CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 GENERAL

Concrete may be defined as a mixture of cement (binding material), aggregates (both

coarse and fine), and water, which when placed in suitable forms and allowed to cure under
approximate conditions, hardens like stone. The chemical reaction between cement and
water (hydration) resulting into bind the aggregate to form concrete cement, water and sand
forms motor and fill the voids in coarse aggregate particles. The world concrete comes from
the Latin word ⹂concretes⸴⸴ which mean ⸲⸲hardened⸴⸴ or hand.

The interest of the construction community in using waste or recycled materials in

concrete is increasing because of the emphasis placed on sustainable construction, the waste
glass from in and around the small shops is packed as a waste and disposal as landfill. Glass
is an inert material which could be recycled and used many times without changing its
chemical property. Besides using waste glass is crushed into specified sizes for use as
aggregate in various applications such as water filtration, grit plastering, sand covers for sport
turf and sand replacement in concrete.

Since the demand in the concrete manufacturing is increasing day by day the
utilization of river sand as fine aggregate leads to exploitation of natural resources, lowering
of water table, sinking of the bridge piers, etc as a common treat. Attempts has been made in
using crushed glass as fine aggregate in the replacement of river sand. The crushed glass was
also used as coarse aggregate in concrete production but due to its flat and elongated nature
which enhances the decrease in the workability and attributed the drop in compressive
strength.

The concrete is used for the centuries and there has been vast development in the
grades and the types of materials in the increases of its strength. The construction being the
growing industry the demand for the sand is increasing. The research has done in various
times have proven the suitability of artificial sand being more efficient then river sand.

1
1.1.2OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF OUR PROJECT

OBJECTIVES:

 To reduce the economics cost of the construction.

 Minimize the maximum demand for cement.
 To determine the percentage of glass powder and artificial sand which gives
maximum strength when compared to conventional concrete.

SCOPE:

 To study the variation in strength with increase in glass powder and artificial sand
with varying proportions 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% in 7 and 28 days.

2
 CHAPTER-2

METHODOLOGY

COLLECTION OF LITERATURE REVIEW

COLLECTION OF
MATERIALS

TESTING OF MATERIALS

CEMENT FINE AGGREGATE COARSE AGGREGATE WATER

MIX DESIGN CALCULATION

TEST OF FRESH CONCRETE

SLUMP CONE TEST COMPACTION FACTOR TEST

TESTING OF HARDENED CONCRETE

COMPRESSION FLEXURE STRENGTH SPILT TENSILE STRENGTH

STRENGTH

3
 CHAPTER - 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
M.Adams joe et .(2013) experimentally found that found that 50% replacement
of fine aggregate by M-Sand give maximum result in strength and durability aspects than the
conventional concrete. It is provide that with the mechanical strength of the high grade
concrete can be increased by the used of granite power and behavior of granite aggregates
with admixtures in concrete possesses the higher properties like concrete made by river sand.
this carried out compressive strength for 3 ,7 and 28 days with varying proportion of
manufactured sand replacement. The conclusion was in 100% replacement of natural sand by
crushed sant, the compressive strength was maximum.) proposed that cement replaced up to
40% by glass powder showed increment in compressive strength at both 28 days and 60 days
age of curing as compared to conventional concrete.

Jangid Jitendra B. and saoji A.C.(2012) concluded that the up to 40%

replacement of cement, compressive strength increase up to 20% and cement replaced
beyond which decrease compressive strength. Investigated on the characteristics properties of
fiber reinforced concrete containing waste glass as pozzolona and showed that the
compressive strength increase is achieved up to 30% as compared to control mix, but the
peak % increase is at 20% replacement. Its studied the properties of concrete containing
mineral admixture, when it is subjected to alternative wetting and drying and high
temperature and resulted that the compressive strength increment is up to 25% replacement of
cement by waste glass powder, but the peak % increment is at 20% replacement in both the
cases ,i.e. concrete without subjecting to alternate wetting and drying, and concrete subjected
to alternate wetting and drying. The properties of cement sand mortar paste containing fine
and coarse glass powder as partial replacement to cement and results showed that 15%
dosage for replacement is optimal. Concrete subjected to alternative wetting and drying.

Bajad M.N.et al (2011) experimentally showed that 20% replacement by waste

glass powder is optimal both in the case of concrete subjected to sulphate Reinforced
concrete (SFRC) presented that the tensile strength attains a peak value at 20% replacement
of cement by waste glass powder. It studied slump property in his research and resulted that
compared to control mix, by using waste glass powder will give another benefit which is the
workability of concrete which is much higher. The workability was reduced due to the
replacement and it reduced with increase in replacement, this is due to the increase in the
surface area of the glass powder and also the angular shape of the glass particles. The
presented that there is a systematic increases in the slum as the glass powder in the mix
increase. The slump ranged from around 40mm for the reference mix (i.e. 0% glass powder)
to 160mm at 40% glass powder.

Pereire de et al (2010) study focused on the assessment of the pozzolanic activity of

green, amber and flint color waste glass of different particle size as a component of
cementious materials used as filler or binder in mortar and concrete. He concluded that 30%
of 45 – 75 µm ground waste glasses size range could be incorporated as cement replacement
in mortar or concrete without any detrimental effects caused by the expansivity provoked by
the alkali silica reaction. Demand for recycled glass has considerably decreased in recent
years, particularly for mixed-glass. Glass is cheaper to store than to recycle, as conditioners

4
require expenses for the recycling process. There are several alternatives for the reuse of
composite-glass. According to previous studies, all these applications, which require pre-
coditioning and crushing, are more or less limited and unable to absorb all the quantities of
waste glass available. In order to provide a sustainable solution to glass storage, a potential
and incentive way would be to reuse this type of glass in concrete.

( Idir R 2009). This paper present literature review on replacement of cement by

waste glass powder which includes current and future trends of research on the use of crushed
glass powder in portland cement concrete. That with the mechanical strength of the high
grade concrete can be increased by the use of granite aggregate with admixture in concrete
possesses the higher properties like concrete made by river sand. the 50% replacement of fine
aggregate by M-Sand give maximum result in strength and durability aspects than the
conventional concrete. The compared to concrete made from river sand, high fines concrete
generally had higher flexural, improved abrasion resistance, and higher unit weight & lower
permeability due to fillings the pores with micro fines.

( Naik and moriconi, 2005). There is a need to replace a part of cement by some
pozzolanic material to reduce the consumption of cement and the environmental pollution can
be checked to some extent. Some of the industrial wastes like fly ash, silica fume, blast
furnace slag etc have already established their usage in concrete. Recently the research has
shown that the waste glass can be effectively used in concrete either as glass aggregate or as a
glass pozzolona. Waste glass when grounded to a very fine powder shows some pozzolanic
properties because of silica content. Therefore the glass powder to some extent can replace
the cement and contributes for the strength development and also enhances durability.

5
 CHAPTER 4
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
In this chapter various physical properties of cement, fine aggregates, coarse
aggregate are discussed.

4.1 CEMENT
The cement used in this study was ordinary Portland cement (OPC) Ultra tech, 53
grade. This cement is the most widely used one in the construction industry in India. Cement
is the most important criteria for the selection of cement is its ability to produce improved
microstructure. Hence selection of proper grade and quality of cement is important for
obtaining rich mix. Some of the important factors, which play a vital role in the selection of
the type of the cement or compressive strength at various ages, fineness, heat of hydration,
alkali content, di calcium silicate (C2S) content and compatibility with admixture etc., OPC
is now available in three grades namely 33, 43, 53 grades, the number indicating the
compressive strength of standard cement sand mortar cubes in MPA at 28 days curing period.
Fineness of cement is also one of parameter, as increasing the fineness will increase the
increase the early strength of the concrete, but as the other may lead to rheological problems.

Fig no 4.1 Cement

4.1.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

The specific gravity ratio of weight in air of a given volume of material as a standard
temperature to the weight in air of an equal volume is distilled water. At that temperature on
equal volume is distilled water. At temperature, a wide distilled water at the temperature
range of materials room day to cement & gravel smaller then 10mm can be test.

6
 Fig no 4.1.1 Specific gravity of cement
Observation
Weight of empty pycnometer W1 = 654 g
Weight of pycnometer + cement W2 = 982 g
Weight of pycnometer + sand + corrosion W3 = 1069 g
Weight of pycnometer + corrosion W4 = 852 g

Formula used
Weight of cement
Specific gravity of cement =
weight of aqual volume of corrosion

Calculation
Weight of cement = W2-W1
= 982-654
= 328g

Weight of water of volume equal to the volume of pycnometer

= W3 - W4
= 1069 – 852
= 328
Weight of cement
Specific gravity of cement =
weight of aqual volume of corrosion

7
 (W2−W1)
=
(W2−W1)−(W3−W4)
328
= (328 −217)

= 2.9

Result
Specific gravity of cement = 2.9

4.1.2 CONSISTENCY TEST ON CEMENT

The standard consistency of a cement paste is define as that consistency which will
permit the vicat plunger to point 5 to 7mm from the bottom of the vicat mould when the
cement paste is tested. The ratio between the amount of water and the amount of cement by
weight is known as water cement ratio. Wt. of water cement ratio controls the strength of the
mix consistency test help us in finding of water to be added to produce a cement paste of
standard fluidity.

Fig no 4.1.2 consistency test on cement

8
Observation:
Weight of cement = 400 g

Tabulation:

S.no Percentage of water (%) Amount of water Reading of the pointer from
(ml) bottom (mm)
1 25 100 28
2 27 108 24
3 29 116 18
4 31 124 13
5 33 130 6

Result:
Standard consistency of cement = 33%

4.1.3 INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME ON CEMENT

Initial setting time is defined as the time elapsed between the moments the water is
further to the cement to the time the paste starts losing its plasticity in practice. Such solid
flying action or loss of plasticity is to be adayed because some time needed for mixing.
During that time, the cement product should remain in plastic state. Final setting time
is the elapsed between the moments.

Fig no 4.1.3 Initial setting time on cement

Initial setting time of cement = 50 mins
Final setting time of cement = 180 mins

9
4.1.4 FINENESS TEST ON CEMENT:
Cement is used to as binding materials for mortar and concrete. It is found that the
partial size of the cement has a paradoxical effect on the strength of cement. Finer cement
offers faster hydration and rapid development of strength. It gives more cohesiveness and
reduces bleeding.

Fig no 4.1.4 Fineness test on cement

Observation and Calculation:
Weight of cement taken = 100g
Weight of cement retained on IS Sieve No.90 micron
= 3g
W2
Percentage of cement = × 100
W1

= (3/100) ×100

= 3%
Result
Fineness test of test = 3%

T.No.4.1 Properties of cement

Specific gravity of cement 2.9

Standard consistency of cement 33%
Initial setting time of cement 50 min
Final setting time of cement 180 min
Fineness test of cement 3%

10
4.2. FINE AGGREGATE
Fine aggregate used for cement mortar should be properly graded to give minimum
void and free from deleterious materials like clay, silt content and chloride contamination
etc., Grading of fine aggregate should be such that it does not cause increase in water demand
and should give maximum voids so that fine cementations particles fill the voids. Hence it is
desirable to use coarser variety of fine aggregate having a high fineness modulus for making
workable and strong concrete.

Fig no 4.2. Fine aggregate

4.2.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE
The specific gravity ratio of weight in air of a given volume of material as a standard
temperature to the weight in air of an equal volume is distilled water. At that temperature on
equal volume is distilled water. At temperature, a wide distilled water at the temperature
range of materials room day to cement & gravel smaller then 10mm can be test.

Fig no 4.2.1 Specific gravity of fine aggregate

11
Observation:
Weight of empty pycnometer W1 = 654 g
Weight of pycnometer + sand W2 = 854 g
Weight of pycnometer + sand + water W3 = 1659 g
Weight of pycnometer + water W4 =1539 g

Formula used:
Weight of sand
Specific gravity of sand =
weight of equal volume of water

Calculation:
Weight of sand = W2 – W1
= 854 – 654
= 200 g
Weight of water volume equal to the volume of pycnometer
= W3 – W4
= 1659 – 1539
= 120
Weight of sand
Specific gravity of sand =
Wt.of.equal volume
(𝑊2−𝑊1)
= (𝑊2−𝑊1)−(𝑊3−𝑊4)

200
= (200−120)

= 2.5

Result:
Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 2.5

4.2.2 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF THE FINE AGGREGATE

Fineness modulus of any material is defined as the empirical value is obtained by
adding the cumulative percentage of the material retained (by weight) In each of a series if
sieves and dividing the total thus obtained by 100.

12
 Fig no 4.2.2 Sieve analysis of the fine aggregate
Tabulation:
S.NO IS Sieve Weight % of weight Cumulative % of passing
retained retained % of weight finer
retained
1 4.75mm 71 7.1 7.1 92.9
2 2.36mm 41 4.1 11.2 88.8
3 1.18mm 86 8.6 19.8 80.2
4 600mic 341 34.1 53.9 46.1
5 300mic 393 39.3 93.2 6.8
6 150mic 46 4.6 97.8 2.2
7 75mic 22 2.2 100.0 0

Formula:
Cumulative retained
Fineness modulus of fine aggregate =
100
3830
= 100

= 3.83

Result:
The value of fineness modulus of fine aggregate = 3.83

T.No.4.2 Properties of fine aggregate

Specific gravity of fine aggregate 2.5
The value of fineness modulus of fine aggregate 3.83

13
4.3 COARSE AGGREGATE:
Locally available blue metals were used. Crushed granite stones of size passing
through 20mm sieve and retained on 4.75 mm sieve as was used for experimental purposes.
The crushed stone aggregate was collected from Gadgadsangvi near Nasik. The
coarse aggregate was used in the experimentation were about of size of passing through
20mm sieve and retained on 4.75 mm sieve size aggregate and tested. Physical properties of
coarse aggregate as determined in a laboratory.

Fig no 4.3 Coarse aggregate

4.3.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE
Specific gravity is the ratio of weight of aggregate to the weight of equal volume of
water displayed by started surface dry aggregate volume of process both impermeable and
permeable. Majority of aggregate here the volume between 2.6 to 2.9 values however than
the aggregate is of lower gravity.

Fig no 4.3.1 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate

14
Observation:
Empty Weight of pycnometer W1 = 654gm
Weight of pycnometer + coarse aggregate W2 = 1057kg
Weight of pycnometer + coarse aggregate + water W3 = 1808kg
Weight of pycnometer + water W4 = 1539kg

Calculation:
Weight of coarse aggregate = W2 – W1
= 1075 – 654
= 421 g
Weight of water of volume equal to the volume of pycnometer
= W3 – W4
= 1808 – 1539
= 269
Weight of sand
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate =
Wt.of.Equal volume water
(𝑊2−𝑊1)
= (𝑊2−𝑊1)−(𝑊3−𝑊4)

421
= (421−269)

= 2.76

Result:
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.76

4.3.2 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF THE COARSE AGGREGATE

Fineness modulus of any material is defined as the empirical value is obtained by
adding the cumulative percentage of the material retained (by weight) in each of a series of
sieves and dividing the total thus obtained by 100.

15
 Fig no 4.3.2 Sieve analysis of the coarse aggregate
Tabulation:
S.No IS Sieve Weight % of weight Cumulative % of Passing
retained retained % of weight Finer
retained
1 20 mm 1200 60 60 40
2 16 mm 540 27 87 13
3 10 mm 260 13 100 0
4 4.75 mm 0 0 100 0
5 2.36 mm 0 0 100 0

Calculation:
Cumulative % of wt. Retained = 447%
Cumulative retained
Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate =
100
447
= 100

= 4.47

Result:
The value of fineness modulus of coarse aggregate = 4.47

4.3.3 CRUSHING STRENGTH

Crushing value of coarse aggregate gives the relative measure of resistance of
aggregate under a gradually applied compressive load. Aggregate crushing values generally
shall not exceed 45% by weight. However, the aggregate used for constructing runways,
roads and pavements shall not have a crushing value more than 30% by weight. The material
for the standard test shall consist of aggregate passing a 12.5mm and retained on 120mm IS
sieve.

16
 Fig no 4.3.3 crushing strength
S.No Description Sample
1 Total weight of sample(A kg) 0.508
2 Weight of portion passing 2.36 mm sieve(B 2.815
kg)
3 Aggregate Crushing Value(percent) = B/A × 2.815/0.508 × 100
100
Mean value 18.04%

Aggregate crushing value = 18.04%

4.3.4 IMPACT VALUE TEST

The aggregate impact value gives a relative measure of resistance of an aggregate to
sudden shock or impact, which in some aggregates differ from its resistances to a slow
compressive load. Aggregate impact value shall not exceed 45% by weight for general
purpose concrete and 30% by weight for concrete used for wearing surfaces such as runways,
roads and pavements.

17
 Fig no 4.3.4 Impact value test
Observation:
Weight of aggregate taken (W1g) = 1.902 kg
Weight of aggregate left taken over (W2g) = 2.428 kg
Weight of aggregate in the cup (W1g – W2g) = 0.580 kg
Weight of aggregate passing the sieve (W3g) = 0.069 kg
Aggregate impact value = ((W2) g / (W1)g × 100)

Calculation:
The aggregate impact value is expressed as the percentage of the fines formed in
terms of the total weight of the sample.
Aggregate impact value = ((W2) / (W1) × 100)
Aggregate impact value = 0.069/ 0.580 × 100

Result:
The aggregate impact value of the tested material = 11.89 %

4.3.5 WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATE

Freshly washed coarse aggregate contain free water but since they dry quickly, they
are partially dry when used coarse aggregate are considered to be surface dry when they have
been wiped free of visible moisture films with a cloth. The absorption capacity is a measure
of the porosity of an aggregate. It is also used as a correction factor in determination of free
moisture by the oven drying methods.

Fig no 4.3.5 Water absorption test on coarse aggregate

18
Observation:
Wt. of oven dry sample in air (A) = 2000g
Wt. of saturated surface dry sample in air (B) = 2019g

Formula:
𝐵−𝐴
Percentage of water absorption of coarse aggregate = × 100
𝐴

Calculation:
B−A
Percentage of water absorption of coarse aggregate = × 100
A
2019−2000
= × 100
2000

= 0.95%

Result:
Percentage of water absorption of coarse aggregate = 0.95%

T.NO 4.3 Properties of coarse aggregate

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate 2.76
The value of fineness modulus of coarse aggregate 4.47
Aggregate crushing value 18.04%
The aggregate impact value of the tested material 11.89%
Percentage of water absorption of coarse aggregate 0.95%

4.4 WATER
The pH value of the sample of water can be determined by using pH indicator paper.
There are two of paper are available. One is to determine the pH range and the other is to
determine the exact pH value.

Fig no 4.4 Water

19
T.No 4.4 properties of pH
Sample description pH value
Sample – I 6.5

4.5 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GLASS POWDER

Glass is a transparent material produced by melting a mixture of materials such as
silica, soda ash, and CaCo3 at high temperature followed by cooling where solidification
occurs without crystallization. Glass is widely used in our lives through manufactured
products such as sheet, bottles, glassware, and vacuum tubing. Glass is an ideal material for
recycling. The use of recycled glass saves lot of energy and the increasing awareness of glass
recycling speeds up focus on the use of waste glass with different forms in various fields.

Fig no 4.5 Specific gravity of glass powder

Observation:
Weight of empty pycnometer W1 = 654g
Weight of pycnometer + glass powder W2 = 1054g
Weight of pycnometer + glass powder + corrosion W3 = 1144g
Weight of pycnometer + corrosion W4 = 852g

Formula use:
Weight of glass powder
Specific gravity of glass powder =
Weight of equal volume of corrosion

Calculation:
Weight of glass powder = W2 – W1
= 1054 – 654
= 400g

20
 Weight of corrosion of volume equal to the volume of pycnometer
= W3 –W4
= 114 – 852
= 292
Weight of glass powder
Specific gravity of glass powder =
Wt.of,Equal volume of corrosion
(𝑊2−𝑊1)
= (𝑊2−𝑊1)−(𝑊3−𝑊4)

400
=
(400−292)

= 3.7
Result:
The specific gravity of the given glass powder = 3.7

T.No 4.5 Properties of glass powder

S.No Physical properties of glass powder Chemical properties of glass powder
1 Specific Gravity 3.7 pH 10.25
2 Fineness passing 90 99 color Grayish White
µm

4.6.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF THE ARTIFICIAL SAND

Fineness modulus of artificial sand is defined as the empirical value is obtained by
adding the cumulative percentage of the material retained (by weight) in each of a series of
sieves and dividing the total thus obtained by 100.

Fig no 4.6.1 Sieve analysis of the artificial sand

21
Tabulation
S.NO IS Sieve Weight % of weight Cumulative % of passing
retained (gm) retained % of weight finer
retained
1 4.75mm 0 0 0 100
2 2.36mm 201 20.1 20.1 79.9
3 1.18mm 190 19.0 39.1 60.9
4 600mic 227 22.7 61.8 38.2
5 300mic 292 29.2 91 9
6 150mic 62 6.4 97.2 2.8
7 75mic 28 2.8 100.0 0

Calculation
Cumulative % of wt. retained = 409.2%
Cumulative retained
Fineness modulus of artificial sand =
100
409
= = 4.09
100

Result
The value of fineness modulus of artificial sand = 4.09

3.6.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE ARTIFICIAL SAND

There is a need to find an alternative solution to the natural sand. Artificial sand can
serve the purpose. Artificial sand is obtained by mechanically crushing of natural stones to
required size. It generally contain more angular particles with rough surface textures and
flatter face than natural sand that more rounded as a result of weathering. During crushing
operation along with the required size of sand grain, dust is also getting generated.

Fig no 4.6.2 Specific gravity of the artificial sand

22
Observation
Weight of empty pycnometer W1 = 654 g
Weight of pycnometer + artificial sand W2 = 1057 g
Weight of pycnometer + artificial sand + water W3 = 1794 g
Weight of pycnometer + water W4 = 1539 g

Formula Used
Weight of artifical sand
Specific gravity of artificial sand =
Weight of equal volume of water

Calculation
Weight of artificial sand = W2 – W1
= 1057 – 654
= 403 g
Weight of water of volume equal to the volume of pycnometer
= W3 – W4
= 1794 – 1539
= 255 g
(𝑊2−𝑊1)
Specific gravity of sand = (𝑊2−𝑊1)−(𝑊3−𝑊4)

Result
The specific gravity of the given artificial sand = 2.72

T.No 4.6 Properties of artificial sand

The value of fineness modulus of artificial sand 4.09
The specific gravity of the given artificial sand 2.72

23
 CHAPTER – 5
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
5.1 Concrete mix design
Mix design can be defined as the process of selected suitable ingredients of concrete
and determination their relative proportion with the producing concrete of certain minimum
strength and durability as possible. The purpose of designing can be seen from definition in
two folds. The objective is the achieve the stipulated minimum strength and durability. IS
10262:2009 Indian Standard Concrete Mix Proportioning.
It will be worthwhile to recall the relationship between and paste which are the two
essential ingredients of concrete. Workability of them mass is provided by the lubricating
effects of the paste and is influenced by the amount of and dilution of paste. The strength of
the concrete is limited by the strength of paste, since the mineral aggregate with rare
exception, are far stronger then the paste compound. Essential the permeability of concrete is
governed by the quality and continuity of the paste, since little water flows through aggregate
either under pressure or by capillarity. Further, the predominant contribution to drying
shrinkage of concrete is that of paste.
The more dilute paste, the greater the spacing between cement particles, and thus the
weaker will be the ultimate paste structure. The other condition being equal, for workable
mixers, the strength of concrete varies as an inverse function of the water cement ratio. Since
the quality of water required also depends upon the amount of paste, it is important that as
little paste as possible should be used and hence the importance of grading.

24
 CHAPTER – 6
TEST OF FRESH CONCRETE
6.1 SLUMP CONE TEST
Workability of fresh concrete determines the degree of ease with which a concrete
mixture can be handled, placed and compacted to a dense solid mass. Slump is the fall of
height in vertical height of freshly prepared concrete with respect to its standard mould
height.
The slump test is continuously used for ordinary concrete work. This test is used
extensively at work sites all over the world. Although the slump test for workability of
concrete is easy to carry out; it does not measure the workability directly.

Fig no. 6.1

25
6.2 COMPACTION FACTOR TEST
Workability is the amount of work required to achieve full compaction of concrete. In
dry mixes, slump test does not give slump and hence a more precise and sensitive method to
detect the change in workability is necessary. Compaction factor test works on a principle of
determining the degree of compaction achieved by a standard height. It is the ratio of the
density achieved in the test to the density of concrete fully compacted. Hence this method is
particularly useful for concrete of very low workability requiring vibration.
Since the slump test has no direct relation with the internal energy required to achieve
full compaction of concrete. Other methods are developed to relate the external work required
for full compaction. The compaction factor test is very especially in dry mixes to detect
variation in workability.
Weight of partially compacted concrete
Compaction factor =
Weight of fully compacted concrete

T.NO 6.2 Compaction factor test

S.no Water cement Weight of Weight of fully C.F = (W2 –
ratio partially compacted W1)
compacted concrete (W2)
concrete (W1)
1 0.4 16.770 16.590 1.021
2 0.45 17.343 16.953 1.023
3 0.5 19.979 19.590 1.019

26
 CHAPTER – 7
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN FOR PROPTIONING M40 GRADE
STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING:
a) Grade designation = M40
b) Type of cement = OPC 53 grade
c) Maximum nominal size of aggregate = 20mm
d) Minimum cement content = 320 Kg/m3
e) Maximum water cement ratio = 0.45
f) Workability = 100mm (slump)
g) Exposure condition = severe
h) Method of concrete placing = pumping
i) Degree of supervision = Good
j) Type of aggregate = crushed angular
k) Maximum cement content = 450 Kg/m3

TEST DATA FOR MATERIAL

a) Cement used = OPC 53 grade
b) Specific gravity of cement = 2.8
c) Specific gravity:
1. Coarse aggregate = 2.59
2. Fine aggregate = 2.34
d) Water absorption:
1. Coarse aggregate = 0.95%
2. Fine aggregate = 1%
e) Free moisture:
1. Coarse aggregate = NIL
2. Fine aggregate = NIL
f) Sieve analysis:
1. Coarse aggregate = Zone II
2. Fine aggregate = Zone II

TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING

fʼck = fck + 1.65s
= 40 + 1.65 × 5
Target strength = 48.25 N/mm2

SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO

Maximum water cement ratio = 0.40
Water cement ratio as = 0.45
0.40 ˂ 0.45, Hence OK

27
SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT
Maximum water content = 186 liter
Estimated water content for 100 mm slump = 186 + 6/100 × 186
= 197 liter

CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

Water cement ratio = 0.40
Cement content = 197/0.4
= 492
Cement content = 492 kg/m3
360kg/m3 > 492 kg/m3

PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE

AGGREGATE
Water cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.60
a) Volume of concrete = 1m3
Mass of cement ×1
Volume of concrete =
Specific gravity of cement ×1000

= 492/2.8 × 1/1000
b) Volume of cement = 0.175m3
Mass of water
Volume of water =
Specific gravity of water ×1000

= 197/1 × 1/1000
c) Volume of water = 0.197 m3
Volume of all in aggregate = (a – (b+c) )
= (1 – (0.175 – 0.197))
d) Volume of all in aggregate = 0.628 m3
Mass of coarse aggregate = Volume of all in aggregate × volume of coarse aggregate ×
specific gravity of coarse aggregate × 1000
= 0.628 × 0.57 × 2.59 ×1000
e) Mass of coarse aggregate = 930 m3
Mass of fine aggregate = 0.628× 0.43× 2.34× 1000
f) Mass of fine aggregate = 632 m3

28
MIX PROPORTIONS FOR TRAIL – 1
g) Cement = 492 kg/m3
h) Water = 197 liters
i) Fine aggregate = 632 kg/m3
j) Coarse aggregate = 930 kg/m3
k) Water cement ratio = 0.40

MIX PROPORTIONS FOR TRAIL – 2

Fine aggregate = 1/100 × weight of fine aggregate
= 1/100 × 632
= 6.32 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 0.95/100 × 930
= 8.83 kg/m3
Total observation = 15.15
Actual amount of water = Total water content + total observation
= 197 + 15.15
= 212.15 liter
Actual fine aggregate = Total fine aggregate – observation of fine aggregate
= 632 – 6.32
= 626kg/m3
Actual coarse aggregate = Total coarse aggregate – observation of coarse aggregate
= 930 – 8.83
= 922 kg/m3

29
 CHAPTER – 8
COMPRESSION CEMENT MORTAR CUBE
8.1 COMPRESSION CEMENT MORTAR CUBE 3 DAYS AND 7 DAYS
FORMULA USED
Ultimate load
Compressive strength =
Area of cube

DAYS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

SAMPLE – 1
Ultimate compressive load = 90×103 N
Area of cube = 70.6 × 70.6 = 4984.36mm2
Ultimate load
Compressive strength =
Area of cube
90×103
= 22500

= 18.05 N/mm2

7 DAYS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

SAMPLE – 1
Ultimate compressive load = 110 × 103 N
Area of cube = 70.6 × 70.6 = 4984.36mm2
Ultimate load
Compressive strength =
Area of cube
110 × 103
= 22500

Compressive strength = 22.06 N/mm2

RESULT
T.No.8.1 Discussion and result of compressive strength of mortar cube
Days Sample – 1 Sample – 2 Sample – 3 Average
3 Days 18.05 12.03 18.05 16.05
7 Days 22.06 19.05 24.07 21.72

30
3Days compressive strength = 16.05 N/mm2
7Days compressive strength =21.72 N/mm2

Fig no 8.1

31
 CHAPTER – 9
TESTING OF HARDENED CONCRETE
STRENGTH
The strength of concrete is defined as resistance to its failure against loading. The
strength of concrete is measured in various ways such as
 Compressive strength
 Flexure strength
 Spilt tensile strength
All these strength are influenced by certain factor and are also interdependent to some
extent. In case of concrete the cube crushing strength is considered most important strength.

CONCRETE STRENGTH:
The concrete strength of cube, beam and cylindrical specimens of each type of
concrete mix were tested for compressive strength flexural strength and spilt tensile strength
respectively. Two beam specimens of each type of mix were tested for flexure strength. The
results for compressive strength, spilt tensile strength and flexural strength of various
concrete mixes. It is three concrete mixes for 7,28 days for curing and testing of the concrete.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:
It is the resistance of the concrete to crushing. Cement concrete has substantial
compressive strength and forms a very important properly for structural concrete. As per
Indian standard the crushing strength is measured as axial load per unit area at failure on
cubes 150 mm size of the age of 7 and 28 days.
𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Compressive strength = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒

Fig no 9.1

32
FLEXURE STRENGTH
The resistance of concrete offered to tension under flexure loading is called its flexure
strength cement concrete is comparatively weak in tension. Generally the flexure tensile
strength of cement concrete is about one-eighth to one tenth of its compressive strength.
Flexure tensile strength of concrete is affected greatly by the shape and texture of the
aggregate; other factor which generally influenced the compressive strength of concrete and
steel.
In general, bond is related to the quality of concrete, and the compressive strength of
concrete. The bond strength is approximately proportional to compressive strength up to
certain grade of concrete. The properly of bond strength of concrete is very useful in the
design of reinforced cement and other structures.
PL
Flexure strength =
bd2

Fig no 9.2

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

The after effects of split tensile strength of concrete mixes by partial substitution of
cement by waste glass powder and utilizing of M-sand as fine aggregate was tested at 7 and
28 days. Thus result tensile of concrete increases with expansion in rate of waste powder and
artificial sand which can be supplanted up to 50% as indicated in graphical representation.
2P
Split tensile strength =
πd2

33
 Fig no 9.3
9.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ON CONCRETE CUBES 7 DAYS
Cube no – 1 = 680 KN
Cube no – 2 = 700 KN
Total = 780 KN
Average = 780/2
Average = 690 KN

FORMULA
ultimate load
Compressive strength =
Area of cross section

CALCULATION
ultimate load
Compressive strength =
Area of cross section
690 × 103
= 150 ×150

Ultimate compressive strength = 31.11 n/mm2

34
T.No. 9.1 Result and discussion of concrete cube 7 days
s.no Description Date of Date Sample Ultimate Compressive Average
casting of compressive load in N/mm2 N/mm2
testing load in KN
1 Normal 1 680 30.22 31.11
2 700 31.11
2 10% 1 650 28.88 28.66
2 640 28.44
3 20% 1 660 29.33 29.55
2 670 29.77
4 30% 1 690 30.66 31.11
2 710 31.55
5 40% 1 720 32 32.22
2 730 32.44
6 50% 1 750 33.33 33.77
2 770 34.22

9.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ON CONCRETE CUBES 28 DAYS

Cube no – 1 = 990 KN
Cube no – 2 = 1000 KN
Total = 1990 KN
Average = 1990/2
Average = 995 KN

FORMULA
𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Compressive strength = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

CALCULATION
𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Compressive strength = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

995 ×103
=
150 ×150

= 41.77 N/mm2

35
T.No.9.2 Result and discussion of concrete cube 28 days
s.no Description Date of Date Sample Ultimate Compressive Average
casting of compressive load in N/mm2 N/mm2
testing load in KN
1 Normal 1 990 44 41.77
2 1000 44.44
2 10% 1 950 42.22 42.88
2 970 43.11
3 20% 1 970 43.11 43.33
2 980 43.55
4 30% 1 990 44 44
2 990 44
5 40% 1 1020 45.33 44.88
2 1000 44.44
6 50% 1 1040 46.22 45.77
2 1020 45.33

9.1 COMPARISION BETWEEN VARYING PROPORTION AND

NORMAL PLAIN CONCRETE IN CUBE
35

34

33

32

31

30

29

28

27

26
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

7 DAYS

36
47

46

45

44

43

42

41

40

39
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

28 DAYS
9.3 FLEXURAL STRENGTH ON CONCRETE BEAMS 7 DAYS
Beam no – 1 = 10
Beam no – 2 = 8
Total = 18
Average = 18/2
Average = 9 KN

FORMULA
PL
Flexural strength =
bd2

CALCULATION
PL
Flexural strength =
bd2
9 × 103 ×500
= 100 ×1002

Ultimate flexural strength = 4.50 N/mm2

37
T.No. 9.3 Result and discussion of concrete beam 7 days
s.no Description Date of Date Sample Ultimate Compressive Average
casting of compressive load in N/mm2 N/mm2
testing load in KN
1 Normal 1 10 5 4.5
2 8 4
2 10% 1 6 3 3.25
2 7 3.5
3 20% 1 8 4 3.75
2 7 3.5
4 30% 1 8 4 4.25
2 9 4.5
5 40% 1 11 5.5 5.25
2 10 5
6 50% 1 10 5 5.5
2 12 6

9.4 FLEXURAL STRENGTH ON CONCRETE BEAMS 28 DAYS

Beam no – 1 = 10
Beam no – 2 = 11
Total = 21
Average = 21/2
Average = 10.5 KN

FORMULA
PL
Flexural strength =
bd2

CALCULATION
PL
Flexural strength =
bd2
9 × 103 × 500
=
100 × 1002

Ultimate flexural strength = 4.50 N/mm2

38
T.No. 9.4 Result and discussion of concrete beam 28 days
s.no Description Date of Date Sample Ultimate Compressive Average
casting of compressive load in N/mm2 N/mm2
testing load in KN
1 Normal 1 10 5 5.25
2 11 5.5
2 10% 1 9 4.5 4.25
2 8 4
3 20% 1 9 4.5 4.5
2 9 4.5
4 30% 1 10 5 4.75
2 9 4.5
5 40% 1 10 5 5.5
2 12 6
6 50% 1 13 6.5 6
2 11 5.5

9.3 COMPARRISION BETWEEN VARYING PROPORTION AND

NORMAL PLAIN CONCRETE IN BEAM
6

0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

7 DAYS

39
7

0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

28 DAYS
9.5 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH ON CONCRETE CYLINDER 7 DAYS
Cylinder no – 1 = 100
Cylinder no – 2 = 120
Total = 220
Average = 110 KN

FORMULA
2P
Split tensile strength =
πd2

CALCULATION
2P
Split tensile strength =
πd2
2 ×110 ×103
=
π × 1502

= 3.110 N/mm2

40
T.no. 9.5 Result and discussion of concrete cylinder 7 days
s.no Description Date of Date Sample Ultimate Compressive Average
casting of compressive load in N/mm2 N/mm2
testing load in KN
1 Normal 1 100 2.82 3.11
2 120 3.39
2 10% 1 90 2.54 2.26
2 70 1.98
3 20% 1 90 2.54 2.82
2 70 3.11
4 30% 1 130 3.678 3.39
2 110 3.112
5 40% 1 120 3.395 3.678
2 140 3.960
6 50% 1 160 4.524 4.244
2 140 3.960

9.6 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH ON CONCRETE CYLINDER 28

DAYS
Cylinder no – 1 = 130
Cylinder no – 2 = 120
Total = 150
Average = 150/2
Average =125 KN

FORMULA
2P
Split tensile strength =
πd2

CALCULATION
2P
Split tensile strength =
πd2
2 ×125 × 103
= 𝜋 × 1502

Ultimate split tensile strength = 3.530 N/mm2

41
T.No. 9.6 Result and discussion of concrete cylinder 28 days
s.no Description Date of Date Sample Ultimate Compressive Average
casting of compressive load in N/mm2 N/mm2
testing load in KN
1 Normal 1 130 3.678 3.530
2 120 3.395
2 10% 1 100 2.820 2.546
2 80 2.260
3 20% 1 120 3.395 3.253
2 110 3.112
4 30% 1 140 3.960 3.678
2 120 3.395
5 40% 1 130 3.678 3.960
2 150 4.244
6 50% 1 180 5.092 4.810
2 160 4.520

9.5 COMPARISION BETWEEN VARYING PROPORTION AND

NORMAL PLAIN CONCRETE IN CYLINDER
4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

7 DAYS

42
6

0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

28 DAYS

43
 CHAPTER – 10
CONCLUSIONS
The concrete strength of cube, beam and cylindrical specimens of each type of concrete
mix were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength and spilt tensile at 7 & 28 days
respectively.
At the level of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% replacement of cement by glass powder
and artificial sand meets maximum strength as compare to that of normal concrete.
Considering the strength criteria, the replacement of cement and fine aggregate by
glass powder and artificial sand is feasible up to 50% and it increases the compressive
strength of concrete. Usage of waste glass powder and artificial sand in concrete can prove to
be economical as it is very much cheaper than cement and fine aggregate.

44
 CHAPTER – 11
REFERNCES
1. Narayanan Neithalath “ An Overview Of The Benefits Of Using Glass Powder As
Partial Cement Replacement Material In Concrete ” Indian Concrete Journal,2011.
2. IS 10262:2009 Indian Standard Concrete Mix Proportioning – Guidelines ( First
Revision ).
3. G.Vijaykumar, H.Vishaliny, D.Govindarajulu, “ Studies on Glass Powder as Partial
Replacement of Cement in Concrete Production ” International Journal of Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering, Vol.3, Issue 2, February 2013, pp.153-157.
4. Chitlange M.R. Dr. Pajgade P.S. Dr. Nagarnaik P. B. 2008. Artificial sand as fine
aggregate for concrete. Civil Engineering and Construction Review. 21(12):64-67.
5. Kode V.R. Murty D.S.R.Swarna Kumar P .2007. Appraisal of Crushed Stone Dust, as
Fine Aggregate in Fine Aggregate in Structural Concrete. Civil Engineering and
Construction Review. 20(7): 52-58.
6. Ahmed E.Ahmed and Ahemed A. E1-Kourd.1989. Properties of Concrete
Incorporating Natural and Crushed Stone Very Fine Sand. ACI Material
Journal.86(4):417-424.
7. Sahu A.K. Sunil K. and Sachan A.K. (2003), Crushed stone waste as fine aggregate
for concrete, The Indian Concrete Journal, pp 845-847.
8. Amon.K and Hadassa. B (2006), Effect of high levels of fines content on concrete
properties, ACI Material Journal, 103, pp 474-481.
9. IS 383;1970, Indian Standards specification for coarse and fine aggregate from natural
source for concrete.

45