Columbia International Publishing

American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187
doi:10.7726/ajhmt.2017.1015
Review

On the Nanofluids Application in the Automotive

Radiator to Reach the Enhanced Thermal Performance:
A Review

Maysam Molana

Received: 12 November 2016; Published online: 26 August: 2017

© The author(s) 2017. Published with open access at www.uscip.us

Abstract
Low efficiency heat exchangers used in automotive as radiator may cause to serious dangers for the engine.
Hence, thermal scientists and engineers always pursuit modern methods to enhance the heat removal of the
engine. It seems nanofluids implementation in automotive cooling system promises to achieve high efficiency
radiators. This paper reviews almost all performed studies in this area that are available in the literature.
Author collects details about nanoparticles materials and size, base fluid, volume, concentration, flow regime
and Reynolds number used in studies. Usually, maximum heat transfer enhancement and maximum need to
pumping power occurs at the highest volume concentration of nanoparticles, simultaneously. On the other
hand, using nanofluids, due to the enhanced heat carrying capacity of the nanofluids; the pumping power
required will also be reduced.

Keywords: Automotive Radiator; Heat Transfer Enhancement; Nanofluids; Nusselt Number; Reynolds Number

1. Introduction
Radiators are often air-cooled heat exchangers to transfer the heat from the engine to fresh air. In
an automobile, fuel and air produce power within the engine through combustion. Only a portion of
the total generated power actually supplied to the automobile with power, the rest is wasted in the
form of exhaust and heat. If this excess heat is not removed, the engine temperature becomes too
high which results in overheating and viscosity breakdown of the lubricating oil, metal weakening
of the overheated engine parts, and stress between engine parts resulting in quicker wear, among
the related moving components (Boghare and Kothawale, 2014). Thus, we need to use a cooling
system to remove waste heat from the engine. The key components used in a cooling system are
pressure cap, heater hoses, thermostat, heater core, reserve tank, lower hose, transmission cooler,
water pump, fan, radiator and upper house (Fig. 1). The cooling system of a vehicle operates or
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding e-mail: masyammolana@yahoo.com
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz,
Khuzestan, Islamic Republic of Iran

168
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

functions by directing liquid coolant via passages in the engine block and heads. After that, the
liquid coolant which flows through passages absorbs the heat from an engine. Then this fluid passes
through a rubber hose to reach the radiator. At this stage, the hot liquid is cooled by air stream
entering the engine compartment via grills. Once it gets cool, then it goes back to the engine and the
same process repeats again.

Fig. 1. Automotive cooling system components

In general, the ethylene glycol and water mixture is used as an automotive coolant in the radiator of
automobile engines. These fluids have poor heat transfer performance compared to water because
of lower thermal conductivity (Chougule and Sahu, 2014, a). Choi (2006) reported the limitations of
the existing cooling system as follows:
• Liquid-side: traditional coolants and oils have inherently poor heat transfer properties.
• Air-side: fin designs have been already adopted in order to increase the heat transfer
coefficient on the air side.

It is observed that conventional fluids are unable to meet the increasing demand for cooling in high
energy applications including automobile engines. In view of this, a new technique is needed to
improve the existing cooling performance of heavy vehicle engines.

In recent years, many researchers performed studies related to new cooling methods, because of
the substantial ever-increased necessity of high-tech methods of cooling. For example, high
powered microprocessors and other electronic components produce a large amount of heat. In the
some cases, the generated heat exceeded and, therefore, developing recent advances in
169
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

manufacturing processes in nanotechnology have permitted developing a new generation of fluids,

named nanofluids, which can be an interesting alternative for electronic cooling applications.
Nanofluids had been introduced by Choi (1995) and the dispersed phase is composed of
nanoparticles (very small particles of size below 50 nm. Then, many researchers in all over the
world confirmed the advanced thermal properties of nanofluids. A nanofluid is a two-phase mixture
with the continuous phase usually a liquid (water, ethylene glycol). It has been observed that the
nanofluids thermal conductivities are significantly higher than those of base fluids (Wang and Choi,
1999).

Also convective heat transfer coefficient enhancement of nanofluids is promising. An important

study of convective flow and the heat transfer of nanofluids was done by Pak and Cho (1998). They
observed a substantial increase in heat transfer coefficient in the turbulent flow regime. The
increase was 45% with 1.34% Al2O3 particles and 75% with 2.78% Al2O3 particles. One can find that
this enhancement is more than an increase in conductivity alone and, therefore, the enhanced
convective heat transfer cannot be attributed to the increased conductivity of the nanofluids alone.
Molana & Banooni (2013) conducted a comprehensive review on cooling capabilities of nanofluids.
There are some important review papers on nanofluids thermal properties. By referring to them,
one can obtain a clearer attitude about these modern heat transfer fluids and their advantages and
limitations (Wang and Mujumdar, 2008; Taylor et al., 2013; Das et al., 2006; Murshed et al., 2012).
Also, it should be noted that the manufacturing cost of the radiator is 20 percent of the whole cost
of the engine. So improving the performance and reducing the cost of radiators are necessary
research. For a higher cooling capacity of the radiator, the addition of fins is one of the approaches
to increase the cooling rate of the radiator (Dwivedi and Rai, 2015). Furthermore, Fuel economy,
less emission rate, and less NOX production are so important parameters that we can take into
account when the use of nanofluids. These so capable fluids have promising attractions regarding
above mentioned considerations.

This paper has devoted to reviewing all of the performed studies about nanofluids implementation
in the automotive radiator. It divided into two categories: experimental and numerical studies. All
of the details of studies have collected here.

2. Experimental Studies
Chougule and Sahu (2014, a) investigated the cooling performance of automobile radiator,
experimentally. They used two different nanofluids in the force convective regime: alumina oxide
(Al2O3) -water and carbon nanotube (CNT)-water. Four different concentrations of nanofluids in the
range of 0.15–1 vol. % were prepared by the additions nanoparticles into the water as base fluid.
The coolant flow rate is varied in the range of 2 lit/min–5 lit/min. Their results show that
nanofluids enhance the thermal performance of a radiator. Also, the maximum heat transfer
enhancement for 1.0 vol. % nanoparticle concentration was found to be 90.76% and 52.03% higher
for CNT-water and Al2O3-water, respectively, compared to water. Furthermore, they observed that
the effective thermal conductivity of both CNT-water and Al2O3-water nanofluids increases with the
increase in nanoparticles volume concentration, consequently, increases the cooling performance
in automobile radiator.

170
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

Hussein et al. (2014, a) investigated car radiator heat transfer performance using two types of
nanofluids, experimentally. They dispersed TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles in water with different
volume concentrations and evaluated the radiator thermal effectiveness. Their results
demonstrated 20% and 32% of the energy rate enhancement and 24% and 29.5% effectiveness
enhancement for TiO2 and SiO2 nanofluids, respectively. The thermal energy transferred out of the
cooling system will help the engine for more efficiency and performance. This provides promising
ways for engineers to develop highly compact heat exchanger and automobile radiators. In Table 1,
one can see their results on an enhancement of radiator thermal effectiveness versus flow rate
during nanofluids with different volume concentrations implementation.

Table 1 The percentage of the effectiveness enhancement a) for TiO2-W and b) for SiO2-W (Hussein,
2014 a)
Flow Rate (lit/min) 1% 1.5% 2% 2.5%
a
2 16 17 19 21
3 17 18 21 23
4 18 19 22 25
5 20 21 23 26
6 21 23 25 27
7 22 24 26 29
b
2 20 21 23 25
3 22 24 25 29
4 23 25 28 32
5 23 25 29 35
6 24 27 31 37
7 24 28 32 39

An experimental study on nanofluids viscosity in car radiator was carried out by Kole and Dey
(2010). They used alumina nanoparticles dispersed in water and stabilized by oleic acid. Their
results show that while the pure base fluid display Newtonian behavior over the measured
temperature, it transforms into a non-Newtonian fluid with an addition of a few alumina
nanoparticles. They observed that the viscosity of the nanofluids increases with increasing
nanoparticles concentration and decreases with an increase in temperature. The temperature
dependence of the viscosity of engine coolant based alumina nanofluids obeys the empirical
correlation of the type:
log(nf )  Aexp(BT)
A  225.245(2 ) 18.404() 1.749 (1)
B  575.835(2 ) 32.101(2 )  0.148()  0.011
That proposed by Namburu et al. (2007), considering the influence of Brownian motion of
nanoparticles in the base fluid, predicts fairly well the particle concentration dependence of
nanofluids viscosity.
171
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

In another experimental study, Chougule and Sahu (2014, b) investigated CNT-water nanofluids as
the coolant of car radiator with different concentrations. They found that acidic nanofluids with pH
5.5 show better thermal performance compared to basic nanofluids with pH 6.5 and 9.

Ali et al. (2014) studied the effect of nanoparticles concentrations on the cooling system of a
vehicle. They dispersed alumina nanoparticles in water with 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% volume
concentrations. They applied different heat loads, coolant flow rates, and air flow rates. Their
results show gradual enhancement in the heat transfer with concentrations 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% by
volume; however deterioration occurs at concentrations 1.5% and 2%. So then, volume
concentration 1% of alumina nanoparticles is an optimum case. The maximum percentage increase
in the coolant heat transfer rate, coolant heat transfer coefficient, and the coolant Nusselt number is
14.79, 14.72, and 9.51, respectively, which occurs at 1% volume concentration.

It seems that size reducing and miniaturizing of heat transfer devices is an important trend in the
industry. Smaller radiator with same or better thermal performance compared standard radiator
was obtained by Ismail et al. (2014). They compared the thermal performance of two radiators with
four different cooling fluids consist of two CNT-water nanofluids, experimentally. Both of radiators
have the same width and the length and the height of smaller radiator is approximately 47% and
9% less than the length and the height of the standard radiator, respectively. Therefore, they could
implement a smaller and lighter and consequently cheaper radiator with the slightly better thermal
performance compared to the standard radiator.

Peyghambarzadeh et al. (2011 a, 2011 b, 2013) and Naraki et al., (2013) conducted a series of
experiments on the thermal performance of nanofluids as a coolant in the car radiator. They use
different nanoparticles in material, shape, and volume concentrations: Al2O3 (20 nm), CuO (60 nm)
and Fe2O3 (40 nm) in the range of 0 to 1% concentration. Their interesting results could be
summarized as follows:
- According to the analysis performed using Taguchi method, the best operating conditions
include minimum temperature, the maximum concentration of nanofluids, and the
maximum flow rate of nanofluids and the maximum flow rate of air.
- The air volumetric flow rate has 42% contribution to the overall heat transfer coefficient of
CuO/water nanofluids. Nanofluids volumetric flow rate, inlet temperature and
concentration of nanofluids have 23%, 22% and 13% contribution to the overall heat
transfer coefficient of CuO/water nanofluids, respectively.
- From the practical point of view, it is not costly to add surfactant and adjust the pH for the
nanofluids to gain a very small increase in heat transfer performance of the radiator. To
have the same increase in the overall heat transfer coefficient, it would be less costly and
more practical to increase the air flow rate.
- The overall heat transfer coefficient increases while the liquid inlet temperature decreases.
- The correlation developed by Xuan and Li (2013) predicts well the experimental data.

In another experimental study by Rashmi et al. (2014), the corrosion effect of CNT-water nanofluids
in radiators was tested. According to the paper, corrosion effects have been paid very little
attention. They conducted their experiments on two radiators with different size and tree different
building materials (aluminum, stainless steel and copper). All of the case studies were performed
172
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

using four different fluids such as water, ethylene glycol, 0.02 % and 0.1% CNT-water nanofluids. It
was observed that among the three metals, the highest rate of corrosion occurs with aluminum,
followed by stainless steel and copper, irrespective of the fluid used. The rate of corrosion,
increased with the increase in temperature (27–90oC) in all cases. Also, they observed that the
addition of gum Arabic (GA) not only enhanced the stability of the CNT-water nanofluids, but also
improved the corrosion resistance.

Sharma et al. (2014) studied the heat transfer behavior of alumina-water-ethylene glycol
nanofluids in a car radiator. Their results are interesting and promising:
- The surface area of car radiator can be reduced by 12-18% using nanofluids.
- As the load on the engine and the speed of the engine increase the percentage savings of
surface area also increases.
- The use of nanofluids makes it possible to design the system with the highest power-size
ratio.
- The weight of the heat transfer equipment and the entire cooling system as such will be
reduced when nanofluids are used as coolant.
- Using nanofluids, as less coolant is needed to be circulated, due to the enhanced heat
carrying capacity of the nanofluids; the pumping power required will also be reduced.
- When the radiator size, volume and weight are reduced, it will reduce the drag force
experienced by the frontal area of the vehicle.
- All these factors give the designers additional versatility from the ergonomic and aesthetic
point of views when designing the vehicle.
- Reduction in size or the simplification in designing the cooling system decreases the
manufacturing and also the maintenance cost of the cooling system equipment.
- It was also seen that the metallic nanoparticles in the coolant helped to warm-up the engine
quickly when started from the cold condition.

A well-organized experiment on the thermal performance of nanofluids in the radiator was

conducted by Raja et al. (2013). They used alumina-water nanofluids and considered heat transfer
and environmental characteristics. They concluded that nanofluids are better for the engine cooling
system due to their capability to respond quickly to temperature changes allowing for the
dissipation of more heat, using less coolant in a shorter period of time. However, the most
important result of their study is devoted to NOX emission of the engine. They acclaim that NOX
emission with their engine was reduced by 12.5% at full load for nanofluids compared with distilled
water. Figure 2 shows the NOX emission of the engine versus engine load.

173
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

Fig. 2. NOx production of the engine using nanofluids as a coolant versus load (Dwivedi and Rai,
2015)

3. Numerical Studies
An analysis of the thermal performance of a car radiator using copper-ethylene glycol nanofluids
was performed by Sheikhzadeh et al. (2014), numerically. According to the results, it could be seen
that with the augmentation of the volume fraction of nanoparticles from 0 to 5%, the overall heat
transfer coefficient of the air side experiences an increase of about 64.3% in its values and the rate
of heat transfer can raise about 26.9%. Moreover, the rate of heat transfer with changes in Reynolds
number of the inlet air rises 26.16% for nanofluids while for pure ethylene glycol it is 15.6%. Also,
they observed that by adding 5% of nanoparticles to the coolant fluid, the performance of the
radiator in the hot weather of 50ºC can be even better than that of 20ºC.

Sheikhzadeh and Fakhari (2011) studied car radiator heat transfer using nanofluids, numerically.
The base fluid was 60% ethylene glycol and 40% water by mass containing alumina nanoparticles.
They assumed radiator flow rate between 18 to 75 liters per minute. Also, they considered
properties of the base fluid as a function of temperature. Their results show an increase in heat
transfer coefficient with any increase in volume concentration of nanoparticles and Reynolds
number. Moreover, they proposed a correlation Nusselt number predicting (Eq. 2) using Vajiha et
al. (2010) results with curve fitting.
Nu aReb c 100 Re 2000 (2)
Where, constants a, b and c for various volume fractions of nanoparticles are presented in Table 2.

174
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

Table 2 Constants for Nusselt number correlation (Vajjha et al., 2010)

Volume Concentration (%) a b c
2 0.02047 00.7298 5.379
4 0.02813 0.7033 5.276
6 0.03831 0.6753 5.17
8 0.05102 0.6492 5.131
10 0.08395 0.5991 4.922

Sadodin et al. (2011) investigated a radiator filled with alumina-water nanofluids and variations in
the flow pattern. Also, they studied mixed convection heat transfer in the radiator using a new
model with variable properties dependent on the diameter of nanoparticles, concentration of
nanoparticles, temperature and so on. Finite volume method is used for the numerical solution of
the equations of continuity, momentum and energy, and these equations have been resolved using a
FORTRAN computer code. The effect of the Richardson number, solid volume fraction of
nanoparticles, the height of heated obstacle and its position within the radiator on fluid flow and
heat transfer are studied. Results show that increasing solid volume fraction and decreasing
Reynolds number lead to heat transfer increases.

Vajjha et al. (2010) conducted a numerical study of fluid dynamic and heat transfer performance of
Al2O3 and CuO nanofluids in the flat tubes of a car radiator. They developed two new correlations
(Eq. 3) to describe the heat transfer in the entrance region for nanofluids in flat tube geometry of
the radiator.

Nu1.9421RePr h  RePr Dh   33.33

0.3
D
 
 Z  Z
(3)
Nu 6.1 0.003675RePr h  RePr Dh   33.33
D
 
 Z  Z
Also, their results show that at a Reynolds number of 2000, the percentage increase in the average
heat transfer coefficient over the base fluid for a 10% Al2O3 nanofluids is 94% and that for a 6%
CuO nanofluids is 89%. The analysis shows that the average heat transfer coefficient increases with
the Reynolds number and also with the particle volumetric concentration. However, the influence
of the Reynolds number is stronger. For example, for the Al2O3 nanofluids the average heat transfer
coefficient increases from 865 to 1762 with a Reynolds number increase from 100 to 2000 for a
particle concentration of 10%. This increase is slightly lower at a lower particle concentration. Also,
for constant inlet velocity, an increase in the particle volume concentration results in an increase in
the skin friction coefficient along the duct. The average skin friction coefficient for a 6% CuO
nanofluids in the fully developed region is about 2.75 times in comparison to that of the base fluid
at a constant inlet velocity of 0.3952 m/s. For the same amount of heat transfer, the pumping power
requirement is 82% lower for Al2O3 nanofluids of 10% concentration and 77% lower for a CuO
nanofluids of 6% concentration when compared to the base fluid.
175
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

The friction factor and forced convection heat transfer enhancement of SiO2 suspended in water
carried out by Hussein et al. (2014, b) , numerically. Significant increases of the friction factor and
heat transfer enhancement observed with the volume concentration of nanoparticles addition. The
maximum values of friction factor increased to 22% for SiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in water with
2.5% volume concentration. They concluded that the highest Nusselt number enhances up to 40%
obtained for SiO2 nanoparticles in water. The simulation results showed that the friction factor and
Nusselt number action of the nanofluids were highly depended on the volume concentration and
Reynolds number. The friction factor decreases with increasing of volume flow rate and the inlet
temperature. The friction factor of Reynolds number less than 1000 has a maximum deviation 82%,
but after that the maximum deviation becomes 40%. A highest Nusselt number enhancement is
56% obtained for SiO2 nanoparticles in water as a base fluid.

In another interesting numerical study, Eftekhar et al. (2013) investigated the effect of nanofluids
dispersed in car radiator on engine warm up timing. Four different finned types of heat exchangers
are installed along the exhaust gas streamline for three different cases.

Their results are significant:

1- The maximum warm up timing reduction is about 10.2% when 1% nanoparticles is added
to the based coolant. This reduction occurred in the high finned tubes.
2- The maximum warm up timing reduction is about 17.2% when 2% nanoparticles is added
to the based coolant. This reduction occurred in the micro finned tubes.
3- The maximum warm up timing reduction is about 29.8% when 3% nanoparticles is added
to the based coolant. This reduction occurred in the spirally fluted tubes.

Delavari & Hashemabadi (2014) performed a CFD simulation of laminar and turbulent flow of two
types of nanofluids in the car radiator. They implemented both of the single phase and two phase
approaches. Their results demonstrated that despite the time-consuming, a two-phase approach
has a better prediction for nanofluids Nusselt number. Figure 3 shows the thermal behavior of the
different nanofluids versus nanoparticles volume concentration. One can conclude that heat
transfer enhancement regarding two-phase approach is higher than those of single phase approach.
The main reason is taking into account Brownian motion of nanoparticles in two phase approach
that cause to give higher enhancement.

176
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

Fig. 3. Comparison of heat transfer enhancement of single phase and two phase approach as a
function of volume concentration (Delavari and Hashemabadi, 2014)

4. Effect of Reynolds Number

The effect of Reynolds number increasing in Nusselt number of experimental and numerical studies
has shown in Figures 4 and 5. Figure 4 demonstrates nanofluids thermal behavior as a function of
Reynolds number in the laminar flow regime at highest used volume concentration of
nanoparticles. At the first glance, it is obvious that thermal performance enhancement of nanofluids
increases with any increase in Reynolds number. All of the curves are related to metal oxide
nanoparticles. Comparing curves of Hussein et al. (2014 a) (two curves for SiO2 and two curves for
TiO2) shows that the experiments with SiO2 give higher values of the Nusselt number than TiO2 in
same Reynolds number range. However, the size of TiO2 (50 nm) nanoparticles are greater that SiO2
nanoparticles (22 nm) and thermal conductivity of TiO2 nanoparticles (4.8 to11.8 W/m.K) is greater
than SiO2 nanoparticles (1.3-1.5 W/m.K).

It shows that the size of nanoparticles plays a more important role than the material of
nanoparticles, in thermal performance enhancement. Nanoparticles with the smaller size can
increase the thermal conductivity of nanofluids more than the bigger ones. It seems that this
phenomenon is strongly dependent on the Brownian motion of nanoparticles that proved as a
critical parameter in the thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluids compared with base fluid.
177
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

Fig. 4. Nusselt number of nanofluids versus Reynolds number in laminar flow regime

Fig. 5. Nusselt number of nanofluids versus Reynolds number in turbulent flow regime

In another curve (Peyghambarzadeh et al., 2011), it is seen that the thermal performance of Al2O3-
water-ethylene glycol nanofluids gives a higher Nusselt number compared to TiO2-water
nanofluids. Although, thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol (0.258 W/m.K) is less than those of
water (0.609 W/m.K), and also the thermal conductivity of alumina nanoparticles (30 W/m.K) is
more than thermal conductivity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles, but alumina-EG-water
nanofluids provide better performance than titanium dioxide-water nanofluids with an
approximately identical size of nanoparticles. Also, figure 5 shows a much higher provided range of

178
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

the Nusselt number in the turbulent flow regime compared to the laminar flow regime (Figure 4).
Details of all performed studies in this field are collected in Table 3.

5. Conclusion
Almost all of the studies in this area have performed with water as a base fluid. About 51% of them
used Al2O3 nanoparticles, 12% used carbon nanotubes and the other studies utilized Cu, CuO, SiC,
TiO2, Ag, Fe2O3 and ZnO nanoparticles as dispersed phase. 45% of the studies had a turbulent flow
regime and the other devoted to the laminar flow regime. Also, 63% of them were performed,
experimentally.

Available literature has focused on important parameters in thermal performance of nanofluids in

the automotive radiator such as the Reynolds number, Peclet number, Richardson number, volume
concentration of nanoparticles, nanoparticles size and composition, viscosity and friction factor. It
should be noted that the most important parameters in heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids
are Reynolds number, Volume concentration, and effective thermal conductivity.

It was seen that with nanofluids, we can achieve smaller radiator with the same or even slightly
better thermal performance, this can cause to lighter and smaller radiator with less initial
investment, less repair and maintenance cost, less emission rate, and less NOx production.

Usually, maximum heat transfer enhancement and maximum need to pumping power occurs at the
highest volume concentration of nanoparticles, simultaneously. On the other hand, using
nanofluids, due to the enhanced heat carrying capacity of the nanofluids; the pumping power
required will also be reduced.

Nomenclature
Dh ………………………………………………………………..……hydraulic diameter of the tube, Dh=4A/P, m
k……………………………………………………………………..………….……thermal conductivity, Wm1k1
Nu ………………………………………………………………………………………………..……Nusselt number
Nu…………………………………………………………...…………………………....….average Nusselt number
Z......................................................................................................................................axial distance from the inlet, m
Ri…………………………………………………………………………………..………….……Richardson number
Pr ………………………………………………………………………………………………………Prandtl number
Re…………………………………….………………………………………………………………Reynolds number
Greek symbols
 …………………………………………………………………………………………...particle volume fraction, %
 ……………………………………………………………………………………………….dynamic viscosity, Pa s
Subscripts
nf …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….nanofluid
bf ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....base fluid

179
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

References
Adwani, R., & Choudhary, S. K. (2014). Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Rate in Automobile
Radiator Using Nanofluid, International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1
Issue 6, pp. 67-70.
Ali, H. M., Azhar, M. D., Saleem, M., Saeed, Q. S., & Saieed, A. (2016). Heat Transfer Enhancement of Car
Radiator Using Aqua Based Magnesium Oxide Nanofluids, THERMAL SCIENCE, Vol. (19), No. 6, pp. 2039-
2048.
Ali, M., El-Leathy, A. M., & Al-Sofyany, Z. (2014). The Effect of Nanofluid Concentration on the Cooling System
of Vehicles Radiator, Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Article ID 962510, pp. 1-13.
Bhimani, V. L., Rathod, P. P., & Sorathiya, A. S. (2013). Experimental Study of Heat Transfer Enhancement
Using Water Based Nanofluids as a New Coolant for Car Radiators, International Journal of Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 3, Issue 6, pp. 295-302.
Boghare, R. A., & Kothawale, B. S. (2014 a). Performance Investigation of Automobile Radiator Operated with
Al2O3 Based Nanofluid, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Vol. 11, Issue 3 Ver. V, pp. 23-
30,
Boghare, R. A., Kothawale, B. S., Bodkhe, P. P., & Gawali, A. (2014 b). Performance Investigation of Automobile
Radiator operated with Nanofluids Based Coolant, International Journal of Thermal Technologies, Vol. 4,
No.2, pp. 65-71.
Bozorgan, N., Krishnakumar, K., & Bozorgan, N. (2012). Numerical Study on Application of CuO-Water
Nanofluid in Automotive Diesel Engine Radiator, Modern Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 130-136.
Chavan, D., & Pise, A. T. (2013). Performance Investigation of an Automotive Car Radiator Operated with
Nanofluid as a Coolant, Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, Vol. 6(2), 021010.
Choi, S. U. S., (1995). Enhancing Thermal Conductivity of Fluids with Nanoparticles, in Developments and
Applications of Non-Newtonian Flows, D. A. Singer and H. P. Wang, Eds., American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, New York, FED–231/MD-6 pp. 99–105.
Choi, S. U. S., (2006). Nanofluids for Improved Efficiency in Cooling Systems, Heavy Vehicle Systems Review,
Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois.
Chougule, S. S., & Sahu, S. K. (2014 a). Comparative Study of Cooling Performance of Automobile Radiator
Using Al2O3-Water and Carbon Nanotube Water Nanofluid, Journal of Nanotechnology in Engineering and
Medicine, Vol. 5, pp. 1-6.
Chougule, S. S. and Sahu, S. K., (2014 b). Thermal Performance of Automobile Radiator Using Carbon
Nanotube-Water Nanofluid—Experimental Study, Journal of Nanotechnology in Engineering and
Medicine, Vol. 6, pp. 1-6.
Das, S. K., Choi, S. U. S. & Patel, H. E. (2006). Heat Transfer in Nanofluids—A Review, Heat Transfer
Engineering, Vol. 27, Issue 10, pp. 3-19.
Delavari, V., & Hashemabadi, S. H. (2014). CFD Simulation of Heat Transfer Enhancement of Al 2O3/Water and
Al2O3/Ethylene Glycol Nanofluids in a Car Radiator, Applied Thermal Engineering, DOI:
10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.07.061.
Dwivedi, V. D., & Rai, R. (2015). Modeling and Fluid Flow Analysis of Wavy Fin Based Automotive Radiator,
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 ( Part 1), pp.17-26.
Ebrahimi, M., Farhadi, M., Sedighi, K., & Akbarzade, S. (2014). Experimental Investigation of Force Convection
Heat Transfer in a Car Radiator Filled with SiO2-water Nanofluid, International Journal of Engineering,
TRANSACTIONS B: Applications, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 333-340.
Eftekhar, M., Keshavarz, A. (2013). Ghasemian A and Mahdavinia J., The Impact of Nano-fluid Concentration
Used as an Engine Coolant on the Warm-up Timing, International Journal of Automotive Engineering, Vol.
3, No. 1, pp. 356-367.
Elias, M. M., Mahbubul, I. M., Saidur, R., Sohel, M. R., Shahrul, I. M., Khaleduzzaman, S. S., & Sadeghipour, S.
(2014). Experimental Investigation on the Thermo-Physical Properties of Al2O3 Nanoparticles
180
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

Suspended in Car Radiator Coolant, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 54, pp.
48–53.
Fadhilah, S. A., Hidayah, I., Hilwa, M. Z., Faizah, H. N., & Marhamah, R. S. (2013). Thermophysical Properties of
Copper/Water Nanofluid for Automotive Cooling System – Mathematical Modeling, Journal of
Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Vol. 5, Issue 2, pp 1-10.
Gajendiran, M., Saravanakumar, E., Madhan Raj, N., & Nallusamy, N. (2016). Heat Transfer Enhancement of
Thermic Fluid by Using Nanofluids in Radiator, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, Vol.
(8), Issue 3, pp. 686-692.
Godley, M., Tomar, B. P. S., & Tripathy, A. (2015). Investigation of Automobile Radiator Using Nanofluid-
CuO/Water Mixture as Coolant, International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and
Technology, Vol. (2), Issue 12, 2015, pp. 1136-1145.
Hung, Y. H., Teng, T. P., Teng, T. C., & Chen, J. H. (2012). Assessment of Heat Dissipation Performance for
Nanofluid, Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 32, pp. 132-140.
Hussein, A. M., Bakar, A. R., Kadirgama, K., & Sharma, K. V. (2014 a). Heat Transfer Augmentation of a Car
Radiator Using Nanofluids, Heat Mass Transfer, DOI 10.1007/s00231-014-1369-2.
Hussein, A. M., Barker, R. A., & Kadirgama, K. (2014 b). Study of Forced Convection Nanofluid Heat Transfer in
the Automotive Cooling System, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 50–61.
Hussein, A. M., Barker, R. A., Kadirgama, K., & Sharma, K. V. (2014 c). Heat Transfer Enhancement Using
Nanofluids in an Automotive Cooling System, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer,
Vol. 53, pp. 195–202.
Ismail, A. F., Abd-Halim, B. A., Rashmi, W., & Yusaf, T. (2014). Smaller Radiator with Enhanced Heat Transfer
Using CNT-Nanofluids, Transaction on Engineering Sciences, Vol. 88, pp. 185-191.
Kannan, P., & Sivakumar, D. B. (2015). Experimental Study of Nanofluids in Automobile Radiator, Journal of
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, JCHPS Special Issue 6, pp. 173-176.
Kole, M. & Dey, T. K. (2010). Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Al 2O3 Nanofluid Based on Car Eengine
Coolant, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43, 315501 (10pp).
Leong, K. Y, Saidur, R., Kazi, S. N., & Mamunc, A. H. (2010). Performance Investigation of an Automotive Car
Radiator Operated with Nanofluid-Based Coolants (Nanofluid as a Coolant in a Radiator), Applied
Thermal Engineering, Vol. 30, pp. 2685-2692.
Molana, M. & Banooni, S. (2013). Investigation of Heat Transfer Processes Involved Liquid Impingement Jets:
A Review, Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 30(3), pp.413-435.
Muhammad Ali, H., Ali, H., Liaquat, H., Bin Maqsood, H. T., & Nadir, M. A. (2015). Experimental Investigation of
Convective Heat Transfer Augmentation for Car Radiator Using ZnO/Water Nanofluids, Energy xxx, pp.
1-8.
Murshed, S. M. S., & Nieto de Castro, C. A. (2012). Nanofluids as Advanced Coolants, Green Solvents, pp. 397-
415.
Nagarajan, P. K., Vijayakumar, D., Paulson, V., Chitharthan, R. K., Narashimulu, Y., Patil, R., Choure, A., Dolare,
K., Bankar, A., & Dhotre, A. (2016). Performance Investigation of Automobile Radiator using Al 2O3 as
base Nanofluid, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol.
(5), Issue 6, pp. 9598-9604.
Namburu, P. K., Kulkarni, D. P., Misra, D., & Das, D. K. (2007). Viscosity of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles
Dispersed in Ethylene Glycol and Water Mixture, Experimental Thermal Fluid Science, Vol. 32, pp. 397-
402.
Naraki, M., Peyghambarzadeh, S. M., Hashemabadi, S. H., & Vermahmoudi, Y. (2013). Parametric Study of
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of CuO/Water Nanofluids in a Car Radiator, International Journal of
Thermal Sciences, Vol. 66, 82-90.
Nieh, H. M., Teng, T. P., & Yu, C. C. (2014). Enhanced Heat Dissipation of a Radiator Using Oxide Nano-Coolant,
International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Vol. 77, pp. 252-261.
Pak, B., & Cho, Y. I. (1998). Hydrodynamic and Heat Transfer Study of Dispersed Fluids with Submicron
Metallic Oxide Particle, Experimental Heat Transfer, Vol. 1, pp. 151–170.
181
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

Patel, J. R., & Manavi, A. M. (2014). Effect of Nanofluids and Mass Flow Rate of Air on Heat Transfer Rate in
Automobile Radiator by CFD Analysis, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology,
Vol. 03, Issue: 06, pp. 25-30.
Peyghambarzadeh, S. M., Hashemabadi, S. H., Hoseini, S. H., & Seifi Jamnani, M. (2011 a). Experimental Study
of Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Water/Ethylene Glycol Based Nanofluids as a New Coolant for Car
Radiators, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 38, pp. 1283–1290.
Peyghambarzadeh, S. M., Hashemabadi, S. H., Seifi Jamnani, M., & Hoseini, S. H. (2011 b). Improving the
Cooling Performance of Automobile Radiator with Al 2O3/Water Nanofluid, Applied Thermal Engineering,
Vol. 31, pp. 1833-1838.
Peyghambarzadeh, S. M., Hashemabadi, S. H., Naraki, M., & Vermahmoudi, Y. (2013). Experimental Study of
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient in the Application of Dilute Nanofluids in the Car Radiator, Applied
Thermal Engineering, Vol. 52, pp. 8-16.
Raja, M., Vijayan, R., Suresh, S., & Vivekananthan, R. (2013). Effect of Heat Transfer Enhancement and NO X
Emission Using Al2O3/Water Nanofluids as Coolant in CI Engine, Indian Journal of Engineering and
Material Sciences, Vol. 20, pp. 443-449.
Ramanarayanan, & Sathyamurthy, R. (2014). Theoretical Characterization of Ethylene Glycol Nano Fluid for
Automobiles, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, Vol. 5(2), pp. 772-
777.
Rashmi, W., Ismail, A. F., Khalid, M., Anuar, A., & Yusaf, T. (2014). Investigating Corrosion Effects and Heat
Transfer Enhancement in Smaller Size Radiators Using CNT-Nanofluids, J Mater Sci, pp., DOI
10.1007/s10853-014-8154-y.
Sadodin, S., Hemmat Esfe, M., & Noroozi, M. J. (2011). Numerical Simulation of Mixed Convection of Fluid Flow
and Heat Transfer within Car Radiator with an Inside Hot Obstacle Filled with Nanofluid, Journal of
Modeling in Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 25, (in Persian).
Sai Sasanak, P., Govinda Naik, V., Nagarjuna, T. N., & Kishore, S. J. (2014). Empirical Review on Car Radiator
Using H2O and Al2O3, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology,
Vol. 3, Issue 10, pp. 16555-16559.
Sarkar, J., & Tarodiya, R. (2013). Performance Analysis of Louvered Fin Tube Automotive Radiator Using
Nanofluids as Coolants, International Journal of Nanomanufacturing, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 51-65.
Saripella, S. K. (2007). Nanofluid Heat Transfer Enhancement in Engineering Applications, Master of Science
Thesis at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Sharma, V., Kumar, R. N., Thamilrarasan, K., Bhaskar, G. V., & Devra, B. (2014). Heat Reduction From IC Engine
By Using Al2O3 Nanofluid In Engine Cooling System, American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER),
Vol. 03, Issue-04, pp-173-177.
Sheikhzadeh, G. A., & Fakhari, M. M. (2011). Investigation of heat transfer in a flat tube of an automobile
radiator using Al2O3 nanofluid, 7th International Conference on Computational Heat and Mass Transfer,
No. 310.
Sheikhzadeh, G. A., Hajilou, M., & Jafarian, H. (2014). Analysis of Thermal Performance of a Car Radiator
Employing Nanofluid, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 2(4), pp. 47-
51.
Sheikhzadeh, G. A., & Fakhari, M. M. (2014). Heat Transfer and Presser Drop of Al 2O3-Ethylene Glycol-Water
Nanofluid as the Coolant in a Car Radiator, International Conference on Machine Learning, Electrical
and Mechanical Engineering, Dubai.
Sidik, N. A. C., Cheong, N. G. Y., & Fazeli, A. (2015). Computational Analysis of Nanofluids in Vehicle Radiator,
Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 695, pp. 539-543.
Srinivas, V., & Moorthy, CH. V. K. N. S. N. (2014). Corrosion and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Water
Dispersed with Carboxylate Additives & Multi-walled Carbon Nano Tubes, Nanoscience and
Nanoengineering, Vol. 2(3), pp. 59-69.

182
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

Taylor, R., Columbe, S., Otanicar, T., Phelan, P., Gunawan, A., Rosengarten, G., Prasher, R & Tyagi, H. (2013).
Small Particles, Big Impacts: A Review of the Diverse Applications of Nanofluids, Journal of Applied
Physics, Vol. 113, 011301.
Teng, T. P., & Yu, C. C. (2013). Heat Dissipation Performance of MWCNTs Nano-Coolant for Vehicle,
Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, Vol. 49, pp. 22–30.
Tomar, B. P. S., & Tripathy, A. (2015). Experimental Study of Heat Transfer of a Car Radiator with Nano fluid-
Al2O3/Water Mixture as Coolant, International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and
Technology, Vol. (2), Issue 9, pp. 830-837.
Vajjha, R. S., Das, D. K., & Namburu, P. K. (2010). Numerical Study of Fluid Dynamic and Heat Transfer
Performance of Al2O3 and CuO Nanofluids in the Flat Tubes of a Radiator, International Journal of Heat
and Fluid Flow, Vol. 31, pp. 613-621.
Wang, X., Xu, X., & Choi, S. U. S. (1999). Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticles-Fluid Mixture, Journal of
Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 474-480.
Wang, X. Q., & Mujumdar, A. S. (2008). A Review on Nanofluids - Part II: Experiments and Applications,
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 631-648.
Xuan, Y., & Li, Q. (2003). Investigation on convective heat transfer and flow features of nanofluids, J. Heat
Transfer 125, 151-155.

183
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

Table 3 Details of all performed studies in this area

Nano
Volume Flow Max.
particl Nano Coolant Flow Type of
Type of Base Fraction rate Nusselt
Reference es particles Reynolds Regim Radiato Note
Study Fluid Range (Lit/m Enhancem
Materi Size Range e r
(%) in) ent (%)
al
Al2O3 <100 Fin &
Chougule & Sahu Experimen 8000- Turbul 52.03 Increase in Nusselt number with volume
Water MWCN 20-30 nm 0.15-1 2-5 Flat
(2014) tal 25000 ent 90.76 fraction
T 3-8 µm Tube
Not
Carboxy Not Dispersion of normal water with 2 %
Srinivas & Moorthy Experimen MWCN 20-40 nm Lamin mentioned
lated 0.025-0.1 2500-6000 2-5 mention sebacic acid could give good corrosion
(2014) tal T 1-25 µm ar but
Water ed protection.
Prominent
Not Not
Experimen Not Lamin NOx emission reduced by 12.5% at full
Raja et al. (2013) Water Al2O3 40.3 nm 0.5-2 mentio mention 25
tal mentioned ar load compared to distilled water.
ned ed
Not
Experimen Not Turbul Flat mentioned
Sai Sasank (2014) Water Al2O3 <90 0.025-0.1 4-8 -
tal mentioned ent Tube but
Prominent
Not Nusselt number increases with increase
Ebrahimi et al. Experimen Not 8000- Turbul Corruga
Water SiO2 0-4 mentio 3.8 of liquid inlet temperature, nanoparticle
(2014) tal mentioned 25000 ent ted Fin
ned volume fraction and Reynolds number.
Not Not
Adwani & Experimen Not Not
Water Al2O3 2-8 mentio 10-40 mention 26 -
Choudhary (2014) tal mentioned mentioned
ned ed
Brownian motion of nanoparticles maybe
Bhimani et al. Experimen 5500- Turbul Louvere
Water TiO2 15 nm 0.1-1 90-120 45 one of the factors in the enhancement of
(2013) tal 10000 ent d Fin
heat transfers.
Not
SiO2 22.9 nm Not Not
Kanan & Sivakumar Experimen Turbul mentioned
Water CuO 19.3 nm 1-3 Re>106 mentio mention -
(2015) tal ent but
ZnO 70 nm ned ed
Prominent
Not
Not Not Not
Experimen Water- Not Lamin mentioned A savings of 12-18 % of surface area can
Sharma et al. (2014) Al2O3 mentione 400-600 mentio mention
tal EG mentioned ar but be seen by use of Nanofluids.
d ned ed
Prominent
Not
Sheikhzadeh & Experimen Water- Not Not Lamin
Al2O3 0.3-1.2 9-13 mention 9.2 -
Fakhari (2014) tal EG mentioned mentioned ar
ed
24 and 29.5 % effectiveness enhance-
Hussein et al. (2014 Experimen SiO2 22 nm Lamin Flat 30.06
Water 1-2.5 250-1750 0.5-8 ment for TiO2 and SiO2 nanofluids
c) tal TiO2 50 nm ar Tube 25.12
respectively.
Hussein et al. (2014 Experimen SiO2 22 nm Lamin Flat 22.5
Water 1-2 250-1750 2-8 -
a) tal TiO2 50 nm ar Tube 11

184
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

Not
Not Not Not the highest rate of corrosion occurs to
Experimen MWCN 20-30 nm Not mentioned
Rashmi et al. (2014) Water 0.02-0.1 mentio mentio mention aluminium, followed by stainless steel and
tal T 30 µm mentioned but
ned ned ed copper, irrespective of the fluid used.
Prominent
Effectiveness of the radiator increased up
Boghare & Experimen Water- Not Turbul 0.05
Al2O3 0-1 84391 Ruffled 60 to 40% with addition of 1& volume
Kothawale (2014) tal EG mentioned ent kg/s
fraction of Al2O3 particles
Boghare et al. Experimen Water- Not 84391- Turbul
Al2O3 0-1 16-18 Ruffled 70 -
(2014) tal EG mentioned 91290 ent
Smaller radiator with nanofluids shows
Not Not
Experimen Water- 20-30 nm Not Not same or slightly better thermal
Ismail et al. (2014) CNT 0.02-0.1 mentio mentio Ruffled
tal EG 30 µm mentioned mentioned performance compared to standard
ned ned
radiator
Experimen Lamin Louvere
Ali et al. (2014) Water Al2O3 10 nm 0.1-2 100-1000 10-15 13.94 -
tal ar d Fin
Not
Muhammad Ali et al. Experimen 17500- Turbul The highest Nu enhancement occurs at
Water ZnO 20 nm 0.01-0.3 7-11 mention 46
(2015) tal 27600 ent 0.2% concentration
ed
Not Not Not
Experimen Not An empirical correlation for nanofluids
Kole & Dey (2010) Water Al2O3 50 nm 1-3.5 mentio mentio mention 10.41
tal mentioned viscosity in radiator.
ned ned ed
Turbul Louvere
9000-
• Peyghambarzadeh Experimen Water-
Al2O3 20 nm 0-1 23000
ent 2-5 d Fin-
40 -
et al. (2011 a) tal EG Lamin 3-6 Flat
1200-2500
ar Type
Peyghambarzadeh Experimen CuO 60 nm Lamin Flat
Water 0.15-0.65 50-1000 3-8.4 9 pH: 4.1-12.1
et al. (2013) tal Fe2O3 40 nm ar Tube
Brownian motion of nanoparticles may
Peyghambarzadeh Experimen 9000- Turbul Flat
Water Al2O3 20 nm 0.1-1 2-5 45 be one of the factors in the enhancement
et al. (2011 b) tal 23000 ent Tube
of heat transfer.
According to Taguchi method, the best
operating conditions includes minimum
Experimen Lamin
Naraki et al. (2013) Water CuO 60 nm 0-0.4 100-1000 3-8.4 Ruffled 8 temperature, maximum concentration of
tal ar
nanofluid, maximum flow rate of nanofluid
and maximum flow rate of air.
By increasing the temperature, thermal
Not Not Not conductivity increases, while viscosity and
Experimen Water- Not
Elias et al. (2014) Al2O3 13 nm 0-1 mentio mentio mention 8.3 density decrease. Therefore, the nanofluid
tal EG mentioned
ned ned ed can show better performances at higher
temperatures.
Not Not
Experimen Not
Hung et al. (2012) Water Al2O3 20 nm 0.5-1.5 mentio 1.8-2.4 mention 40 -
tal mentioned
ned ed
Not Not
Experimen Water- MWCN 20-30 nm Not
Teng & Yu (2013) 0.1-0.4 mentio 4.5-8.5 mention 12.8 -
tal EG T 10-30 µm mentioned
ned ed

185
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

Experimen Water- Al2O3 10-20 nm Lamin Finned

Nieh et al. (2014) 0.5-2 100-1000 4.5-8.5 25.6 -
tal EG TiO2 20-30 nm ar Tube
Not
Chavan D. & Pise A. Experimen Not Not Turbul
Water Al2O3 0-1 3-8 mention 45 -
T. (2013) tal mentioned mentioned ent
ed
Thermal conductivity of coolant basefluid
Tomar & Tripathi Experimen 84389- Turbul Ruffled (Ethylene Glycol) and nanofluid increases
Water Al2O3 40 nm 0.1-1 2-5 64
(2015) tal 91288 ent Fins almost linearly with temperature (25 to
45ºC).
Water Not
Gajendiran et al. Experimen Al2O3 Not Finned Heat transfer rate for Nanofluids is 66%
Transfo 60 nm 0.1-0.3 mentio 11-17 66
(2016) tal Cu mentioned Tube more than base transformer oil.
rmer Oil ned
Heat transfer rate is increased with
Experimen Water- Turbul Finned
Godley et al. (2015) CuO 40 nm 0.5-2 6000-8000 2-5 4.2 increase in volume concentration of
tal EG ent Tube
nanoparticle
Louvere Lower flow rates resulted in greater heat
Experimen 22000- Turbul d transfer rates as compared to higher flow
Ali et al. (2016) Water MgO 20 nm 0.06-0.12 8-16 31
tal 45000 ent Finned rates for the same volumetric
Tube concentration.
The experimental results show that Al2O3
Experimen Water- Not Not Turbul Finned Not based
Patil (2016) Al2O3 0-5 8
tal EG mentioned mentioned ent Tube mentioned coolant show better heat transfer as
compared to other coolants.
Thermal performance of the radiator in a
Sheikhzadeh et al. Not Lamin
Numerical EG Cu 0-5 4000-6000 7 kg/s Ruffled 64.3 hot weather of 50˚ C can be better than its
(2014) mentioned ar
performance in the weather of 20˚C.
Not Not
Water- Cu Not Not 21.94
Sidik et al. (2015) Numerical 0.5-5 mentio 113.5 mention -
EG Al2O3 mentioned mentioned 22.93
ned ed
Not
Not Not
Patel & Manavi CuO Not Not Turbul 2.5 mentioned
Numerical Water mentione mention CFD Analysis
(2014) TiO2 mentioned mentioned ent kg/s but
d ed
Prominent
Not
Sheikhzadeh & Water- Lamin Flat mentioned
Numerical Al2O3 44 nm 0-10 10-200 18-75 -
Fakhari (2011) EG ar Tube but
Prominent
Not Not
Dwivedi & Rai Not Not Wavy
Numerical Water SiC mentione mentio 6 kg/s 5 CFD Analysis
(2015) mentioned mentioned Fin
d ned
Flat
Fadhilah et al. 15000- Turbul Tube
Numerical Water Cu 10-100 nm 1-10 110 92 -
(2013) 21000 ent Louvere
d Fin
Not Not Not Finite volume method- Results
Sadodon et al. Not
Numerical Water Al2O3 40 nm 0-5 mentio mentio mention 12.2 show that increasing solid volume fraction
(2011) mentioned
ned ned ed and decreasing Ri number leads to heat

186
 Maysam Molana / American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
(2017) Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 168-187

transfer increases.

New correlations for viscosity and

Not
Water- Al2O3 Not 0-10 Lamin Flat 94 thermal conductivity of nanofluids as a
Vajjha et al. (2010) Numerical 100-2000 mentio
EG CuO mentioned 0-6 ar Tube 89 function of particle volumetric
ned
concentration and temperature developed
Not
Bozorgan et al. Turbul Flat
Numerical Water CuO 20 nm 0-2 6000-8000 mentio 10 -
(2012) ent Tube
ned
Not Lamin
Leong et al. (2010) Numerical Water Cu 0-2 5000-7000 200 Ruffled 3.8 -
mentioned ar
Cu 13.41
Sarkar & Tarodiya Water- SiC Not Lamin Plate 18.36
Numerical 0-2 5000 3.5-6.5 e –NTU method
(2013) EG Al2O3 mentioned ar Fin 17.39
TiO2 17.05
Hussein et al. (2014 Lamin Flat
Numerical Water SiO2 30 nm 1-2.5 500-1750 2-8 56 -
b) ar Tube

Eftekhar et al. Water- Not Turbul Four Fin Not

Numerical Al2O3 50 nm 1-3 16 reduces the warm-up timing
(2013) EG mentioned ent Types mentioned
0.02- Not
Nagarajan et al. Not Lamin
Numerical EG Ag 0.1-0.4 2000-8000 0.06 mention 30 -
(2014) mentioned ar
gk/s ed
Not
Water- Not 4000- Turbul 5.6-6.4
Saripella (2007) Numerical CuO 2-4 mention 5 CFD Analysis
EG mentioned 15000 ent kg/s
ed
CFD Analysis
Turbul
Delavari & 9000- Not Despite the time consuming, two-phase
Water- ent Flat 205
Hashemabadi Numerical Al2O3 45-150 0-1 23000 mentio approach has better prediction for
EG Lamin Tube 237
(2014) 1200-2500 ned nanofluids Nusselt number Very dilute
ar
nanofluids

187