans were not poisoned by
consuming rotenone, which is only toxic in very large doses. Use of rotenone as a
fish poison became widespread in the 20th century, and it was immortalized in
1954 when a boat captain just happened to have a rotenone on board to stupefy a
“monster” in Creature from the Black Lagoon.
The South American rotenone-bearing, leguminous plant is not known now from
of Brazil and Peru. In the Far East, particularly in Java and Sumatra, a closely
related legume, Derris elliptica, which also contains rotenone, was used as an
arrow poison. Derris, which has been grown commercially in Puerto Rico, has
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lower yields of rotenone than does Lonchocarpus. Rotenone also occurs in the
Rotenone is found in resin ducts, which occur in the phloem and xylem. The root is
dried to 20% moisture content and then shipped to buyer countries. Rotenone is a
terpene; it was applied as a spray on fruits and row crops, even several times
before harvest time, because the chemical residue do not linger. It is a potentially
lethal toxin for aphids, cockroaches, houseflies, corn borers, Mexican bean beetles
and mosquitoes.
esters, which occur in the flower heads. Action of a Pyrethrin is a contact poison,
which paralyzes the insect victim, usually with 90 seconds. Normally the poison is
administered in emulsion or dust form; as a dust it
mammals is relatively low, because the pyrethrin esters are converted in the
are pesticides derived from organic sources which are considered environmentally
friendly and causing less harm to human and animal health, and to habitats and
the ecosystem.
In agroecology, pesticides are evaluated for minimal adverse environmental
The use of insecticides is believed to be one of the major factors behind the
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insecticides, Contact insecticides, Natural insecticides,Plant-Incorporated
insecticide while feeding on the plants. These are absorbed by plants or animals
and move to untreated tissues. Systemic or translocated herbicides move within the
plant to untreated areas of leaves, stems or roots. They may kill weeds with only
applied to animals and move through the animal to control pests such as warble
grubs, lice, or fleas. Some pesticides only move in one direction within the plant,
either up or down. Knowing what direction the pesticide moves will help guide
your decisions. For example some insecticides only move upwards in plants. If
applied to the root zone, it will travel throughout the plant, but if
applied to the leaves it will not move throughout the plant. Some pesticides are
considered locally systemic. These will only move a short distance in a plant from
Contact insecticides are toxic to insects brought into direct contact. Efficacy is
often related to the quality of pesticide application, with small droplets (such
as aerosols) often improving performance. Insects are killed when sprayed directly
or when they crawl across surfaces treated with a residual contact insecticide.
Weed foliage is killed when enough surface area is covered with a contact
herbicide. Natural insecticides, such as nicotine, pyrethrum and neem extracts are
though they are barred in the EU. Natural pesticides are pesticides that are made
by other organisms usually for their own defense, or are derived from a natural
source such as a mineral. Most people believe that natural pesticides are safer and
more eco-friendly than man-made pesticides and while this is mostly true it is not
leaves, and the highly addictive component of cigarette smoke, but is in fact much
more toxic than most modern synthetic pesticides.
plants after genetic modification.[4] For instance, a gene that codes for a
genetic material. Then, the plant manufactures the protein. Since the biocide is
incorporated into the plant, additional applications, at least of the same compound,
include arsenates, copper compounds and fluorine compounds, which are now
seldom used, and sulfur, which is commonly used. Inorganic insecticides are of
fluorine, mercury, selenium, sulfur, thallium, and zinc, and elemental phosphorus
and sulfur. It is sometimes used as the toxic agent in ant poisons and for the control
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numbers of pesticides available for use today. An organic insecticide is a pesticide
that uses only natural components to kill bugs. In many cases, organic materials
used to repel insects are also called organic insecticides. This is not a true
insecticide, but rather a repellent. Organic insecticides can be made from a number
of different materials, but what many people most appreciate about them is that
they are a relatively safe form of pest control in most cases. It is possible to make
buy them commercially. It should be noted that many organic insecticides are
meant to only target a certain species or a few different species. Therefore, those
who have a variety of insect species they wish to treat will likely need more than
farming and organic gardening are generally safer than synthetic pesticides, they
are not always more safe or environmentally friendly than synthetic pesticides,
both can cause harm. The main criterion for organic pesticides is that they are
naturally derived, and some naturally derived substances have been controversial.
of 2005 rotenone, a dangerous natural pesticide, was not allowed for US organic
farmers, and rotenone was not allowed under the California Organic Foods Act of
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1990. Phytoalexin elicitor glucohexatose has been called a green pesticide, as has a
CHAPTER III
Methodology
Oh those pesky bugs! If you are a gardener, you know how difficult it can be to
deal with the insects that love to eat your plants. And what about the environment?
Most of us know that traditional chemical pesticides (or insecticides) are unhealthy
for us and the planet, but are generally a widely used tool to combat garden pests.
There are some easy and inexpensive natural pesticides you can make at home to
help you win the battle of the bugs and be eco-friendly. Here are a few ideas to use
Materials
Liquid Soap
Water
Others
Blender
Strainer
Empty Container
Procedure
1.) Liquid soap is a great alternative to toxic chemicals for both indoor and
outdoor plants.
2.) Mix 2 tablespoons of liquid soap or dishwashing liquid with 1 quart water,
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and pour into a spray bottle. Most indoor household plants tolerate this
natural pesticide well. Spray leaves, stem and topsoil to deter insects from
coming back. Aphids, mealybugs, whiteflies and mites are all affected by
this soap remedy.
3.) Prepare your blender.
4.) Pour at least two glass of water on the blender.
5.) Add two tablespoons of liquid soap.
6.) Add at least five cut pepper. (Depends on the size of your pepper, but the
spicier, the better.)
7.) Pepper and garlic are both natural insect repellents and will help to repel
Japanese Beetles, borers, leafhoppers and slugs. Garlic also deters larger pest
like deer and rabbit.
8.) Start to blend.
9.) Prepare your container and strainer.
10.) Filter all the solid particles from the liquid.
11.) Put your liquid product on your prepared container.
12.) Seal your product.
How To Test
A.
1.1. Prepare two plants with the same characteristics.
1.2. Spray one plant with a synthetic insecticide and one plant with the
created natural insecticide.
1.3 Observe the two plants for one or two weeks and record your
observations.
1.4 Write down your conclusion.
Week 1/Day 1
Observations
Plant
A
Plant
B
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B.
2.1 Prepare at least two insects (e.g. spiders, cockroaches) for your
experiment.
2.2 Spray one insecticide on the first insect and one on the second insect.
2.3 Observe what happened to your insects.
2.4 Record what you have observe.
2.5 Come up with a conclusion.
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Bibliography
Xu Rui’s Study
Pam Marrone Article
http://www.onearth.org/blog/natural-pesticides-large-scale-farmers-turn-to-safer-
products-to-keep-their-plants-healthy
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,517766,00.html
http://www.mercola.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_pesticide
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide
http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Insecticides/in
dex.html
http://www.livestrong.com/article/497135-discovery-of-the-natural-health-benefits-
of-black-pepper/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides
http://science-in-farming.library4farming.org/Insects_2/Insecticides/Inorganic-
Insecticides.html
http://www.wisegeek.com
http://www.livingwithbugs.com
http://www.arbico-organics.com
http://www.brighthub.com
Xu Rui’s Study