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Cell Injury Mcqs Explained
Cell Injury Mcqs Explained
1. Cell injury
a. Is characterized by increased oxidative phosphorylation – decreased -> anaerobic glycolysis
b. Results in efflux of calcium from the cell – influx and release of mitochondrial
c. May result in free radical induced damage – may result from, or cause it…
d. May be increased by enzymes such as catalase – catalase is free radical scavenger H2O2 -> H2O
and O2
e. Results in increased membrane phospholipid – loss of
2. Tissue
a. Hypertrophy is characterized by increased numbers of cells
b. Hyperplasia is characterized by increased size of cells
c. Necrosis is always pathological - true
d. Response to injury may involve apoptosis, which is never a normal response
e. Reperfusion after ischaemia never results in full cell recovery
3. Hypertrophy
a. occurs after partial hepatectomy - hyperplasia
b. increases function of an organ exponentially
c. is triggered by mechanical and trophic chemicals - true
d. occurs after denervation - atrophy
e. is usually pathological
5. Dystrophic calcification
a. Is formed only in coagulative necrosis – occurs is atheroscleosis, damaged heart valves and areas
of necrosis (coagulative, liquefactive and caeseous)
b. Does not occur on heart valves
c. Rarely dauses dysfunction
d. Is rarely found on mitochondria – initiation of intracellular calcification occurs in mitochondrial of
dead or dying cells
e. Is formed by crystalline calcium phosphate mineral – similar to bone hydroxyapatite
7. Metaplasia
a. Can be caused by vitamin B12 deficiency – Vit A (retinoic acid)
b. Preserves mucus secretion in the respiratory tract – will affect b/c loss of mucous production and
ciliary action
c. Is typically an irreversible process
d. Is the process that occurs in Barrett’s oesophagitis - sqaumous -> columnar
e. Is an increase in the number and size of cells in a tissue
10. Metaplasia
a. Involves the formation of malignant cells in a tissue - predisposes
b. Of the respiratory tract often involves the replacement of squamous cells with columnar cells –
columnar with squamous
c. Is a reversible change in which one mature cell type is replaced by another mature cell type -
correct
d. Of the oesophagus, is normally a change from columnar to squamous cell types – squamous ->
columnar in Barrett’s, hence normally glandular cancers
e. Is due to changed gene expression in mature cell types to produce a different mature cell type –
the mature cells don’t change, stem or undifferential cells undergo reprogramming
13. Hyperplasia
a. Results in a reversible change to another cell type - metaplasia
b. May be a precursor to malignancy – true, it is the “fertile soil”
c. Is defined as an increase in cell size - hypertophy
d. May occur due to increased functional demand in striated muscle – vast majority is hypertrophy
e. Persists when the stimulus is removed
15. Metaplasia
a. Is irreversible
b. Is commonly a change from squamous to columnar epithelium
c. An example is the transformation of epithelial cells into chrondroblasts to produce cartilage
d. Retinoids may play a role
e. Even if the stimuli is persistent, it is a benign lesion
16. In apoptosis
a. It involves physiologic and pathologic stimuli
b. Histologically, it involves coagulative necrosis
c. Its DNA breakdown is random and diffuse
d. Its mechanism involves ATP depletion
e. It involves an inflammatory tissue reaction
17. Hyperplasia
a. Occurs after partial hepatectomy
b. Refers to an increases in the size of cells
c. Is always a pathological process
d. Often occurs in cardiac and skeletal muscle
e. Usually progresses to cancerous proliferation
20. With regard to cellular injury, all of the following are reversible EXCEPT
a. Decreased ATP
b. Intracellular release of lysosomal enzymes - irreversible
c. Decreased Na pump activity
d. Detachment of ribosomes
e. ER swelling
30. Metaplasia
a. is an irreversible change in cell type
b. is most commonly a change from squamous to columnar
c. does not occur in mesenchymal cells
d. may progress to cancer transformation
e. is usually accompanies by hypertrophy
32. Metaplasia is
a. irreversible
b. commonly squamous changing to columnar epithelium
c. always malignant
d. stimulated by chemicals and growth factors
e. not related to genetic reprogramming of stem cells
33. Apoptosis
a. involves transfer of cytochrome C from the cytosol to the mitochondria – out from mitochondria
b. involves DNA fragmentation – cleaves into 180 – 200 base pair fragments (ladder pattern on EP)
c. is mediated by caspase inactivation - activation
d. is suppressed by Fas-Fas ligand interaction – is activated by
e. is activated by Bcl-2 – Bcl-2 and BCL-x are to main anti-apoptotic proteins