GUIDE TO TEACHING STRUGGLING READERS

I-PHONEMIC AWARENESS- INITIAL/FINAL CONSONANTS AND SHORT VOWELS –a/e/i/o/u/ in CVC

pattern

/at/ /ag/ /am/ /ad/ /an/

___at b__g y___m __ad m__n

Number of correct words read:_____ Number of words formed:)_____

Examples: /ab/ /ay/ /ap/ /ax/

/ed/ /eg/ /em/ /en/ /et/

/ew/

/id/ /ig/ /im/ /in/ /ip/ /it/

/ob/ /og/ /om/ /on/ /op/ /ot/

/ow/ /oy/

/ub/ /ud/ /ug/ /um/ /un/ /up/

/us/ /uy/

II-FINAL DOUBLE CONSONANT dd/ff/gg/ll/ss

Example: add off egg ill ass

III-DIGRAPHS (INITIAL CONSONANTS)-COMBINE /br/cr/dr/gr/tr/-------bl/gl/pl/sl/ and

FINAL SOUND ft/mp/ng/nd/nk/nt/ft/pt/st/)

/bl/ /br/

/ch/ /cl/ /cr/ (advanced: /chl/chr/cy/ (final: /-ch/cy )

/dr/

/fl/ /fr/

/gl/ /gr/ (final –gh, -gn, -ght, -ng)

/kn/ /kr/ /kl/ /ky/ (final /-ky/)

/ph/ /pl/ /pr/ (advanced- hard /pn/) (final /ph/)

/rh/ /rw/ /ry/ (final /-rc/-rb/-rd/-rf/-rg/-rk/-rl/-rm/-rn/-rt/-ry)

/sc/ /sh/ /sk/ /sm/ /sn/ /sp/ /sl/ /st/

/sw/ (adv.hard-trigraph) /sch/scl/scr/ shr/str/str/spr/spl/thr/) (Final –sh/-sk/-sc/sm/sp/st/sy/)
/th/ /tr/ /tw/ /ty/ (advanced thr-) (final –th/ty)

/wh/ /wr/ (advanced: wy) (final: /-wd/-wn/-wl/wt/wy/)

(final: /-vy/ ) Final trigraph-tch/ght/

IV- SOFT AND HARD SOUNDS

C as in citrus vs C as in cup – (CENTER, CELL, CITY, CEBU,) (CAR, CLAP, CLIP, CORN, CUP)

G as in gin vs G as in girl- (GEL, GEM, GENTLE, GERRY) (GET, GIBSON, GREAT, GO, GUN)

H as in hand vs H as in honor (HAIR, HEN, HIM, HORSE) (HOUR, HEIR, HUE, HUBERT)

V-PHONEME ISOLATION/ADDITION/DELETION/SUBSTITUTION (Phoneme Manipulation)

(effect of isolation/addition/deletion/substitution)

_____ad _____ase _____ice _____and _____ill

_____ig _____op ____um ______ay _____oth

n/h/m-eat b/ m-other d/ br-own pl/f-ace h/ch-air sp/ b-oil fl/ c-are

b-us

FILIPINO:

ILONG USA ASO ARKO ANIB

S/L/ K/ P/D/M/ L/ P/K/B/M B/M /S/

ALAT AGA ASA ANI ALA

M/S/K/B/ T/B/D/M/L L/K/B/N/M/ M/ D/B/S/W/

VI- VOWEL DIGRAPGHS (AE/AI/AO/AU/) (EA/EE/EI/EO/EU/) (/IA/IE/IO/IU/) (/OA/OE/OI/OO/OU/)

(/UA/UE/UI/UO/UU/) AND DIPTHONGS / -oy vs oi/ ow vs ou/ aw/au/)

/ae=ey/ as in aerobics, aegis, aeon, aerial

/ai=ey/ as in air, ail, aid, aim /ai=ay/ as in aisle, Aida, Ailyn, Aiza (name of person)

/ao=aw/ as in carabao, Davao, Mindaṅao

/au=ow/ as in aura, aurevoir, Paul, gaul, maul

/ea=i or e/ as in bead, bread, deal, thread /ea=eya/ as in Lea, Bea, Rhea (common in peoples’ name)

/ee=i/ as in seed, heel, bee, flee

/ei= i or ey/ as in lei, reign, weigh, receive (except: height)

/eo=yo or eyo/ as in eon, Leo, neon, dungeon, luncheon

/eu=yu/ as in Europe, eunuch, Eugene, euthanasia

/ia= ya or iya/ as in iambic, Ian, Asia, tiara, Pia, piano

/ie= i or ay / as in believe, Gie, pie, lie, tie

/io=ayo or yo / as in lion, scion, prior, idiom

/iu=yu or ayu/ as in anthurium, Cetius, calcium

/oa=ow or owa/ boat, soar, loaf, moan, cocoa, boa, Noah

/oe= ow or owe/ as in aloe, hoe, doe, foe, Joe, Joey, Noel or Noeh

/oi=oy or owi & wa / as in poi, oil, avoid, foil, Oishi (Japanese term for delicious) , reservoir, choir

/ou=ow or aw/ as in ounce, four, dough, foul, mount, about

/uu=yu/ as in continuum, vacuum

VII- UNPREDICTABLE VOWELS AND HOMOPHONES

ex. tail- tale- tell/ caught- coat -cote -quote/ run- -ran -etc.

VII-POSSESSIVES-SINGULAR/PLURAL NOUN/PRONOUN

VIII-CONTRACTIONS- a shorten word/s formed by omitting or combining some of the letter or sounds .
ex. is not = isn’t/ you will=you’ll / I AM NOT = ain’t

IX-WORD CONJUGATION/DECLENSION- inflection of word (nouns, pronouns, and adjectives) in the

forms corresponding to person, gender, number, tense, mood, voice

IX- AFFIXES (PREFIX/SUFIX)

(to be continue……)
 Make a sentence that tells about the picture by adding letters in the blank. Choose the letter
above the sentence.
ILLUSTRATION
c h f

1.A ___at _____at with a _____at.

ILLUSTRATION

m p

2 .____ with a ___en

ILLUSTRATION

b t

3. A ____ag on a ____ag.

ILLUSTRATION
V r

4._____an to the ____an.

W p b ILLUSTRATION

5. The _____ig has a ____ ig _____.