Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
Keyboard
and
Octave
registers
• Pitch
refers
to
highness
or
lowness
in
a
sound
• Named
for
the
first
7
letters
of
the
alphabet
(ABCDEFG)
• C
is
the
note
that
we
will
relate
to
the
keyboard
• 7
¼
octaves
on
a
standard
keyboard
from
A-‐0
to
C8
• From
any
C
up
to
the
next
C
is
called
an
octave
• All
the
notes
from
one
C
to
another
(not
including
the
upper
C)
are
part
of
the
same
octave
register.
Notation
on
the
Staff
• A
Staff
is
used
to
indicate
the
precise
pitch
desired.
• Contains
5
lines
and
4
spaces
• Can
be
indefinitely
extended
with
Ledger
lines
• A
Clef
associates
certain
pitches
with
the
lines
and
spaces
o G-‐Clef
–
Treble
o F
CLEF
–
Bass
o C-‐Clef
–
Alto
clef
o C-‐Clef
–
Tenor
Clef
• A
Grand
Staff
is
a
combination
of
both
treble
and
bass
clef
joined
by
a
brace
The
Major
Scale
• Scales
form
the
basis
of
tonal
music
• The
Major
Scale
is
a
pattern
of
half
and
whole
steps
encompassing
an
octave
• Half-‐step
is
the
distance
from
a
key
to
the
next
key
white
or
black
o Natiral
half
step
is
between
C-‐D,
E-‐F
• Whole
step
skips
the
next
key
and
goes
to
the
following
one.
• The
major
scale
pattern
is
Whole,
Whole,
Half,
Whole,
Whole,
Whole,
Half
• Tetrachords
–
four-‐note
pattern
of
1-‐1-‐
½
.
Major
scalw
is
made
up
of
two
tetrachords
with
a
whole
step
in
the
middle.
• Accidental
–
symbols
that
raises
or
lowers
a
note
o Double
sharp
o Sharp
o Natural
o Flat
o Double
flat
o When
we
say
an
accidental
it
occurs
after
the
letter
name,
but
when
we
write
an
accidental
it
occurs
before
the
letter
name
Major
Key
Signatures
• Key
–
the
term
that
is
used
to
identify
the
first
degree
of
a
scale
• Key
Signature
–
is
a
pattern
of
sharps
and
flats
that
appear
at
the
beginning
of
a
staff
and
indicates
that
certain
notes
are
to
raised
or
lowered
consistently.
o Sharp
–
G,
D,
A,
E,
B,
F#,
C#
o Flat
–
F,
Bb,
Eb,
Ab,
Db,
Gb,
Cb
• Notes
that
are
spelled
differently
but
sound
the
same
are
said
to
be
Enharmonic
• Transposition
–
to
write
or
play
music
in
some
key
other
than
the
original
• Order
of
sharps
–
F,C,G,D,A,E,B
• Order
of
Flats
–
B,E,A,D,G,C,F
• Circle
of
Fifths
–
follows
the
order
of
sharps
in
a
clockwise
motion
around
a
circle
(p.10)
Minor
Scales
• Natural
minor
scale
–
like
a
major
scale
with
a
lowered,
3,
6,
and
7th
degree.
• Harmonic
Minor
scale
–
thought
of
as
a
major
scale
with
a
lowered
3rd
and
6th
degree
• Melodic
minor
scale
–
ascending
form
is
like
a
major
scale
with
a
lowered
3rd
degree,
the
descending
form
is
the
same
as
the
natural
minor
scale.
Minor
key
signatures
• Relative
–
share
the
same
key
signature
• Parallel
–
share
the
same
letter
name
only
• See
chart
on
p.
13.
Refers
only
to
the
natural
form
of
the
minor
and
accidentals
must
be
used
to
write
the
harmonic
and
melodic
forms
Scale
degree
Names
• 1st
-‐
Tonic
• 2nd
–
Supertonic
• 3rd
–
Mediant
• 4th
–
Subdominant
• 5th
–
Dominant
• 6th
–
Submediant
• 7th
–
Subtonic
or
Leading
tone
–
depends
on
whether
it
is
raised.
Intervals
• Interval
–
a
measurement
of
the
distance
in
pitch
between
two
notes
• Harmonic
Interval
–
performing
the
two
notes
at
the
same
time
• Melodic
Interval
–
performing
the
two
notes
successively
• Two
Parts
of
an
interval
name
o Numerical
name
–
how
far
apart
they
are
Unison
instead
of
1
Octave
instead
of
8
2nd
instead
of
two
3rd
instead
of
three
Intervals
smaller
than
an
octave
are
called
simple
intervals
Intervals
larger
than
an
octave
are
called
compound
intervals
o Modifier
–
Perfect,
Major,
Minor,
augmented
and
diminished
Interval
Modifiers
• Perfect
refers
only
to
the
Unison
P1,
Octave
P8,
the
4th
P4,
and
5th
P5
• Major
or
Minor
refers
only
to
2nds,
(M2,
m2),
3rds
(M3,
m3),
6th
(M6,
m6),
7th
(M7,
m7)
• Augmented
–
a
major
or
perfect
interval
that
is
raised
by
½
step
(+)
• Diminished
–
a
minor
or
perfect
interval
is
made
½
step
smaller
Inversions
of
Intervals
• Inversion
–
putting
the
top
note
below
the
lower
note
of
an
interval
• 2nd
becomes
7th
(9)
3rd
becomes
6th
(9),
4th
becomes
5th
(9),
etc.
• the
modifier
changes
as
well
when
inverted
o minor
becomes
Major
and
vice-‐versa
o augmented
becomes
diminished
and
vice-‐versa
o Perfect
is
always
perfect
Consonant
and
Dissonant
• Consonant
–
pleasing
to
the
ear
–
3rds,
6ths,
perfect
5ths
and
octaves
• Dissonant
–
not
pleasing
to
the
ear