UNDERSTANDING CULTURE
SOCIETY AND POLITICS
SOC S211
IDENTITY
o Is the distinctive
characteristic that defines
an individual or is shared
by those belonging to a
particular group.
o Influenced by other
factors, such as sexual
orientation, gender and
nationality.
o Can also change over the
course of a person’s
lifetime.
o Important because they
shape both individual and
group behavior as well as
people’s views about
other people society.
o This makes a person
appreciate similar and
differences from other
persons.
CULTURE
o Defined as society’s way
of life
o There are Material and
Non Material aspects
associated with culture.
MATERIAL – that
compromise one’s culture
of example.
NONMATERIAL –
interpretations of other’s
behavior, especially tha
bases of what we regard
as “right” or “wrong”.
o All socities have some
form of subjectives.
SOCIETY
o LATIN: Societies; Socious
Association and
Companionship
o Group of people living in a
community
o According to Maclver and
Page, “It is a web of social
relationship, constantly
changing.”
WHY?
Rapidly – advancing
Teachnology, profound
implications for
sociocultural and political
change.
THE PHENOMENON OF
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION HAS
ALSO CHANGED FILIPINO
IDENTITIES AND BELIEFS.
FILIPONO MIGRANTS HAVE ALSO
ASSIMILATED WITH OTHER
CULTURES ABROAD.
FILIPINO EMIGRANTS (OFW)
o Regarded as “modern-day
herdes”
TRANSNATIONAL FAMILIES
o Family members where
living in different parts of
the world.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
o Systematic study of
Biological, cultural and
social aspects of man.
ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY
AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
ANTHROPOLOGY
- Is the systematic
study of the
biological,
cultural, and social
aspects of man.
- Considers culture
as the central
focus of its
discipline.
- Greek words,
anthropos, means
“man,” and logos
means ”study” or
“inquiry.”
o ANTHROPOLOGISTS –
Franz Boas, Alfred
Kroeber, Clifford Geertz,
Brainslaw Malinowski,
Edward Burnett Taylor,
Margaret Mead
o SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY –
social patterns
o CULTURAL
ANTHROPOLOGY -
cultural variations across
different societies
o LINGUISTIC
ANTHROPOLOGY – study
language and how the
reflect and shape different
aspects of human society
and culture.
o BIOLOGICAL/PHYSICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY – Charles
Darwin; Human Evolution
o ARCHAEOLOGY – deals
with the pre historic
societies by studying their
tool and environments.
o FOSSILS – remains
SOCIOLOGY
o “The study of human,
social life, and society" –
Anthony Giddens
o Study of society and social
interaction
o Study of ourselves
connection to other
people
o SOCIOLOGISTS – Herbert
Spencer, Emile Durkheim,
Karl Marx, Max Weber,
August Comte
POLITICAL SCIENCE
o “The activity through
which people make,
 preserve, and amend the
general rules under which
they live.” – Andrew
Heywood
o Focuses on values of
equality, freedom, and
justice and it’s processes.
o Plato, Aristotle, Baron de
Montesquie, Niccolo
Machiavelli, Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, Thomas
Hobbies, John Locke
o PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
– examines how the
government functions and
how decisions and policies
are made.
o POLITICAL ECONOMY
- Evaluates the
interplay between
economics, politics,
and law and its
implications to the
various institutions
within the society
o COMPARATIVE POLITICS
- Which compares
domestic politics and
governance systems
across different
sovereign states.
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
SOCIETY
 A group of individuals
sharing a common culture,
geographical location and
government
Based on E.B Tylor’s concept
which states that society is that
complex whole which
encompasses beliefs
A SOCIETY IS CHARACTERIZED BY
THE PRESENCE OF THE
FOLLOWING ELEMENTS:
 SOCIAL SOLIDARITY
- Whereby members of
the community live
together for mutual
benefit
 SHARED IDENTITY AND
CULTURE
- Among members that
serve as basis for their
patterns of action and
behavior
 A COMMON LANGUAGE
 A LARGE POPULATION
AND THE ABILITY TO
SUSTAIN SUCCEEDING
GENERATIONS OF
MEMBERS
 DEFINITE GEOGRAPHICAL
AREA
 POLITICAL, ECONOMIC,
AND SOCIAL
ORGANIZATION
5 MAJOR TYPES OF SOCIETIES
 HUNTING AND
GATHERING
- First societies.
- The basic social and
economic units were
the family and local
clan which organized
hunting and gathering
activites and
distributed the
accumulated food
supply.
 HORTICULTURAL AND
PASTORAL
- Horticultural
societies relied on
the cultivation of
plants as their
primary source of
food;
- Pastoral socities
depended on the
domestication of
animals.
 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
- Food production
became more
efficient due to
the new methods
of farming,
invention and
establishment.
 INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
- Technological
advancements
resulted in the
invention of
machines that
improved
production.
 POST – INDUSTRIALIST
SOCIETIES
- Where knowlegde
is a commodity
and technological
innovation is key
to long-lasting
growth and
development.
CULTURE
 Is one the most important
bases that define and
influence a society.
 Refers to the set of
beliefs, ideas, values,
practices, knowlegde,
history and shared
experiences, attitudes, as
well as material objects
and possessions.
TWO PRIMARY CATEGORIES
OF CULTURES
 MATERIAL CULTURE
- Is composedd of
the physical or
tangible objects.
 NONMATERIAL
CULTURE
- Consists of
Intangible
properties and
elements of
 society that enacted and superior than
influence the enforced. other culture
patterns of action  XENOCENTRISM
SOCIALIZATION
and behavior of its - Belief that own
members.  Refers to the lifelong culture inferior
process of forging identity than other culture
FOUR VITAL CULTURAL
through social interaction o CULTURAL RELATIVISM
COMPONENTS
 Adaption of western - Which recognizes
 SYMBOL culture and accepts the
- Things that convey cultural
ENCULTURATION differences
meaning or
represent an idea.  Refers to the process by between societies.
 LANGUAGE which an individual learns - This view believes
- Is a set of symbls or acquires the important that every aspect
that enables aspects of his or her of a culture can
members of society’s culture. justified by the
society to context in which
communicate CONTEXT the culture has
verbally and been formed.
 Refers to particular
nonverbally. circumstances of a certain CULTURE IN THE FIELD OF
 VALUES culture and is defined by SOCIOLOGY
- Are shared ideas, location, weather, time
norms, and period, and other factors. SOCIOLOGY
principles that
SOCIETY AND CULTURE  Relates culture with the
provide members
ACCORDING TO THE THREE overall context of social
of society the
DISCPLINES order.
standards that
 Cultures are important
pertain to what is ANTHROPOLOGY – Considers
right or wrong, culture as the central focus of its THE 3 SOCIOLOGICAL
good or bad, discipline. It studies the different PERSPECTIVES
desirable or cultures of different societies.
undesirable.  STRUCTURAL
 NORMS 2 APPROACHES FUNCTIONALISM
- Are shared rules  ETHNOCENTRIC - Operates on the
of conduct that APPROACH assumption that
determine specific - Is the belief that society is a stable
behavior among one’s native and orderly
society members. culture is superior system.
- FOLKWAYS – are to other cultures. - Consider culture
norms that may  RELATIVISTIC APPROACH as a glue that
be violated - Considers culture binds society
without serious as equal. together, leading
consequences. to social order
ETHNOCENTRISM VS.  CONFLICT THEORY
- MORES – are
XENOCENTRISM - Assumes that
norms with moral
there is a constant
connotations.  ETHNOCENTRISM
- LAWS – are norms power struggle
- Belief that your
that are legally among the various
own culture is
social groups and
 institutions within o Changes physical bodies - As societies evolved, social
society. through out the time and political institutions
 SYMBOLIC developed alone with the
BIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION
INTERACTIONISM ideas of law.
- Views individual o The mutual interactive
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL
and group evolution of human
REVOLUTION
behavior and biology and culture
social interactions o It focuses on the idea that - Increased migration
as defining “biology makes culture - Growth of Urban
features of possible and that Populations
society. developing culture further - Changes in Lifestyle
influences the direction of - Increased Production
POLITICAL SCIENCE
biological evolution.” - Technological
 also examines culture as a Advancement
DIFFERENT
vital aspects of society. - Rise of the Middle Class
 MULTICULTURALISM BAND-LEVEL SOCIETIES
LAISSEZ – FAIRE (“let be")
- And ideology that
- Hunting and Gathering
acknowledges and - The principle of non-
societies assigned the task
promotes cultural intervention of
of hunting to men, while
diversity within government on economic
women were employed in
society affairs.
gathering.
 CULTURAL SENSITIVITY - It is the heart of the
- The earliest societies were
- Advances and doctrine that the economy
comprised of the hunters-
awareness and works best when left
gatherers, and were
acceptance of alone the government
referred to as Band-Level
cultural
Societies or simply bands. TABULA RASA
differences but
- Egalitarian
encourages a - “Human mind at birth is
critical stance in TRIBE nothing but a blank slate-"
dealing with - John Locke
- This was a formal social
issues regarding
organization made up of CHAPTER 3
sensitivity.
several bands and groups
BECOMING A MEMBER OF
UNDERSTANDING, CULTURE, that were connected
SOCIETY
SOCIETY AND POLITICS through a clan structure or
SOC S211 kinship. SOCIALIZATION
- The leader of the tribe of
CHAPTER 5 o Life long process of Social
headman was a more
formal established leader. Interaction through which
Looking back at human Biocultural
- The growth of tribes people acquire their
and Social Evolution
allowed them to identities and necessary
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION survival skills.
increasingly internal with
o The process whereby one another, leading to POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION
organisms undergo the establishment of new
political organization, the o Process which enables the
various genetic and
Chiefdom. development of citizens to
physical changes that pave
function effectively within
the way for biological
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION a particular political
diversity.
system.
SOCIAL CONTEXT
o Refers to the particular
circumstances of a society
and consists of its culture,
language, and social
structures that define
social classes, ethnicity
and gender
CONTENT
o Refers to ideas, beliefs
behavior and other
information that are
passed on by members of
society to the individual.
PROCESS
o Refers to methods of
interaction that enable
the content to be given to
the person undergoing
socialization.
RESULTS
o The outcomes of
socialization and the
evident when individual
begin to practice the
behaviors attitudes and
values that society
considers necessary for
them to function
effectively at its members.
INTERNALIZATION
o Refers to the process of
accepting the social
norms, attitudes, roles
and values transmitted by
people and social groups
within society as one’s
own.
SELF-IDENTIFY
o Refers to the
establishment of a unique
of how it relates to their
society and the world.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION &
ENCULTURATION
THE FAMILY
 The primary agent of
socialization of an
individual upon birth
throughout infancy and up
to childhood.
SCHOOL
 Schools have a critical and
active role in socialization,
as their various academic
and social activities mold
students like beliefs,
attitudes and values.
PEER GROUP
 Reinforce acceptable
behaviors introduced by
the family and school,
allow a certain degree of
independence from family
and certain figures of
authority.
MASS MEDIA
 Includes form of
communication such as
books, magazines,
newspapers either print
materials, radio television
and movies.
o PLURALIST MODEL –
portrays media as an
ideological marketplace
that enhances debate and
electoral choice.
o MARKET MODEL – media
reflects the views of the
general public and that
media presents what they
think the people want.
o DOMINANT IDEOLOGY
MODEL – traces this bias
to links between media
and the political and social
elite
o ELITE VALUES MODEL -
recognizes media bias as a
product of the personal
views of media
professionals such as
journalists, broadcasters
and editors.
RELIGION AND STATE
 Both of them are
considered as the ultimate
sources of authority,
making the church and
government important of
socialization
CONFORMITY, DEVIANCE SOCIAL
CONFORMITY
 The process of altering
one’s thoughts and
actions to adapt to the
accepted behavior within
his or her group on
society.
o COMPLIANCE- refers to
the outward conformity to
social pressure bur
privately disagreeing with
it.
o IDENTIFICATION – refers
to the individual adapting
a certain behavior
because it enables him or
her to have a satisfying
relationship with the
members of his or her
group.
o INTERNALIZATION –
involves both public
compliance and internal
acceptance of the norms
and standards imposed by
the group.
DEVIANCE
 Defined as a behavior that
elicits a strong negative
reaction from group
 members and involves
actions that violate
commonly held social
norms.
o STRUCTURAL STRAIN
THEORY - argues that the
tensions and strains
between socially-
approved goals and an
individuals ability to meet
them will lead to
deviance.
o SUBCULTURAL VIEW –
points to the emergence
of deviant behavior within
certain groups in society
or subcultures.
o LABELING THEORY –
believes that there is
actually no deviance in
society; deviance only
labeling certain actions as
“deviant" or “undesirable"
o CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE –
Analyzes deviance in the
framework of competing
interests between social
groups and the
maintenance of power
among the elites.
SOCIAL CONTROL
 Is defined as any
systematic means and
practices used to maintain
norms, rules, and laws;
regulate conflict; and
discourage deviant
behavior.
SANCTIONS
 Are the most common
means of social control,
and are often employed to
address conflicts and
violations of social norms.
o FORMAL SANCTIONS – are
those provided for by laws
and other regulations in
society. Laws formally
designate certain deviant
behaviors as crimes, and
prescribe sanctions for
such acts.
o INFORMAL SANCTIONS –
are most commonly
imposed by smaller
societies, communities or
groups. There are no set
laws or regulations that
define the nature of these
sanctions.
HUMAN DIGNITY
 Refers to the idea that a
person has the innate
right to be valued,
respected, and treated
well.
HUMAN RIGHTS
 Are legal, social and
ethical principles that
consider the human
person as deserving of
liberties a d protections by
virtue of his or her human
dignity.
o UNIVERSAL – they belong
to all human beings
regardless of race,
religion, gender, and other
characteristics
o FUNDAMENTAL -they
cannot be taken away
from any human being.
o INDIVISIBLE – as various
rights are interrelated and
given equal importance.
o ABSOLUTE – they cannot
be qualified and are
considered basic
necessities for living a
genuine life
CHAPTER 4
SOCIAL GROUP
 Is a collection of
individuals who have
relations with one another
that make them
interdependent to some
significant degree.
INTERDEPENDENCE
 Is a necessary condition
that exists within social
groups because it is what
enables its members to
pursue shared goals or
promote common values
and principles.
PRIMARY GROUP
 Is a small, intimate, and
less specialized group
whose members engage in
face-to-face and emotion-
based interactions over an
extended period of time.
 The interdependence
among members of a
primary group is
characterized by a deep
and profound relationship
with each other.
SECONDARY GROUP
 A larger population, less
intimate, and more
specialized groups where
members engage in an
impersonal and objective-
oriented relationship for a
limited time.
SELF-CATEGORIZATION THEORY
 It proposed that people’s
appreciation of their
group membership in
influenced by their group.
2 CATEGORIES
IN-GROUP
  Is a group to which one
belongs and with which
one feels a sense of
identity.

OUT-GROUP

 Is a group to which one

does not belong and to
which he or she may feel a
sense of competitiveness
or hostility.

SELF-CATEGORIZATION

 As members of fraternities
often lose their
individuality and they
consider themselves more
as members of an
exclusive group.

REFERENCE GROUPS

 Is a group to which an
individual’s behavior and
social attitudes whether
he or she is a member of
these groups.

NETWORK

 Refers to the structure of

relationships between
social actors or groups.
These are
interconnections, ties, a d
linkages between people,
their groups, and the
larger social institutions to
which they all belong to.
 INTRODUCTION TO THE
PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN
PERSON
Chapter 1: Understanding the
Reality in a Bigger Picture
Revealing the Whole
A. Discovering Philosophical
Reflection
- At some point in your life, you
may asked difficult questions
though perhaps you never
discussed them to anyone.
- To reflect philosophically is to
think about an important question
that does not have a definite or
ready answer.
- Difficult questions that do not
have definite answers like the
ones we have been describing are
significant.
- Questions that matter to us for
they reflect our desire to
understand or at least make sense
of our experiences (sorts of
questions called philosophical)
- A philosophical questions always
contains a bigger problem.
- Philosophical question is to go
through life confused and lost
Metaphysics
- branch of philosophy
- being with beings
- “ta meta ta physika” in greek,
meaning beyond
(meta) the physical (physika)
things.
B. The Universe and the Particular
Simpler ways of distinguishing one
from the other is by saying that
the particular refers to a part of
the whole, while the universe
pertains to the whole.
Philosophical - the answer we find
directly affect the way we go
through life
Martin Heidegger - (1889-1976)
Messkirch, Geermany
“hermeneutics of facticity” means
the people interpret things as they
encounter them in different ways.
- “leads into the totality begins”
(The Essence of Human Freedom)
- Beginning with a particular
question that unavoidably goes to
the roots, a philosophical question
eventually becomes a revolution
about the whole of reality.
- The problem is not limited to
man and freedom. We cannot
avoid asking about the essence of
man, the essence of world, and
the essence of God.
Plato - (427-347B.C.E.)
- one of famous
philosophers
- founded school of
Athens
- Student of Socrates and
teacher of Aristotle
- Ever person who engages in a
philosophical reflection must
recognize that possible answers to
philosophical questions require
adequate justification or rational
basis.
- God did not give us a life manual
but He gifted us with intellect or
mind (faculty of reason) to figure
things out on our own.
- Faculty of reason or rational
capacity allows us to pursue our
questions so we can come nearer
to the truth.
- Our mind goes beyond our
instincts and pays attention to our
emotions so we can effectively
pursue meaning and truth.
C. Truth and Dialects
Socrates - (469-399 B.C.E.)
- Dialects is an art of refutation
that dates back to the ancient
Greeks.
- Philosopher Socrates is most
noteworthy in his use of dialects.
His method of question and
answer illustrates how views need
to be defended with consistency
and clarity.
- most noteworthy liltueis
knowledge of good and
bad
- Known thyself “the
unexamined life is not
worth living”
GWF Hegel - (George Wilhelm
Friedrich Hegel) 1770-1831,
Stuttgard, Germany
- period of German
Idealism, plato’s view that
ideas are real as opposed
to matter
- Dialects is indispensable since it
leads us closer to truth. Finding
the truth, in a way, involves a kind
of “truth-ing” and dialects is one
of its earliest and tested forms.
Karl Marx - (1818-1883) Trier
Germany
Historical materialism which
embodies his theory that societies
rise and fall as a result of class
struggles.
Philosophical Enterprise
A. Wonder, Knowledge,
Ignorance
Wonder is the beginning for it
stimulates us to venture into
philosophy.
Etymology of the term philosophy
in Greek (philo as love and Sophia
as wisdom) to “love of wisdom”
thus philosophers as lovers of
wisdom
“ (Etymology- study of the origin
of words and the way in which
their meanings have changed
through out history)”
Two kinds of wisdom
 Theoretical - to know
necessary truths and their
logical consequences.
 Practical - deals with
knowledge in the realm of
action.
-Politics & ethics are
concerned with action
-To have practical wisdom
is to know truths that
have to do with our
dealings with fellow
human beings.
-T & P are both desirable
and valuable.
B. Philosophical
Thought in three views
Cosmology - origin of world
- Cosmocentric
- Theocentric
- Anthropocentric
- Ancient philosophy a period that
held the cosmocentric view.
- world (kosmos In Greek)
- origin of universe
- arche (Greek for ‘starting point’)
- Thales (c. 620-546 B.C) from
Miletus, first who wondered about
the origin of the universe
- Anaximander (c. 612-545 B.C)
thought that water could not only
simply explain hot, cold & dry, it
must be ‘boundless’ (apeiron in
Greek)
- Anaximenes (c. 585-528 B.C),
fundamental principle must be air
because it can better account for
change and for life.
- Pythagoreans (group of
philosophers)- number as the first
principle because they observed
how the world is governed by
mathematical ratio.
-Atomists there must be tiny,
indivisible entities, invisible to the
naked eye that make up
everything. (atoms)
God - theos in Greek
- Theocentric view
- Avicenna (980-1037) first Muslim
philosopher, the existence of
beings can be traced to another
being responsible for its existence.
- St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa
Theologica is most remarkable for
its exhaustive explanation of the
Christian faith. Source of the
famous “five ways” of proving the
existence of God.
- Centered on man
(anthropos in Greek)
Antropocentric view was a result
both of the rise of modern science
and the diminished authority of
the church.
Rationalism is committed to the
view that knowledge is acquired
through reason independent of
sense experience.
-Rene Descartes (1596-1650),
clear and distinct ideas cannot be
doubted unlike the data of the
senses. Plato was also a rationalist
since he claimed that ideas alone
are real whereas things are
illusory.
-Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677)
and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
(1646-1716), knowledge for all
rationalist is based on ideas.
Empiricism holds that all
knowledge is from sense
experience.
- George Berkeley (1685-1753) -
David Hume (1711-1776) - John
Locke (1632-1704)
- John Locke (1632-1704), human
mind at birth is like a blank sheet
of paper (tabula rasa) that is filled
through sense experience.
The Value of Philosophical
Reflection
A. Socratic Method
1. “Know thyself
2. ”The unexamined life is
not worth living”
3. “Virtue is knowledge of
good and bad”
Agora - Socrates philosophized
where people usually gathered in
market and compelled those he
conversed with to think, to defend
their views, to account for what
they know and do not know.
Socratic Method - series of
questioning and answering that
Socrates employed in engaging I
philosophical reflection.
- A life worth living is a life that
examines what one thinks. An
examination of beliefs or thoughts
provides us with opportunity to
know ourselves better. We need
to know our selves because we
make choices daily.
- We do not realize what we truly
believe in until we are challenged
to defend them.
B. “Pilosopo” as a Social
Critic
Two senses of pilosopo
1. One who reason it poorly
(sometimes amusing)
2. A social critic
There are similarities between
Pilosopo Tasyo and Socrates.
Pilosopo Tasyo walked around
public places conversing about
politics and society
Fallacy - Erroneous kind of reason
Kinds of fallacy:
 Equivocation using
unclear language
especially to deceive or
mislead someone
Argumentum ad hominem-
attacking against the person
instead of his/her argument
Various Ways in Dealing with the
Question “Who am I?” in the
Course of History
A. Duality of Body and Soul
The duality of body and soul is the
view held by those who believe
that our body is separate and
distinct from our soul.
The soul or the spirit is
philosophically discussed as mind
since mental capacities and
abilities are attributed to it. The
mind-body problem in the history
of philosophy is an ancient
philosophical problem that
eventually developed through Aquinas. Following Aristotle’s
time and due to scientific notion of form and matter,
advances into the contemporary Aquinas claimed that body and
mind-brain problem. soul are not to entities that
interact with each other but are
Plato is one of those who argued
one being made up of matter and
for dualism of body and soul. The
form. Although the body is the
human soul, he theorized, exists
matter and the soul is the form, a
prior to the body and even after
being cannot remain a being if
the body is long gone.
matter and form are not united.
This doctrine by Plato is connected
C. Human Consciousness and
to his theory of Forms where the
Existence
material realm (the world we
know) is separate from the eternal Part of the reason why mind-body
realm of forms or essences (the problem could not be entirely
world of ideas). abandoned in philosophy is
because humans naturally engage
Knowledge is to be found in the
in thought as they interact with
realm of ideas or essences which
the world. Nonetheless, the
are eternal and true. The soul that
complexities of thought could not
human possess pre-existed in the
be explained by nature. A special
world of forms or ideas. This is
branch of philosophy called
why the soul is immortal and
Philosophy of Mind deals with this
learning is mere remembering or
puzzle. One of the things they
recollecting what the soul once
looked into John Lockes’s notion
knew when it was in the real of
of inner sense that is better
forms.
understood as reflection or
Rene Descartes also recognized introspection.
dualism and expressed this in his
Immanuel Kant is also interpreted
Meditations. In employing the
by philosophers of mind as
method of doubt at the start of his
providing the basis for rational
mediations, he arrived at the
approach. The self is rational
conclusion that he exists because
agent who can know their own
doubt requires a doubter. That he
thoughts and attitudes, and be
doubts is proof that he existing.
responsible for them.
He that exists is clearly a thing that
thinks. D. Human Faculty of Reason
B. Unity of Body and Soul Humans have a mental faculty or
capacity that enables them to
In contrast to dualism, monism is
think, to reason, to understand, to
much simpler and avoids many
compare, to analyse, to associate
unresolved questions. To say that
ideas and so on. Philosophers in
the body and soul together make
agreement that human beings
one entity does not require much
have this human faculty of reason.
proof as opposed to offering to
dualist view. The rationalist and empiricists
both agree that there is a human
Among those who did not
faculty of reason. However, the
subscribe to dualism is St. Thomas
rationalist discover truths by
sitting and thinking while
empiricists discover truth using
their senses or by observing the
world.
Pan-Determinism’s View of
Freedom as an Illusion
-Human behavior is biologically,
psychologically, and sociologically
determined
Freedom, then is an illusion
 BIOLOGICAL
DETERMINISM
- also
called biodeterminism
, the idea that most
human characteristics,
physical and mental,
are determined
at conception by
hereditary factors
passed from parent to
offspring.
- refers to the idea that
all human behavior is
innate, determined by
genes, brain size, or
other biological
attributes. values, morality ,religion, culture,
etc.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL
DETERMINISM
- Human actions,
according to Freud are
not free. Human
actions may appear
free but they are
nothing but a
manifestation of the
various mental states,
which humans are
both aware of and
have no control.
- These mental states,
in turn govern human
decisions, actions and
behaviors.
According to Freud, there
are three levels of mind.
1. The conscious level
2. The pre-conscious
level
3. The unconscious level
 SOCIOLOGICAL
DETERMINISM
-According to B.F. Skinner
freedom is an illusion
because from birth till the
time we developed our
capacity to think our
society had been there
shaping, influencing and
even controlling what we
think and how we live our
lives.
The Four major social
institutions:
• The family
• The school
• The church
• And the state
have ingrained upon us their
- The family has taught
us economic, moral,
and spiritual values.
- The school has not
only taught us how to
write and read, but
also, what to read and
write and what and
how to think.
- The church has
introduced us the
concept of heaven,
- The state, through its
laws and various
institutions, has
prescribed us what to
be avoided.
PRECAPITALISM
-in which capitalism has not yet
been introduced; of or pertaining
to a period before the
introduction of capitalism
- WAS AN AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY
- HAD TWO STAGES:
PERIOD OF SLAVERY- OCCURRED
IN ANCIENT PERIOD
- WAS USHERED IN BY THE
DEVELOPMENT OF
AGRICULTURE.
- THE POWERFUL
AMASSED LANDS &
POSSESSED THE
POWERLESS AS THEIR
SLAVES.
- GAVE BIRTH TO PRIVATE
PROPERTY & DIVISION OF
LABOR = GAVE BIRTH TO
SOCIAL CLASSES &
ESTABLISHMENT OF
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
MASTERS: POLITICIANS, CHIEFS &
WARRIORS
SLAVES: NO LANDS
> to protect their property &
maintain their status, THE
MASTERS CREATED THE
GOVERNMENT & OTHER
POLITICAL INSTITUTION. Laws
were enacted purposely to
legitimate the economic &
political relations between the 2
social classes. Laws also paved the
way for the various forms of
injustices committed against the
slaves by their masters.
PERIOD OF SERFDOM -
OCCURRED IN MEDIEVAL PERIOD

- Such social relations wouldn’t

also last. Due to some changes in
the modes of productions, the
second stage of the precapitalist
society was born, the feudal
society. The lords replaced the
masters, and the serfs replaced
the slaves. If the masters owned
their slaves, the lords only held
the serf legally bound through
contracts. Compared to the
masters, the lords had lesser
power &, in parallel, the serfs
enjoyed some freedom not
enjoyed by the slaves.

- But similar to the master-slave

society, the government & all its
institutions were established &
maintained during the feudal
period to protect the interests of
the lords. Also similar to the
master-slave society, the feudal
society was still characterized by
various kinds of injustices. But the
society continued to evolve as the
economic relations between the
people had changed. Such
evolution brought about another
economic relations among the
people, capitalism.
 FOREIGN LANGUAGE Watashi no shumi wa sports shite FOREIGN LANGUAGE
FLN S211 masu FLN S211

JAPAN CULTURES Douzo yoro shiko onegaishimasu NUMBERS/PHONE NUMBERS

o Nihongo Language  Nihon/Nippon – japan  0 – Rei/Zero

o Kyoto – past capital  Nihonjin – people from  1 – ichi
o Tokyo –present capital japan  2 – ni
o The Land of the Rising Sun  Wa – talking about  3 – san
o The Origin of the Sun yourself  4 – yon
o CLIMATE  Shumi – hooby that you  5 – go
- Summer (June- like  6 – roku
Aug)  Hajimemashte – nice to  7 – nana
- Autumn/Fall meet you  8 – hachi
(Sept-Nov)  Jikoshokai – self  9 – kyuu
- Winter (Dec-Feb) introduction  10 – juu
- Spring (March-  Konnichiwa – Hi/Hello o Den Bangoo wa nan desu
May) - Goodafternoon ka – what is your phone
o ISLANDS  Ohayo Gozaimasu/Ohayo number?
- Hokaido (Winter - Goodmorning o Ka – question particle
Festival)  Konbanwa – Goodevening o - no
- Honshu
 Oyasumi Nasai -Goodnight  11 = 10 + 1 – juu ichi
- Shikoku
 Sayonara – Goodbye  40 = yon juu
- Kyoshu
 Arigatou Gozaimasu  45 = jon juu go
o ATOMIC BOMB
– Thank you
- Hiroshima and NUMBERS
 O Genki des ka? – are you
Nagasaki
- Sadako-Sasaki
okay? Are you fine?  Kwan wa Nansai desu ka
 Genki desu – I’m good (how old are you?)
- 2 years old – she
 Mata Ashita – see you - Watashi wa xx+sai
survided
tomorrow desu (I am years old)
- Died in age of 12 –
Leukemis (Acute  Ja Mata – see you/see you  Ima wa nanji desu ka
Malignant tomorrow (what time is it?)
Leukemia)  Sumimasen – sorry/ - Ima xx + ji desu
o Mt. Fuji (Famous Volcano excuse me  Nanji = want
o There are many volcanoes  Ittekamasu – I’m  Ima = now
and natural hot springs in leaving/I’ll be back
!! RULES
japan  Itterashai – you may go
o The population of japan is  Tadaima – I’m back / I’m  4 = yo
about 125,000,000 home  7 = shichi
 Okaerinasai – welcome  9 = ku
COMMON JAPANESE GREETINGS home!  Gozen – AM
AND EXPRESSION  Itadakimasu - Eat/ before  Gogo – PM
Watashi wa surname,name desu the meal  xx = 30 han (half)
 Gochisousa ma - after the  ima xx+ji desu
Watashi no namae wa desu meal  gozen/gogo + xx+ji + desu
To Yonde kodasai
gozen/gogo + xx+ji + han desu
Firipin Jin desu