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Section14 PDF
Section14 PDF
SECTION 14 - BEARINGS
Steel Reinforced Elastomeric Bearing – A bearing made Pm = Maximum compressive load considering all
from alternate laminates of steel and elastomer, appropriate load combinations (kip)
bonded together during vulcanization. R = Radius of curved sliding surface (in)
Translation – Horizontal movement of the bridge in the R0 = Radial distance from center of bearing to
longitudinal or transverse direction. object, such as an anchor bolt, for which
Transverse – The horizontal direction normal to the clearance must be provided (in)
longitudinal axis of the bridge. S = Shape factor of one layer of an elastomeric
bearing
Plan Area
14.3 NOTATIONS =
Area of Perimeter Free to Bulge
A = Plan area of elastomeric bearing (in2) LW
= for rectangular bearings
B = length of pad if rotation is about its transverse 2h rmax (L + W )
axis, or width of pad if rotation is about its without holes
longitudinal axis (in)
D
D = Diameter of the projection of the loaded = for circular bearings without holes
surface of the bearing in the horizontal plane 4h rmax
(in) W = Width of the bearing in the transverse
Dd = Diameter of the disc element (in) direction (in)
dj = Diameter of the jth hole in an elastomeric β = Effective angle of friction angle in PTFE
bearing bearings = tan-1 (Hm/PD)
E = Young's modulus (ksi) ∆o = Maximum service horizontal displacement
Ec = Effective modulus in compression of of the bridge deck (in)
elastomeric bearing (ksi) ∆s = Maximum shear deformation of the
Es = Young's modulus for steel (ksi) elastomer (in)
e = Eccentricity of loading on a bearing (in) δ = Instantaneous compressive deflection of
Fsr = Allowable fatigue stress range for over bearing (in)
2,000,000 cycles (ksi) δm = Maximum compressive deflection of
Fy = Yield strength of the least strong steel at the bearing (in)
contact surface (ksi) ε = Instantaneous compressive strain of a plain
G = Shear modulus of the elastomer (ksi) elastomeric pad
Hm = Maximum horizontal load on the bearing or εi = Instantaneous compressive strain ith elastomer
restraint considering all appropriate load layer of a laminated elastomeric bearing
combinations (kip) θ = Component of maximum service rotation in
hri = Thickness of ith elastomeric layer in direction of interest on an elastomeric
elastomeric bearing (in) bearing under load for Article 14.6.5.3
hrmax= Thickness of thickest elastomeric layer in θD = Maximum rotation due to dead load (rad)
elastomeric bearing (in) θL = Maximum rotation due to live load
hrt = Total elastomer thickness in an elastomeric θm,x = Maximum rotation considering all
bearing (in) appropriate load and deformation
hs = Thickness of steel laminate in combinations about transverse axis (rad)
steel-laminated elastomeric bearing (in) θm,z = Maximum rotation considering all
I = Moment of inertia (in4) appropriate load and deformation
L = Length of a rectangular elastomeric bearing combinations about longitudinal axis (rad)
(parallel to longitudinal bridge axis) (in) θm = Maximum design rotation considering all
Mm = Maximum bending moment (K-in) appropriate load and deformation
n = Number of elastomer layers combinations including live and dead load,
PD = Compressive load due to dead load (kip) bridge movements, and construction
PTL = Compressive load due to live plus dead load tolerances (rad)
(kip) µ = Coefficient of friction
PL = Compressive load to due to live load (kip)
σD = Average compressive stress due to dead load - the greater of either the rotations due to all
(ksi) applicable factored loads or the rotation at the
σL = Average compressive stress due to live load service limit state.
(ksi) - the maximum rotation caused by fabrication and
σTL = Average compressive stress due to total dead installation tolerances, which shall be taken 0.01
plus live load (ksi) rad unless an approved quality control plan
σm = Maximum average compressive stress (ksi) justifies a smaller value.
- an allowance for uncertainties, which shall be taken
as 0.01 rad unless an approved quality control plan
14.4 MOVEMENTS AND LOADS justifies a smaller value.
Bearings shall be designed to resist loads and accom- In no case shall the sum be less than 0.015 radians. +
modate movements. No damage due to joint or bearing
movement shall be permitted under any appropriate load
and movement combination. 14.5 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
Translational and rotational movements of the bridge BEARINGS
shall be considered in the design of bearings. The se-
quence of construction shall be considered and all critical Bearings may be fixed or movable as required for the
combinations of load and movement shall be considered bridge design. Movable bearings may include guides to
in the design. Rotations about two horizontal axes and the control the direction of translation. Fixed and guided
vertical axis shall be considered. The movements shall bearings shall have lateral strength adequate to resist all
include those caused by the loads, deformations and applied loads and restrain unwanted translation.
displacements caused by creep, shrinkage and thermal Combinations of different types of fixed or moveable
effects, and inaccuracies in installation. In all cases, both bearings should not be used at the same expansion joint,
instantaneous and long-term effects shall be considered, bent or pier unless the effects of differing deflection and
but the influence of impact need not be included. The rotational characteristics on the bearings and structure
most adverse combination of movements shall be used are accounted for in the design.
for design. Design requirements may be tabulated in a
rational form such as shown in Figure 14.4.
14.5.1 Load and Movement Capabilities
14.4.1 Design Requirements The movements and loads to be used in the design of
the bearing shall be clearly defined on the contract
The minimum thermal movements shall be computed drawings.
+ from the temperature range defined in Article 3.16 of
Division I and the estimated setting temperature. Design
loads shall be based on the load combinations and load 14.5.2 Characteristics
+ factors specified in Section 3.
The design rotation, θm, for bearings such as elasto- The bearing chosen for a particular application must
meric pads or steel reinforced elastomeric bearings which have appropriate load and movement capabilities. Those
do not achieve hard contact between metal components listed in Table 14.5.2-1 may be used as a guide. Figure
shall be taken as the sum of: 14.5.2-1 may be used as a guide in defining the different
bearing systems.
- the dead and live load rotations. The following terminology shall apply to Table
- an allowance for uncertainties, which is normally 14.5.2-1:
taken as less than 0.005 rad.
S = Suitable
+ The design rotation, θm, for bearings such as PTFE U = Unsuitable
+ spherical and PTFE elastomeric which may develop hard L = Suitable for limited applications
contact between metal components shall be taken as the
sum of:
FIGURE 14.4
Sole PL
Stainless Steel
Sliding Surface
+
Intermediate PL
Elastomeric PTFE Disk(s)
PTFE Disks
Bearing Pad
PTFE/Elastomeric Bearing
Masonry PL
Rubber Cover
Rubber
Reinforcement Layer
Elastomeric Bearing
Sole Plate
Stainless Steel
Sliding Surface
Woven PTFE Pad Concave Plate +
Stainless Masonry Plate
Steel Convex
Plate
Horizontal forces may be induced by sliding friction, For unconfined elastomeric bearings and pads, Mm
rolling friction or deformation of a flexible element in the shall be estimated by:
bearing. The force used for design shall be the largest one
applicable. M m = (0.5 E c I)θ m /h rt (14.5.3.2-2)
Sliding friction force shall be computed
where:
H m = µPm (14.5.3.1-1)
I = moment of inertia of plan shape of bearing
where: (in4)
Ec = effective modulus of elastomeric bearing in
Hm = maximum horizontal load (kip) compression (ksi)
µ = coefficient of friction θm = maximum design rotation (rad)
Pm = maximum compressive load (kip)
The force required to deform an elastomeric element 14.6 SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR
shall be computed as: BEARINGS
H m = GA∆ s /h rt (14.5.3.1-2) The stress increases permitted for certain load combi-
nations by Table 3.22.1A of this specification shall not
where:
apply in the design of bearings.
G = Shear modulus of the elastomer (ksi) +
14.6.1 Deleted
A = plan area of elastomeric element or bearing
(in2) +
14.6.1.1 Deleted
∆s = maximum shear deformation of the
elastomer (in)
14.6.1.2 Deleted +
hrt = total elastomer thickness (in)
14.6.1.3 Deleted +
Rolling forces shall be determined by test.
14.6.1.4 Deleted +
Where friction is required to resist applied loads, the an approved method to a metal surface or an elastomeric
design coefficient of friction under dynamic loading may layer with a Shore A durometer hardness of at least 90.
be taken as not more than 10% of the value listed in Table Woven PTFE on a metallic substrate shall be attached to
14.6.2.5-1 for the bearing stress and PTFE type. the metallic substrate by mechanical interlocking which
The coefficients of friction in Table 14.6.2.5-1 are can resist a shear force no less than 0.10 times the applied
based on a #8 mirror finish mating surface. Coefficients compressive force.
of friction for rougher surface finishes must be estab-
lished by test results in accordance with Division II,
+ Section 18 of the AASHTO Standard Specifications for 14.6.2.6.2 Mating Surface
+ Highway Bridges, Sixteenth Edition.
The mating surface for flat sliding shall be attached to
14.6.2.6 Attachment a backing plate by welding in such a way that it remains
flat and in full contact with its backing plate throughout
14.6.2.6.1 PTFE its service life. The weld shall be detailed to form an
effective moisture seal around the entire perimeter of the
Sheet PTFE confined in a recess in a rigid metal mating surface so that interface corrosion cannot occur.
+ backing plate for one half its thickness shall be bonded. The attachment shall be capable of resisting the maxi-
Sheet PTFE which is not confined shall be bonded by mum friction force which can be developed by the bear-
ing under service loads. The welds used for the attachment
shall be clear of the contact and sliding area of the PTFE D = diameter of the projection of the loaded surface
surface. of the bearing in the horizontal plane (in)
14.6.3 Bearings with Curved Sliding The two surfaces of a sliding interface shall have equal
Surfaces radii.
4Pm and:
σm = (14.6.3.1-2)
πD 2
Hm = maximum horizontal load.
where L = projected length of the sliding surface
perpendicular to the rotation axis.
PD = compressive load due to permanent loads.
PD
Hm
e
Y
orc
Surface Area
=R
nt F
Available to carry qm
ad
ulta
Compression
ius
Res
Equal
Lengths
L
FIGURE 14.6.3.2-1
R = radius of the curved sliding surface. tures warrant lower temperatures. The creep deflection +
β = angle between the vertical and applied loads. relative to the instantaneous deflection shall be obtained +
θm = maximum design rotation angle. See from Table 14.6.5.2-1. All bearings shall be manufac- +
Article 14.4.1. tured from elastomer grade No.3. +
σPTFE = maximum average contact stress permitted +
on the PTFE by Table 14.6.2.4-1.
Ψ = subtended semi-angle of the curved Table 14.6.5.2-1 Elastomer properties at different
surface. hardnesses.
Hardness (Shore ‘A’) 50 60 70
14.6.4 Deleted
Creep deflection at 25 yrs
+ Instantaneous deflection
25% 35% 45%
14.6.4.1 Deleted
+
14.6.4.2 Deleted 14.6.5.3 Design Requirements
+
14.6.4.3 Deleted 14.6.5.3.1 Scope
+
14.6.4.4 Deleted Bearings designed by the provisions of this section
+ shall be subsequently tested in accordance with the re-
14.6.4.5 Deleted quirements for steel reinforced elastomeric bearings of
+ Article 18.7 of Division II of the AASHTO Standard
14.6.4.6 Deleted Specifications for Highway Bridges, Sixteenth Edition. +
+ Steel reinforced elastomeric bearings should only be +
14.6.4.7 Deleted designed by these provisions when the provisions of +
+ Article 14.6.6 are exceeded. +
14.6.4.8 Deleted +
+
14.6.5.3.2 Compressive Stress
14.6.5 Steel Reinforced Elastomeric
Bearings - Method B In any bearing layer, the average compressive stress
(ksi) shall satisfy the following:
14.6.5.1 General
• for bearings subject to shear deformation
Steel reinforced elastomeric bearings shall consist of
alternate layers of steel reinforcement and elastomer, σ TL ≤ 1.6 KSI
bonded together. Tapered elastomer layers shall not be
σ TL ≤ 1.66 GS (14.6.5.3.2-1)
used. All internal layers of elastomer shall be of the same
thickness. The top and bottom cover layers shall be no σ L ≤ 0.66 GS
thicker than 70% of the internal layers. In addition to any
internal reinforcement, bearings may have external steel
• for bearings fixed against shear deformation
load plates bonded to the upper or lower elastomer layers
or both.
σ TL ≤ 1.75 KSI
σ TL ≤ 2.00 GS (14.6.5.3.2-2)
14.6.5.2 Material Properties σ L ≤ 1.00 GS
Zone D
Zone D
Zone C
Zone C
Zone B
Zone B
Zone A
Zone A
Alaska
Alaska Zone
Zone BB
Hawaii
Hawaii Zone
Zone AA
plus live load (KSI) ing long-term deflections. They should be computed from
G = shear modulus of elastomer (KSI) information relevant to the elastomeric compound used. In
S = shape factor of the thickest layer of the the absence of material-specific data, the values given in
bearing Article 14.6.5.2 shall be used.
Deflections due to total load and to live load alone The horizontal movement of the bridge superstruc-
shall be considered separately. ture, ∆0, shall be taken as the maximum possible displace-
Instantaneous deflection shall be calculated as fol- ment caused by creep, shrinkage, post-tensioning, com-
lows: bined with thermal effects computed in accordance with
this Specification. The maximum shear deformation of
δ = Σε i h ri (14.6.5.3.3-1) the bearing, ∆s, shall be taken as ∆0, modified to account
where for the pier flexibility and construction procedures. If a
low friction sliding surface is installed, ∆s need not be
εi = instantaneous compressive strain in the ith taken larger than than the deformation corresponding to
elastomer layer of a laminated elastomeric first slip.
bearing The bearing shall be designed so that
hri = thickness of ith elastomeric layer in elastomeric
bearing (in) h rt ≥ 2∆ s (14.6.5.3.4-1)
where
Values for εi shall be determined from test results or
from stress vs. strain curves found in the Bridge Memos hrt = total elastomeric thickness (in)
+ to Designers. The effects of creep of the elastomer shall ∆s = maximum service shear deformation of the
+ be added to the instantaneous deflection when consider- elastomer (in)
14.6.5.3.5 Combined Compression and
Rotation 14.6.5.3.5-6.
B = length of pad if rotation is about its transverse • If the bridge deck is free to translate horizontally
axis, or width of pad if rotation is about its
longitudinal axis (in) G
G = shear modulus of elastomer (ksi) σ TL ≤
æ 3.84 (h rt /L ) 2.67 ö
hrt = thickness of the ith layer of elastomer (in) ç − ÷
è S 1 + 2L/W S(S + 2)(1+ L/4W) ø
ç ÷
n = number of layers of elastomer
S = shape factor of the thickest layer of the
(14.6.5.3.6-2)
bearing
θm = component of maximum service rotation in
• If the bridge deck is not free to translate
direction of interest (rad)
horizontally
σTL = average compressive stress due to the total
dead plus live load (ksi)
G
σ TL ≤
All circular bearings shall satisfy æ 1.92 (h rt /L) 2.67 ö
ç − ÷
è S 1 + 2L/W S(S + 2)(1+ L/4W) ø
2 ç ÷
æθ öæ D ö
σ TL > 0.75GS ç m ÷çç ÷÷ (14.6.5.3.5-4)
è n øè h ri ø
(14.6.5.3.6-3)
If L is greater than W for a rectangular bearing,
A circular bearing subject to shear deformation shall stability shall be checked by the above formulas with L
also satisfy Equation 14.6.5.3.5-5; those fixed against and W interchanged.
shear deformation shall also satisfy Equation For circular bearings, stability may be evaluated by
using the equations for a square bearing with W pads reinforced with closely spaced layers of cotton duck +
= L = 0.8 D. shall have a shear modulus between 0.095 and 0.250 ksi +
and a nominal hardness between 50 and 70 on the shore +
“A” scale. +
14.6.5.3.7 Reinforcement +
14.6.6.3 Design Requirements
The thickness of the reinforcement, h s , shall satisfy the
requirements 14.6.6.3.1 Scope
This section of the specification covers the design of The average compressive stress, σTL, in any layer shall
plain elastomeric pads, PEP, pads reinforced with dis- satisfy
crete layers of fiberglass, FGP, and pads reinforced with
closely spaced layers of cotton duck, CDP and steel • for PEP, σTL ≤ 0.80 ksi, and σTL ≤ 0.55GS
reinforced elastomeric bearings. Layer thicknesses in • for FGP, σTL ≤ 0.80 ksi, and σTL ≤ 1.00GS
FGP may be different from one another. For steel rein-
• for CDP, σTL ≤ 1.50 ksi
forced elastomeric bearings designed in accordance with
the provisions of this section, internal layers shall be of
the same thickness and cover layers shall be no more than In FGP, the values of S used shall be that for the
70% of thickness of internal layers. greatest distance between the mid-point of double rein-
forcement layers at the top and bottom of the elastomer
layer.
14.6.6.2 Material Properties For steel reinforced elastomeric bearings designed in
accordance with the provisions of this article σTL ≤ 1.00
The materials for plain elastomeric pads, fiberglass ksi, and σTL ≤ 1.0 GS where the value of S used shall be
+ reinforced pads and steel reinforced elastomeric bearings that for the thickest layer of the bearing. The stress limits
+ shall satisfy the requirements of Article 14.6.5.2. Bearing may be increased by 10 percent where shear deformation
hrt 10 ∆s for CDP (14.6.6.3.4-1) The shear force on the structure induced by deforma-
tion of the elastomer shall be based on a G value not less
than that of the elastomer at 0ºF. Effects of relaxation
shall be ignored.
14.6.6.3.5 Rotation If the design shear force, Hm, due to pad deformation +
exceeds one-fifth of the minimum vertical force, the pad
The rotation about each axis shall be taken as the shall be secured against horizontal movement.
maximum possible rotation between the top and bottom The pad shall not be permitted to sustain uplift forces.
of the pad caused by initial lack of parallelism and girder
end rotation. The shape factor of CDP shall be defined as
100 for use in equations 14.6.6.6.3.5-1 and 14.6.6.3.5-2. 14.6.7 Deleted
They shall satisfy:
14.6.7.1 Deleted +
• for rectangular pads
14.6.7.2 Deleted +
or
14.6.7.3 Deleted +
2
æW ö
σ TL ≥ 0.5GSçç ÷÷ θ m , z (14.6.6.3.5-1) 14.6.7.4 Deleted +
è h rt ø
14.6.8 Deleted +
• for circular pads
2
14.6.8.1 Deleted +
æ D ö
σ TL ≥ 0.375GSçç ÷÷ θ m (14.6.6.3.5-2)
è h rt ø 14.6.8.2 Deleted +
Guides may be used to prevent movement in one The contact stress on the low-friction material shall
direction. Restraints may be used to permit only limited not exceed that recommended by the manufacturer. For
movement in one or more directions. Guides and re- PTFE, the stresses due to the maximum loads, Pm and Hm,
straints shall have a low-friction material at their sliding shall not exceed those given in Table 14.6.2.4.1 under
contact surfaces. sustained loading or 1.25 times those stresses for short-
term loading.
14.6.9.3 Materials
14.6.10 Other Bearing System
For steel bearings, the guide or restraint shall be made
from steel conforming to AASHTO M 270 Bearing systems made from components not described
(ASTM A 709) Grades 36, 50 or 50W, or stainless steel in Articles 14.6.1 through 14.6.8 may be used, subject to
conforming to ASTM A 240. the approval of the Engineer and Bearing Technical
The low-friction interface material shall be approved Specialist. Such bearings shall be adequate to resist the +
by the Engineer. forces and deformations imposed on them without mate- +
rial distress and without inducing deformations large +
enough to threaten their proper functioning.
14.6.9.4 Geometric Requirements The dimensions of the bearing shall be chosen to
provide for adequate movements at all times. The mate-
Guides shall be parallel, long enough to accommodate rials used shall have sufficient strength, stiffness, and
the full design displacement of the bearing in the sliding resistance to creep and decay to ensure the proper func-
direction, and shall permit a minimum of 1/32-in. and a tioning of the bearing throughout the design life of the
maximum of 1/16-in. free slip in the restrained direction. bridge.
Guides shall be designed to avoid binding under all The Engineer shall determine the tests which the
design loads and displacements, including rotations. bearing must satisfy. The tests shall be designed to
demonstrate any potential weakness in the system under
individual compression, shear or rotational loading or
14.6.9.5 Design Basis
14.7 LOAD PLATES AND ANCHORAGE If, under full dead load at the mean annual temperature
FOR BEARINGS for the bridge site, the inclination of the underside of the
girder to the horizontal exceeds 0.01 rad, a tapered plate
14.7.1 Plates for Load Distribution shall be used in order to provide a level load surface to be
placed on the bearing.
The bearing, together with any additional plates, shall
be designed so that
14.7.3 Anchorage
• the combined system is stiff enough to prevent
distortions of the bearing which would impair its All load distribution plates and all bearings with
proper functioning; external steel plates shall be positively secured to their
• the stresses imposed on the supporting structure supports by bolting or welding.
satisfy the limits specified by the Engineer. Allow- All girders shall be positively located on their support-
able stresses on concrete and grout beds shall be ing bearings by a connection which can resist the hori-
assumed to be based on the maximum compressive zontal forces which may be imposed on it. Separation of
load, Pm, on the bearing; bearing components shall not be permitted. A connec-
• the bearing can be replaced within the jacking tion, adequate to resist the least favorable combination of
height limits specified by the Engineer without loads, shall be installed wherever necessary to prevent
damage to the bearing, distribution plates or sup- separation.
porting structure. If no limit is given, a height of
3/ in. shall be used.
8
14.8 CORROSION PROTECTION
Computations of the strength of steel components and
beam stiffener requirements of steel girders shall be made All exposed steel parts of bearings not made from
in conformance with Section 10 of Division I of these stainless steel shall be protected against corrosion by zinc
specifications. metallization, hot-dip galvanizing or a paint system ap-
In lieu of a more precise analysis, the load from a proved by the Engineer. A combination of zinc metalli-
bearing fully supported by a grout bed may be assumed zation or hot-dip galvanizing and a paint system may be
to spread out at a slope of 1.5:1, horizontal to vertical, used.
from the edge of the smallest element of the bearing which
carries the compressive load.