Dr.

SDP IIITDM Jabalpur 8/14/2018

DESIGN OF THIN PRESSURE VESSELS

Dr. Shivdayal Patel

Assistant Professor
Indian Institute of Technology Design and Manufacturing Jabalpur

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 Dr. SDP IIITDM Jabalpur 8/14/2018

ME 306 (3L+1T) CREDIT :4

DESIGN OF MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
 Introduction,
 Design of Cotter and Knuckle Joints,
 Design of Thin and Thick cylinders,
 Design of Shafts, Keys and Coupling,
 Design of Bolted and Welded Joints,
 Design of Springs, Selection of Bearings,
 Design and Selection of Gears and Belts,
 Design of Clutches and Brakes,
 Design for variable loading.
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THIN WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS

 INRODUCTION
 In many engineering applications are cylinders / spherical vessels
frequently used for transporting or storing of liquids, gases or
fluids.
 Ex. Cylindrical pipes, boilers storage tank etc.
 They also appear as components of aerospace and marine vehicles
such as rocket and submarine hulls.
 These Vessels are subjected to fluid pressures

Spherical Vessels Horizontal Cylindrical shell Vertical Cylindrical shells

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OTHER TYPICAL APPLICATIONS THICK VESSELS

CNG Gas Cylinder

Cylindrical vessels

Cylindrical shell

Revolver gun
Rocket LPG Gas Cylinder 4
 Dr. SDP IIITDM Jabalpur 8/14/2018
TYPES OF PRESSURE VESSELS
 r = radius of the cylinder , L=Length of cylinder
 t = thickness of the cylinder
(r/t) > 10 – Thin cylinder shell or spherical shell
(r/t) < 10 – Thick cylinder shell or spherical shell
p = Internal Pressure Y1

Types of Failure :
X2
X1

Y2 Y1
X2
X1

Y2
Circumferential Failure Longitudinal Failure 5
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ASSUMPTIONS FOR THIN CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

Wall Thinness:
 The wall is assumed to be very thin compared to the other
dimensions of the vessel. we assume that (r/t > 10)
 We may assume that the stresses are uniform across the wall

Symmetries:
 In cylindrical vessels, the geometry and the loading are
cylindrically symmetric.
Uniform Internal Pressure:
 The internal pressure, denoted by p, is uniform and everywhere
positive.
Ignoring End Effects:
 Features that may affect the symmetry assumptions are ignored.

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THIN CYLINDRICAL VESSELS

 We consider a cylindrical vessel of radius R, thickness t loaded by internal

pressure p. We use the cylindrical coordinate system (x, r , θ) showed in
Figure 1, in which
Stress Assumptions:
 Cut the cylinder by two normal planes at x and x + dx, and then by two
planes θ and θ + dθ as shown in Figure 1 (a). The resulting material
element, shown in exploded view in Figure 1(b) has six surfaces.

Fig.1 (a) &(b) Wall material element of a pressurized cylindrical vessel referred to
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cylindrical coordinates
 Dr. SDP IIITDM Jabalpur 8/14/2018

 Free Surface (A) :The outer surface r = R is stress free. Thus

σ rr  0, τ rx  τ rθ  0
at r=R
 Surface (B): On the inner surface r = R - t there is a compressive normal
stress that balances the applied pressure but no tangential stresses. Thus
σ rr  p , τ rx  τrθ  0
at r=R-t
 Since the wall is thin, we can assume that
τ rx  τrθ  0 for all r [R  t , r ]

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Displaying the wall stress state using the stress matrix and taking the axes in order {x,
θ, r } for convenience, we have

we observe that the cylinder vessel wall is in plane stress

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CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS OF THIN CYLINDER

 Bursting force induced in cylinder due internal pressure

= (internal pressure) * (area)
=p(2rL) L= length of the cylinder
Circumferential force induced by cylinder (Resisting force)
= circumferential stress *resisting area
= σc (tL + tL)
= 2σctL
Under the Equilibrium
Bursting force = Resisting force
p2rL = 2σctL L
σc =(pr/t) (Hoop Stress)
2r
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LONGITUDINAL STRESS
 Separating force induced in cylinder due internal pressure
= (internal pressure) * (area)
=pπr2
Longitudinal force induced by cylinder (Resisting force)
= longitudinal stress *resisting area
= σL (2 πrt)
= 2σL(πrt)
Under the Equilibrium
Separating force = Resisting force
p πr2 = 2σLπrt
σL= (pr/2t) (Longitudinal Stress)

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CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRAIN

(change in circumference )
 Circumferential strain(εc) = -------------------------------------------
(Original circumference)

let δr = increases radius of the cylinder

ri = Initial radius of the cylinder
r f= final radius of the cylinder = (ri   r )
Initial circumference = 2 ri
Final circumference = 2 rf = 2 (ri   r )
 2 (ri   r )  2 ri  r 
c     2  
 2 ri   r 

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CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRAIN

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LONGITUDINAL STRAIN

(change in longitudinal length )

 Longitudinal strain(εL) = -------------------------------------------
(Original longitudinal length)

let δL = increases radius of the cylinder

Li = Initial length of the cylinder
Lf= final length of the cylinder =(Li+ δL)

Longitudinal strain(εL) εL = (Li+ δL- Li) /(Li)

εL = (δL/L)

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LONGITUDINAL STRAIN

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VOLUMETRIC STRAIN

(change in volume of the cylinder )

 Volumetric strain(εv) = -----------------------------------------------------------
(Original of the volume of the cylinder )

let δv = increases volume of the cylinder

vi = Initial volume of the cylinder = r 2 L
vf= final volume of the cylinder  (Vi   V ) = (r   r ) ( L   L)
2

Volumetric strain(εv) = (vf-vi)/vi

 (r   r) (L   L) r L     (r   r) (L   L)  r L    (r   r) (L   L)  r L 
2 2 2 2 2 2

        
V
 r 2 L   r 2 L   r2L 
  

r  L
V  2     2 c   L
 r  L
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VOLUMETRIC STRAIN

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THIN SPHERICAL SHELL UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE

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THIN SPHERICAL SHELL UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE

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VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FLUID PRESSURE

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CYLINDRICAL VESSEL WITH HEMISPHERICAL ENDS

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EFFECTS OF END PLATES AND JOINTS

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Q.1

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Q.2 Dr. SDP IIITDM Jabalpur 8/14/2018

A seamless cylinder with a storage capacity of 0.025 m3 is subjected to an internal

pressure of 20 MPa. The length of the cylinder is twice its internal diameter. The thin
cylinder is made of plain carbon steel 20C8 (Sut = 390 N/mm2) and the factor of
safety is 2.5. Determine the dimensions of the thin cylinder

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