Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cellular Respiration
Introduction
Anaerobic respiration
The first part of respiratory pathways in the cell is anaerobic. This term means
that oxygen is not involved. Even cells of organisms that utilize oxygen, such as humans,
have an anaerobic component. The anaerobic component is known as glycolysis and the
Embden-Meyerhof pathway carries it out. This pathway produces ATP and NADli as
energy-storage molecules. NADH is similar to the NADPH produced in photosynthesis.
In anaerobic respiration, this NADH needs to be recycled. The"total anaerobic pathway
iric1uding the recycling process is calledfermentation. We will consider two kinds of
fennentation reactions. The first will be the laclic acidfermentation as it occurs in
muscles. The second will be the alcoholfermentation as it'occurs in yeast.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a pathway that the cell uses to oxidize glucose. Some ofthe steps in
this pathway are the reverse of steps found in the dark reactions ofphotosynthesis.
. Glycolysis is part of the fennentation process found in muscle and yeast cells.
Fermentation
Fermentation is used by muscle cells to provide quick energy. Yeast cells use it
to produce alcohoJ and C<h. This is why yeast is used for brewing and baking. Lactic
acid bacteria produce lactic acid, which is used to make fermented foods like pickles,
sauerkraut and yogurt.
7-2
Figure 7-1. Glycolysis. Energy is made available all the time. Two ATP are used to
start and the pathway makes 4 ATP, so there is a net yield of two ATP. The POAL to
PGA step is the reverse ofa similar step in the Calvin-Benson cycle. The resulting two
working.
, Each of the rea~ons begins with glucose and produces a net yield of two ATP.
. This low number ofATP results from the lack ofaerobic (oxidative)conditioDS. Muscles
use fennentation under conditions when oxygen is low or when energy is needed quickly.
Yeast cells are used in the processes ofbrewins and baking. In brewing, the
, product, such as wine, contains alcohol. Ii1 the case of'beer, the product contains both " ,'.
alcohol and e<h. In baking, the product ofinterest is the e<h. The carbon dioxide helps
the baked products rise. That is why yeast is used in making bJad, cakes and t)ther
baked products.
Recycling ofNADH
become oxidized again in order for the pathway to function. The final fermentation
reactions are used to regenerate or recycle NAD+ for use in the Embden-Meyerhof
pathway. '
7-3
2 pyruvate r ~ , 2 ..c....
2NADH 2NAif
2 NADH 2 NAD·
In oxidative conditions, the NADH is not recycled but is sent to the Electron
TransPOrtlChemiosmosis pathway instead. Under oxidative conditions, fennentation
does not take place. The pyruvate resulting from the Embden-Meyerhofpathway is scrit
to the Krebs Citric Acid Cycle, instead.
Aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration is the reverse of photosynthesis. The glucose made by the plant is
oxidized in the cell to produce the waste products, Cen and H20, and energy. Cellular
respiration is the opposite ofphotosynthesis. The energy stored by the plant is released in
our cells for our use.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis produces two pyruvates, two ATP and two NADH. Unlike the
situation in fennentation, the two NADH molecules are not recycled. The process occurs
in the cytoplasm of the cell.
I I
7-4
The Krebs Citric Acid Cycle is a series of eight reactions that go ar01md in a
circle. It is found in mitochondria. Each pyruvate molecule resulting from glycolysis
enters the cycle and is oxidized to Produce three C02, and the following energy
molecules:
Electron TransportlChemiosmosis
Virtually all enzymes are proteins. Their job is to catalyze biological reactions
and allow these reactions to occur at room temperature. Catalase is the name of a
SPeCific enzyme that perfonns the reaction responsible for the destruction ofhydrogen
peroxide. Each enzyme is a catalyst, which is specific for its own substrate. The
substrate is the specific chemical substance reacted on by the enzyme. The enzyme
changes the substrate in~o products. In the case ofthe destruction ofhydrogen peroxide
7-5
by catalase, the substrate was hydrogen peroxide (the starting material) and the products
were water and oxygen (the resulting materials).
Note: Normal totals in eukaryotic ce]]s are 36 molecules of ATP. The figme of38 ATP
comes from prokaryotic cens, which do not have,mitochondria.
A. General considerations
1. Respiration is used to obtain energy.
2. The energy is in the fonn ofATP..
3. The by-products ofrespiratiQn are H20 and CCh.
4. The process of respiration is conducted by aJI living cells, all ofthe time.
C. Aerobic respiration