RESEARCH TITLE: Proximate, Phytochemical Screening and Mineral Analysis of Crescentia Cujete L.

Leaves

Author/Year Objectives/Purpose Theory/Concept Paper Methodology Findings Critic

Olaniyi, M., The aim of the study According to (Gentry 1996) the The proximate The analyses of proximate composition of C. cujete Although the study
Lawal, I., was to investigate pulp of the fruit has medicinal composition, leaves revealed that carbohydrate was the was thoroughly
Olaniyi, A., the chemical properties and acts as a remedy phytochemical most abundant (40.48 ± 0.11) followed by crude made as it covers
(2018) composition of for respiratory problems such as screening and protein (16.08 ± 0.17), while crude fat was the three experiments
Crescentia cujete asthma and cough. The syrup mineral analysis least (2.92 ± 0.02). such as proximate
leaves. prepared from the pulp is used were determined composition,
as a medicine for relieving using standard The result of phytochemical screening confirmed phytochemical
disorders of the chest or analytic methods. the presence of cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, screening and
respiratory tract and also to cure Minerals such as phenolic compounds, saponins and tannins, while mineral composition
dysentery and stomach ache. iron, zinc, calcium, alkaloids and anthraquinones were confirmed to be of C. cujete leaves.
The leaves of the calabash tree manganese and absent in C. cujete leaves. The only thing that is
are used to lower blood magnesium were lacking on this study
pressure, while decoction of determined by the Results for the mineral composition of C. cujete was that it focuses
the tree bark is used to clean atomic absorption leaves shows that the leaves contain minerals in only on the benefits
wounds and also to treat spectrophotometer; trace amounts as evidenced by the concentrations of the C. Cujete
haematomas and tumors. The sodium and obtained. leaves instead of
fruit pulp contains crescentic, potassium by the covering also the
tartaric, citric, tannic, flame photometer This study revealed the presence of phytochemical bad side of the
chlorogenic and hydrocyanic and phosphorus by constituents in the leaves of C. cujete which are experiment. It didn't
acids, and the seed oil the known to be responsible for the strong medicinal mention the side
contains oleic acid. spectrophotometer. values providing scientific credence for its effects of taking C.
According of Ejelonu et al. therapeutic usage in folklore medicine. The cujete leaves to the
(2011), the fruits of C. cujete proximate and elemental analyses afford them host.
can make useful contributions to interesting nutritional properties; hence, the plant
human and animal health as a leaves can contribute to the nutritional and energy
result of the presence of requirements of humans.
phytochemicals observed in the
fruit sample.
RESEARCH TITLE: Calabash Tree Leaves (Cresentia cujete) as Antibacterial Ointment

Author/Year Objectives/Purpose Theory/Concept Paper Methodology Findings Critic

Villaflores, S., The purpose of this Watt and Breyer 500 grams of Calabash The study proved that The research somehow
Lagdameo, J.M., (2011) study was to find out Brandswisk stated that tree (Crescentia Cujete) the Calabash tree failed to determine the
whether the leaves of the leaves are diuretic leaves were used for leaves extract has an specific chemical
Calabash tree exhibit in action when taken extraction. The leaves antibacterial potential content of the extract
antibacterial properties internally. As the were washed using tap against the bacteria that exhibit antibacterial
and to use its extract as Calabash tree has water to remove the dirt Escherichia coli, property.
an antibacterial cream. many uses especially in and had been air dried Staphylococcus aureus
The study can also be terms of medicine. overnight, the leaves and Salmonella
of big help in these Mare NwosuOgbuaga were chopped into enteritidis, however, the
marginal sectors, as the of University of small pieces then using Calabash tree fruit
product is readily Agriculture said that the the mortar a pestle extract showed less
available and presence of ground the leaves activity in the zones of
accessible to common phytochemicals can placed securely inside inhibition of the said
people. also make useful the cloth. Collect the bacteria.
contributions to human pure extract and set on
nutrition. a clean bottle container.
One may filter the
extract to remove some
unwanted lumps or
mass that may be
produced in the
extraction. Then, add
the filtrated extract to
the coconut oil or baby
oil.
RESEARCH TITLE: Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of methanolic fraction from the leaves of Crescentia cujete L. (Bignoniaceae)

Author/Year Objectives/Purpose Theory/Concept Paper Methodology Findings Critic

Glaudson, F., The aim of this study The researchers The leaves of Crescentia cujete L. This study showed that the This study
Parente, G., was to evaluate the conducted a study by were collected. The collected MF-MeOH obtained by successfully showed
Oliveira, A.P., antioxidant activity of evaluating the antioxidant material was dies in an oven with partition contains a the significant
Rodrigues, the methanolic activity of the methanolic air circulation at 45 degree Celsius significant number of presence of
C.M., fraction from the fraction from the said and then pulverized in a mill. The phenolic compounds, which flavonoids and tannins
Goncalves, leaves of Crescentia plant. Their theory was dried and powdered leaves are possible responsible for measured in
R., Paulo, I., Cujete by three that the in vitro tests could (1429g) were repeatedly extracted antioxidant activity phytochemical
Nunes, X.P., different in vitro tests determine the total three times during 96h with 95% measured by some in vitro screening and the
Delange, D., and to determine the phenolic and flavonoid EtOH at room temperature. The models. Once the tested total phenolic and
Almeida, J.R., total phenolic and contents. extractive solution was sample is a methanol flavonoid contents can
(2016) flavonoid contents. concentrated under vacuum on a fraction, the substances be
rotary evaporator until complete contained therein are water the main source of
removal of the solvent, yielding soluble, which restricts the antioxidant activity of
195.0g of crude ethanol extract antioxidant potential the fraction.
(CEE-EtOH). The CEE-EtOH was checked for the presence of
suspended in a mixture of MeOH: hydrophilic antioxidants, However, there is a
H2O (3:7) and extracted being more expressive by need for further study
successively with hexane, DPPH and ABTS methods. to confirm the
chloroform (CHCl3) and ethyl MF-MeOH of Crescentia antioxidant
acetate (AcOEt) by vacuum liquid Cujete could be a good activity of methanolic
chromatography, in crescent order source of substances fraction through other
of polarity to obtain the respective (mainly phenolics) that can assays.
fractions. The methanolic fraction minimize the effects caused
(MF-MeOH) was reserved under by free radicals, requiring,
refrigeration for conducting the however, more in vitro and
tests. in vivo to confirm this
property.
RESEARCH TITLE: Antivenom activity of ethanolic extract of Crescentia cujete fruit

Author/Year Objectives/Purpose Theory/Concept Paper Methodology Findings Critic

Shastry, C. S., Bhalodia The aim of the study According to Shatry et. The extracting of the The results suggest that The only thing lacking
Maulik, M., was to evaluate the Al. (2012), snakebite Crescentia Cujete fruit ethanolic extract of on the study was that it
Aswathanarayana, B. anti-venom activity of envenoming constitutes using ethanol and the Crescentia Cujete fruit didn’t provide what
J., (2012) ethanolic extract of a highly relevant public testing for acute toxicity possesses significant alternatives may be
Crescentia Cujete fruit health issue on a global was according to the neutralizing capacity of used if the polyvalent
against Vipera russelli basis and health OECD 425 guidelines. snake Vipera russelli anti-venom of the
venom by neutralizing compounds could Then the screening of venom which may be neutralization of local
capacity of lethality and effectively neutralize the ethanolic extract for beneficial in the tissue damage would
haemorrhagic lesion on the snake venom in the anti-venom activity treatment of snake bite. have been a failure. But
experimental animals. presence of anti-venom was done by the in-vivo overall, it was a well-
serum. and in-vitro neutralizing executed study.
capacity of lethality and
neutralization of
haemorrhagic lesion.
RESEARCH TITLE: Anti-Mycobaterial Potential of Crescentia cujete (Bignoniaceae)
Author/Year Objectives/Purpose Theory/Concept Paper
Agarwal, M., This study aims to Tuberculosis is caused by
Chauhan, S., determine to the various strains of
(2015) potential of mycobacteria, usually
Crescentia cujete mycobacterial tuberculosis. It
and to identify which attacks the lungs but can also
of the two, stem affect other parts of the body.
barks and leaves Medicinal plants offer a great
were more effective. hope to fulfill these needs
This also intent to and have been used for
cure mycobacterium curing diseases for many
tuberculosis. centuries. According to Alade
and Irobi, (1993) that there
are large numbers of phyto-
pharmaceuticals isolated
from plats which are being
used in modern medicine.
Plants are known to contain
innumerable biological active
compounds which passes
anti-bacterial properties
(Brantner & Grein 1994,
Samy & Ignacimuthu 1998).
The researchers carried out
to check the antibacterial
activity of aqueous and
alcoholic extracts of stem
bark and leaves of
Crescentia cujete against
mybacteria tuberculosis.
Methodology
Leaves and bark of above-
mentioned plants were
collected between spring and
summer season during March
to May 2010. Extract
preparation- The plant
extracts was prepared using
the modified method of Alade
& Irobi (1993). Three portions
of the dried powdered
samples (bark and leaves)
were soaked separately in
500 ml of distilled water and
ethanol (98%) for 72 h. Each
mixture was refluxed followed
by agitation at 200 rpm for 1
h. The filtrates obtained were
concentrated under vacuum
at 40o C to obtain the dry
extracts.
Findings Critic
The results of the This study is very
investigation clearly useful as it targets the
showed that the public consumers and
aqueous extract of is very timely. However,
stem barks were more the researchers did not
effective as compared come up with a strong
to aqueous and leaf conclusion on how
extracts alcoholic stem effective the extract is,
bark on leaf extracts. there were also lack of
information on some
parts that could drew
confusion to others.
This research needs
further studies to have
a concrete explanation
of its side effects to
people and how will it
cure patients with M.
tuberculosis.
RESEARCH TITLE: Evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and antibacterial potential of Crescentia cujete leaves and stem bark

Theory/Concept
Author/Year Objectives/Purpose Methodology Findings Critic
Paper
Parvin, M.S., Das, The study was The various parts of In vitro anti-inflammatory Results from this study As this study went on,
N., Jahan, designed to explore Cresecentia cujute activity was evaluated by showed that the leaves there were some points
N., Akhter, the anti-inflammatory have some important human red blood cell (HRBC) and bark of C. cujete that the researchers did
M.A., Nahar and antibacterial biological activities. membrane stabilization method possessed anti- not elaborated well the
L., Islam M.E., potential of C. cujete medicine leaves were while in vitro antibacterial inflammatory as well as information they
(2015) leaves and stem used to treat activity was evaluated using antibacterial activities gathered.
bark. Anti- hematomas, tumors, cultures of Escherichia coli and indicating that the plant
inflammatory activity and hypertension, also Staphylococcus aureus by disc extract has therapeutic For the future
was evaluated by in fruit decoction was diffusion method. Total potential against the researchers, dig deeper
vitro human red used to treat diarrhea, phenolic (TPC) and total bacterial infection and into the uses and how it
blood cell (HRBC) stomach aches, cold, flavonoid contents (TFC) of the also have effect on affects the body for it
membrane bronchitis, cough, crude extract and fractions disease processes by will be very useful in
stabilization method asthma, and urethritis. were also determined by Folin- causing destabilization of the field of medicine.
and antibacterial Ciocalteu's phenol reagent and biological membranes.
activity by disc by aluminum chloride method,
diffusion method. respectively.
 RESEARCH ANALYSIS MATRIX
Instruction: Rate the topics according to he following criteria indicating 5 as the highest and 1 as the lowest.

Which is Which is Which is Which is

most most the most the most
GAPS TOTAL RANK
important? urgent? relevant? doable?
(1-5) (1-5) (1-5) (1-5)

CALABASH (CRESCENTIA CUJETE) LEAVES AS AN ANTI-

5 4 5 5 19 1st
BACTERIAL OIL

ALTERNATIVE CANDLE FROM IPIL-IPIL (LEUCAENA

LEUCOCEPHALA) LEAVES EXTRACT AS MOSQUITO 4 5 3 4 16 2nd
REPELLENT

ORGANIC ICE CREAM MADE OUT OF BREADFRUIT 3 2 2 5 12 3rd