1.

Sources of error in refractive index experiment (GLASS BLOCK)

a. Inaccurately measuring refracted and incident angles,
b. Incorrectly drawing refracted and incident rays, and
c. Incorrectly tracing the margins of the block.
d. Impurities in the media can also cause errors.
Precautions in refractive index experiment (GLASS BLOCK)

a. A double checking the angles measured with the protractor to ensure accuracy.
b. Pins should be vertically positioned and not parallel positioned of the eye.
c. The use of soft drawing boards helps to avoid Parallax errors or other mistakes.
2.
Sources of error in Simple pendulum experiment
a) Human errors comes in when measuring the period using a stopwatch. The reaction time of the
observer plays a significant error when starting the stopwatch and when stopping it.
b) Zero error of an instrument
c) The friction between the swinging bob and the surrounding air is another source of error. This
can be minimized by using a heavier bob than a lighter bob. The shape of the bob must be
spherical to minimize this friction.
d) The value of the acceleration due to gravity g in the locality is not constant and must be
obtained from reliable sources.
Precautions in Simple pendulum experiment
a) The bob of the pendulum should be displaced with a small angle.
b) The amplitude of the oscillation of a simple pendulum should be small.
c) The simple pendulum should oscillate in a vertical plane only.
d) Fan should be switched off to reduce the air resistance