Tidak semua adverbial clause dapat direduksi.

Hanya adverbial clause of

time (waktu), cause and effect (sebab dan akibat), dan contrast (pertentangan) yang
memungkinkan untuk direduksi. Adverbial clause tersebut mungkin dapat direduksi
jika subject-nya sama dengan subjectpada main clause-nya. Adverbial phrase yang
kemudian didapat mendeskripsikan subject pada bagian main clause.
Lihat juga:

 reduced adjective clause

 reduced noun clause
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Reduced Adverbial Clause

Adverbial Clause of Time

Reduced adverbial clause of time dengan subordinate conjunction before, after,
dan since didapat dengan menghilangkan subject dan mengganti verb (kata kerja)
dengan verb-ing. Sedangkan dengan as, subject dihilangkan
bersama conjunction tersebut. Adverbial clause yang menggunakan as soon as dapat
diperpendek dengan menghilangkan subject, mengganti verb dengan verb-ing, dan
mengganti conjunctiontersebut dengan preposition (kata depan) upon atau on.
Rumus Contoh Kalimat

before /
after /
since /
while+ S
+V

They had met twice before they got married.

(Mereka telah bertemu dua kali sebelum menikah.)

reduced:
before /
after /
since /
while +
V-ing reduced:
They had met twice before getting married.

as + S +
V As I was driving home, I saw him crossing the street.
(Saat saya sedang mengemudi pulang ke rumah, saya melihatnya
menyeberangi jalan.))
reduced:
V-ing
reduced:
Driving home, I saw him crossing the street.

as soon
as + S +
V As soon as he arrived home, he collapsed onto sofa.
(Segera setelah tiba di rumah, dia roboh ke sofa.)

reduced:
upon/on reduced:
+ V-ing  Upon arriving home, he collaped onto sofa.
 On arriving hime, he collaped onto sofa.
Lihat juga:

 adverbial of time

Adverbial Clause of Cause and Effect

Conjunction as, because, dan since pada adverbial clause of cause and effect dihilangkan
bersama dengan subject pada versi reduksinya.
Rumus Contoh Kalimat

Since you have read it, you should already know that cell-phone radiation
may cause health problems.(Karena kamu sudah membaca itu, kamu
as / seharusnya sudah tahu kalau radiasi ponsel mungkin menyebabkan masalah-
because / masalah kesehatan.)
since + S
+V

reduced:

reduced: Having read it, you should already know that cell-phone radiation
may cause health problems.
V-ing Because he didn’t feel well, he went to bed early.
(Karena tidak merasa sehat, dia pergi tidur lebih awal.)

reduced:
Not feeling well, he went to bed early.

Reduced Adverbial Clause of Contrast

Adverbial clause of contrast dengan although, though, dan while yang
menggunakan verbselain to be (is, am, are, was, were) direduksi dengan
menghilangkan subject dan mengganti verb dengan verb-ing; sementara yang
menggunakan verb to be direduksi dengan menghilangkan subject berikut to be namun
mempertahankan subject complement (noun/adjective) setelah to
be tersebut. Conjunction pada reduced adverbial clause of opposition dipertahankan.
Rumus Contoh Kalimat

although /
though / while
+ S + V (selain
be)
She didn’t get the job though she has 5 years of experience.
(Dia tidak mendapatkan pekerjaan tersebut meskipun dia memiliki
pengalaman 5 tahun.)

reduced:
although /
though / while
+ V-ing reduced:
She didn’t get the job though having 5 years of experience.

Although they are cheap, the smartphones have good performance.

(Meskipun murah, telepon-telepon pintar itu memiliki kinerja yang
although / baik.)
though / while
+ S + V (be) +
subject
complement
(noun/adjective)
 reduced:
Although cheap, the smartphones have good perfomance.

reduced:
although /
though / while
+ subject
complement

Reduced adverb clauses – Part I

AUGUST 30, 2013 -

An adverb clause can be shortened to an adverb phrase. This can be particularly

helpful when you want to express your ideas in a more concise manner. Before you
reduce an adverb clause into an adverbial phrase, make sure that the adverb clause
(subordinate clause) and the main clause have the same subject.

Study the examples given below.

I slept for ten hours. I felt marvelous.

The two sentences given above express a cause and effect relationship and hence
can be combined into one using the conjunction as / since.

As I had slept for ten hours, I felt marvelous.

Both clauses have the same subject and hence we can reduce the adverb clause
into a phrase.

Having slept for ten hours, I felt marvelous.

Another example is given below.

He worked hard. He passed the test.

Because he worked hard, he passed the test.

This can be reduced to:

Having worked hard, he passed the test.

There are many different kinds of adverb clauses and it is not possible to reduce all
of them. Generally speaking, the adverb clauses of time, cause and contrast can
be reduced.

Reduced Adverb Clauses of Time

After he did military service, he became a monk.

The sentence given above can be reduced to:

After doing military service, he became a monk.

He wrote his first book after he recovered from a major illness.

This can be reduced to:

He wrote his first book after recovering from a major illness.

He feeds the cats before he goes to work.

Can be reduced to

He feeds the cats before going to work.

Reduced Adverb Clauses of Cause

Because she was late, she didn’t get tickets for the show.

This can be reduced to:

Being late, she didn’t get tickets for the show.

Because I worked fast, I finished early.

This can be reduced to:

Having worked fast, I finished early.

Because I was feeling a bit tired, I didn’t go to work.

 This can be reduced to:

Feeling a bit tired, I didn’t go to work

Grammar Lesson - Mengurangi Klausa Adverbia17 Maret 2014

Mengurangi Klausa Adverbia menjadi Memodifikasi Frasa Adverbia

Kedengarannya rumit - semua kata multi-suku kata hanya untuk menggambarkan satu titik
tata bahasa Inggris. Pasti sulit, bukan?

Apa klausa kata keterangan?

Sebenarnya, mengurangi klausa kata keterangan untuk membuat frasa kata keterangan yang
dimodifikasi tidak sekuat kedengarannya. Bahkan, pada tingkat menengah, itu adalah
konstruksi gramatikal yang menjadi semakin alami dengan meningkatnya kefasihan bahasa
Inggris.
Lihat ini:
Ketika Khalid sedang berjalan ke kelas, dia menemukan $ 10 di trotoar.
Dalam kalimat ini saat Khalid sedang berjalan ke kelas adalah klausa kata keterangan. Itu
menunjukkan hubungan antara jalan Khalid dan ketika dia menemukan $ 10 — dia
menemukan uang dalam perjalanan ke kelas.
Apakah ada cara yang lebih singkat untuk mengekspresikan informasi ini?
Iya nih! Memang ada.

Cara menguranginya
Anda dapat mengurangi klausa kata keterangan menjadi frasa keterangan pengubah dan
masih menyampaikan arti yang sama, seperti ini:
Saat berjalan ke kelas, Khalid menemukan $ 10 di trotoar.
Klausa keterangan saat Khalid sedang berjalan ke kelas disingkat dan menjadi saat
berjalan ke kelas, sebuah frase kata keterangan yang memodifikasi. Frasa adverbia yang
memodifikasi menjelaskan subjek dari klausa utama.
Berikut adalah aturan untuk mengubah klausa kata keterangan untuk mengubah frasa
keterangan:
1. Subjek dari kedua klausa kata keterangan dan klausa utama harus sama.
 2. Hilangkan subjek dari frasa keterangan dan ubah kata kerjanya menjadi –ing (partisip
sekarang).
atau
3. Jika ada bentuk kata kerja dalam klausa kata keterangan, abaikan subjek dan hilangkan
kata kerja be, gunakan hanya –ing (partisip sekarang).
Sekarang, coba kurangi klausa keterangan ini untuk mengubah frasa keterangan dalam
kalimat ini:
1. Setelah dia membeli sepatu, Maria memutuskan untuk menukarnya dengan warna yang
berbeda.
2. Sejak Marc datang ke Los Angeles , ia telah belajar lebih banyak bahasa Inggris dan
menjalin pertemanan baru.
3. Sebelum dia memulai kelas baru, Alexa membeli buku teks dan kamus.
Klausa keterangan dikurangi dan menjadi memodifikasi frasa keterangan seperti ini:
1. Setelah membeli sepatu , Maria memutuskan untuk menukarnya dengan warna yang
berbeda.
2. Sejak datang ke Los Angeles , Mark telah belajar lebih banyak bahasa Inggris dan
menjalin pertemanan baru.
3. Sebelum memulai kelas baru , Alexa membeli buku teks dan kamus.
Menggunakan modifikasi frasa kata keterangan dalam sebuah kalimat adalah cara yang baik
untuk secara ringkas menyampaikan maksud Anda — lebih sedikit kata dengan makna yang
sama!
Grammar Lesson – Reducing Adverb ClausesMarch 17th, 2014

Reducing Adverb Clauses to Modifying Adverbial Phrases

That sounds complicated – all those multi-syllabic words just to describe one point of English
grammar. It must be difficult, right?

What is an adverb clause?

Actually, reducing an adverb clause to create a modifying adverbial phrase isn’t as tough as it
sounds. In fact, at the intermediate level, it’s a grammatical construction that becomes more
and more natural with increasing English fluency.
 Check this out:

While Khalid was walking to class, he found $10 on the sidewalk.

In this sentence while Khalid was walking to class is the adverb clause. It shows the
relationship between Khalid’s walking and when he found the $10—he discovered the money
on his way to class.
Is there a shorter way to express this information?

Yes! Indeed, there is.

How to reduce it

You can reduce the adverb clause to a modifying adverbial phrase and still convey the same
meaning, like this:

While walking to class, Khalid found $10 on the sidewalk.

The adverb clause while Khalid was walking to class is shortened and becomes while
walking to class, a modifying adverbial phrase. A modifying adverbial phrase describes the
subject of the main clause.
Here are the rules for changing adverb clauses to modifying adverbial phrases:

1. The subjects of both the adverb clause and main clause must be the same.

2. Omit the subject of the adverb phrase and change the verb to –ing (present participle).

or

3. If there is a be form of the verb in the adverb clause, omit the subject and omit the be
verb, use only the –ing (present participle).
Now, try reducing these adverb clauses to modifying adverbial phrases in these sentences:

1. After she purchased the shoes, Maria decided to exchange them for a different color.

2. Since Marc came to Los Angeles, he has learned much more English and made new
friends.
3. Before she began the new class, Alexa purchased a textbook and dictionary.
The adverb clauses are reduced and become modifying adverbial phrases like this:

1. After purchasing the shoes, Maria decided to exchange them for a different color.
2. Since coming to Los Angeles, Mark has learned much more English and made new
friends.
3. Before beginning the new class, Alexa purchased a textbook and dictionary.
Using modifying adverbial phrases in a sentence is a good way to succinctly get your point
across—fewer words with the same meaning!

Changing Adverb Clauses to Phrases

Now that you are comfortable with adverb clauses and can survive quite well with
them, I am going to take them from you. Don't worry. It will make you a stronger
writer. Like most languages, English can say a lot with few words. Writers around
the world try to be as clear and efficient as they can in order to make their writing
enjoyable for their readers. This is a good reason to learn how to reduce an adverb
clause to a phrase. Remember, a clause is a combination of a subject and verb; a
phrase has no subject or main verb.
Let's take a look at sentence (1).

1. After I saw the horror movie, I felt sick.

This is a very typical complex sentence, right? There is the adverb clause { After I saw
the horror movie} and the independent clause {I felt sick}. You also remember that
the adverb clause is a dependent clause. But are there any words in the adverb clause
we can leave out (omit)? Well, let's take a look. What is the subject of the adverb
clause? Correct. It is {I}. What is the subject of the independent clause? Yes. It's {I}.
Therefore, we know we have the same subject in both clauses. This is very important.

You can only reduce an adverb clause to a phrase if it has the same
subject as the independent clause!!!

Now let's take out the {I} from the adverb clause. Hmmm. That leaves us with {After
saw the horror movie, I felt sick.} That doesn't sound right. The problem is you still
have a main verb {saw} in the old adverb clause, but without a subject. This verb is a
"finite" verb. You might remember that if you watched the video on verbs. Finite
means the verb has tense. Well, we can't have tense here because no one is doing an
action. Therefore, we are going to change it to a non-finite verb (one without tense).
We will do this by changing {saw} to {seeing}, which will give us sentence (2).

2. After seeing the horror movie, I felt sick.

Sometimes we have an adverb clause with a passive verb. How do we change that to a
phrase? I knew you would ask that. Well, you follow the same idea as in (2), but the
non-finite verb will have a present participle before the past participle. Look at
sentence (3).

3. After Sam was told to clean his room, he started crying.

In this case {Sam} and {he} are the same subject, so we can reduce the adverb clause
to a phrase. That will give us After was told to clean his room. This won't work,
right? Remember, we no longer have a subject in the adverb clause. We also
know that passive verbs include some form of the verb {to be}or {to get} plus a past
participle. Therefore, we won't change {told} since it already has no tense. We will
change {was} to a non-finite verb. Look at (4).

4. After being told to clean his room, Sam started crying.

Try it yourself. Change sentences (5) and (6) and check your answers with the
completed sentences at the bottom of the page.

5. While Mary was reading her book, she heard a loud sound in the
attic.

6. After Omar wrote his essay, he felt relieved.

Answers
5. While reading her book, Mary heard a loud sound in the attic.
6. After writing his essay, Omar felt relieved.

Mengubah Klausa Kata Keterangan Menjadi Frasa

Sekarang Anda merasa nyaman dengan klausa kata keterangan dan dapat bertahan
cukup baik dengan mereka, saya akan mengambilnya dari Anda. Jangan
khawatir. Itu akan membuat Anda menjadi penulis yang lebih kuat. Seperti
kebanyakan bahasa, bahasa Inggris dapat berbicara banyak dengan beberapa
kata. Para penulis di seluruh dunia mencoba untuk menjadi sejelas dan seefisien
yang mereka bisa untuk membuat tulisan mereka menyenangkan bagi pembaca
mereka. Ini adalah alasan yang bagus untuk mempelajari cara mengurangi klausa
kata keterangan ke frasa. Ingat, klausa adalah kombinasi dari subjek dan kata
kerja; sebuah frase tidak memiliki subjek atau kata kerja utama.
Mari kita lihat kalimat (1).

1. Setelah saya melihat film horor, saya merasa sakit.

Ini adalah kalimat rumit yang sangat khas, bukan? Ada klausa keterangan {setelah
saya melihat film horor} dan klausa independen {saya merasa sakit}. Anda juga ingat
bahwa klausa keterangan adalah klausa dependen. Tetapi apakah ada kata-kata
dalam klausa keterangan yang dapat kita tinggalkan (hilangkan)? Baiklah, mari kita
lihat. Apa subjek dari klausa kata keterangan? Benar. Itu adalah {I}. Apa subjek dari
klausa independen? Iya nih. Itu {I}. Karena itu, kami tahu kami memiliki subjek
yang sama di kedua klausa. Ini sangat penting.

Anda hanya dapat mengurangi klausa kata keterangan ke frasa jika

memiliki subjek yang sama dengan klausa independen !!!

Sekarang mari kita ambil {I} dari klausa keterangan. Hmmm. Itu membuat kita
dengan {Setelah melihat film horor, aku merasa sakit.} Itu tidak terdengar
benar. Masalahnya adalah Anda masih memiliki kata kerja utama {saw} di klausa
kata kerja lama, tetapi tanpa subjek. Kata kerja ini adalah kata kerja "terbatas". Anda
mungkin ingat itu jika Anda menonton video di kata kerja .Terbatas berarti kata
kerja memiliki tegang. Kita tidak bisa tegang di sini karena tidak ada yang
melakukan tindakan. Oleh karena itu, kita akan mengubahnya menjadi kata kerja
non-hingga (satu tanpa tegang). Kami akan melakukan ini dengan mengubah {saw}
menjadi {viewing}, yang akan memberi kita kalimat (2).

2. Setelah menonton film horor, saya merasa mual.

Terkadang kita memiliki klausa kata keterangan dengan kata kerja pasif. Bagaimana
kita mengubahnya menjadi frasa? Saya tahu Anda akan bertanya itu. Nah, Anda
mengikuti ide yang sama seperti pada (2), tetapi kata kerja yang tidak terbatas akan
memiliki participle yang hadir sebelum participle yang lalu. Lihat kalimat (3).

3. Setelah Sam disuruh membersihkan kamarnya, dia mulai menangis.

Dalam hal ini {Sam} dan {he} adalah subjek yang sama, sehingga kita dapat
mengurangi klausa kata keterangan menjadi frasa. Itu akan memberi kita Setelah
diperintahkan untuk membersihkan kamarnya . Ini tidak akan berhasil,
kan? Ingat, kami tidak lagi memiliki subjek dalam klausa keterangan. Kita juga tahu
bahwa kata kerja pasif mencakup beberapa bentuk kata kerja {menjadi} atau {untuk
mendapatkan} ditambah partisip masa lalu.Karenanya, kami tidak akan mengubah
{diberitahu} karena sudah tidak ada tegang. Kami akan mengubah {was} menjadi
kata kerja tidak terbatas. Lihat (4).
4. Setelah disuruh membersihkan kamarnya, Sam mulai menangis.

Cobalah sendiri. Ubah kalimat (5) dan (6) dan periksa jawaban Anda dengan kalimat
yang selesai di bagian bawah halaman.

5. Ketika Mary membaca bukunya, dia mendengar suara keras di

loteng.

6. Setelah Omar menulis esainya, ia merasa lega.

Jawaban
5. Saat membaca bukunya, Mary mendengar suara keras di loteng.
6. Setelah menulis esainya, Omar merasa lega.

Memodifikasi Frasa Adverbia

Tiga pelajaran sebelumnya memperkenalkan klausa kata keterangan umum dan
menjelaskan bagaimana masing-masing digunakan. Terkadang Anda dapat
mengubah (atau mengurangi) salah satu klausa kata keterangan ini ke frasa
pengubah. Sebuah frasa modifikasi mengandung lebih sedikit kata dari padanan
klausa kata keterangan lengkapnya dan dapat menambah variasi pada tulisan Anda.

Aturan untuk Mengurangi Klausa Adverbia menjadi Memodifikasi Frasa Adverbia

(Apa yang bisa dan tidak bisa Anda lakukan)

Jika klausa kata keterangan berisi bentuk "menjadi" dari kata kerja, abaikan subjek
dari klausa dependen dan kata kerja be.

Klausa Keterangan:
Saat saya mengemudi untuk bekerja, saya terjebak kemacetan.

Mengubah Frasa:
Saat mengemudi ke tempat kerja, saya terjebak kemacetan.

Jika klausa kata keterangan tidak mengandung kata kerja "menjadi", abaikan subjek
dan ubah kata kerjanya menjadi –ing.

Klausa Keterangan:
Sebelum saya mengikuti ujian, saya meninjau kembali catatan saya.

Mengubah Frasa:
Sebelum mengikuti ujian, saya meninjau kembali catatan saya.
Perhatikan bahwa dalam kedua contoh subjek klausa kata keterangan dan klausa
utama adalah sama. Klausa keterangan tidak dapat direduksi menjadi frasa
modifikasi jika klausa memiliki subjek yang berbeda. Frasa modifikasi yang
merupakan pengurangan klausa keterangan selalu mengubah subjek klausa utama:

Sementara istrinya mandi, John membuat sarapan.

Anda tidak dapat mengurangi klausa ini menjadi frasa tanpa mengubah artinya. Jika
Anda mencoba, Anda akan berakhir dengan sesuatu yang tidak masuk akal seperti
ini:

Sambil mandi, John membuat sarapan.

Itu pasti suatu prestasi!

Watch out for menggantung partisip atau menggantung pengubah ketika

mengurangi klausa kata keterangan untuk memodifikasi frase kata
keterangan. Pengubah menggantung adalah pengubah yang dibiarkan
“menggantung” tanpa kata benda atau kata ganti untuk dimodifikasi. Inilah contoh
yang cukup jelas mengapa ini menjadi masalah:

Saat menulis blog ini, bel pintu berdering.

Kecuali bel pintu itu menulis blog ini, kalimat ini sama sekali tidak masuk akal. Dalam
hal ini, Anda harus memberikan subjek yang sesuai dan kata kerja "menjadi":

Ketika saya sedang menulis blog ini, bel pintu berdering.

Mengubah Klausa Waktu untuk Mengubah Frasa Adverbia

Seperti yang ditunjukkan di atas, klausa kata keterangan yang dimulai dengan while
dapat diubah untuk mengubah frasa kata keterangan. Klausa yang dimulai dengan
setelah, sebelum, dan karena juga dapat direduksi menjadi pengubah frasa. Berikut
adalah contoh masing-masing.

Klausul “Sejak”:
Sejak Ellen kembali ke sekolah, dia sangat sibuk.

Frasa “Sejak”:
Sejak kembali ke sekolah, Ellen sangat sibuk.

Klausa "Sebelum":
Sebelum Ellen kembali ke sekolah, ia punya banyak waktu luang.

Frasa “Sebelumnya”:
Sebelum kembali ke sekolah, Ellen punya banyak waktu luang.

Klausa “Setelah”:
Setelah dia menyelesaikan kelasnya, Ellen mulai bekerja.
Frasa “Setelah”:
Setelah menyelesaikan kelasnya, Ellen mulai bekerja.
ATAU
Setelah menyelesaikan kelasnya, Ellen mulai bekerja.

Kadang-kadang sementara dihilangkan dari frasa yang mengekspresikan ide

"selama waktu yang sama." Dalam kasus ini, frasa di awal kalimat mengekspresikan
arti yang sama:

Ketika May berbelanja di toko bahan makanan, dia bertemu dengan salah satu
gurunya. (Ayat)
Saat berbelanja di toko kelontong, May bertemu dengan salah satu gurunya. (Frasa)
Berbelanja di toko grosir, May bertemu dengan salah satu gurunya. (Frasa dengan
"saat" dihilangkan)

Mengekspresikan Penyebab dan Efek dalam Mengubah Frasa Adverbia

Ketika mengungkapkan sebab dan akibat dengan memodifikasi frasa kata
keterangan, kata karena tidak termasuk. Ungkapan –ing mengekspresikan sebab
dan akibat dengan sendirinya. Ini mirip dengan bagaimana sementara dapat
dihilangkan dari klausa "selama waktu yang sama". Tidak seperti penghilangan
sementara opsional, wajib untuk dihapus karena ketika mengurangi sebab dan
akibat klausa ke frase.

Ayat:
Karena dia perlu membeli mobil baru, Rachel mengajukan pinjaman dari
bank. (Ayat)

Pengurangan Benar menjadi Frasa (Menghilangkan "Karena"):

Karena perlu membeli mobil baru, Rachel mengajukan pinjaman dari bank.
Salah ("Karena" Mendahului Kata Kerja –ing):
Karena perlu membeli mobil baru, Rachel mengajukan pinjaman dari bank.

Menggunakan memiliki + past participle (-ed kata kerja) mengekspresikan makna

bukan hanya karena tetapi juga sebelumnya. Anda dapat memasangkan jenis frasa
ini dengan klausa tegang utama dulu dan sekarang (tetapi tidak di masa depan):

Sudah pernah ke restoran itu berkali-kali sebelumnya, saya tidak ingin pergi lagi.
Pernah ke restoran itu berkali-kali sebelumnya, saya tidak ingin pergi lagi.

Jika Anda ingin memastikan bahwa hubungan sebab dan akibat dalam frasa
modifikasi jelas, Anda dapat mengubah bentuk berada dalam klausa kata
keterangan yang Anda inginkan. Tiga contoh di bawah ini semua memiliki arti yang
sama. Namun, yang ketiga lebih jauh menekankan hubungan sebab dan akibat.

Ayat:
Karena tidak mampu membeli mobil baru, Rachel mengajukan pinjaman dari bank.

Frasa tanpa menjadi:

Karena tidak mampu membeli mobil baru, Rachel mengajukan pinjaman dari bank.
Ungkapan dengan menjadi untuk Kejelasan / Penekanan Sebab dan Akibat:
Karena tidak mampu membeli mobil baru, Rachel mengajukan pinjaman dari bank.

Menggunakan "Saat + -ing" dalam Memodifikasi Frasa Adverbia

Mengubah frasa yang dimulai dengan + -ing biasanya memiliki arti yang sama
dengan klausa yang dimulai dengan kapan (“pada waktu itu”). Setelah jarang
digunakan oleh penutur bahasa Inggris asli dalam percakapan sehari-hari. Lebih
umum menggunakan formulir korsleting pada. Contoh-contoh berikut memiliki arti
yang sama:

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Modifying Adverbial Phrases

The previous three lessons introduced common adverb clauses and explained how
each is used. Sometimes you can change (or reduce) one of these adverb clauses to
a modifying phrase. A modifying phrase contains fewer words than its full adverb
clause equivalent and can add variety to your writing.

Rules for Reducing Adverb Clauses to Modifying Adverbial Phrases

(What you can and can’t do)

If an adverb clause contains the “to be” form of a verb, omit the subject of the
dependent clause and the be verb.

Adverb Clause:
While I was driving to work, I got stuck in traffic.

Modifying Phrase:
While driving to work, I got stuck in traffic.

If an adverb clause does not contain a “to be” verb, omit the subject and change the
verb to –ing.

Adverb Clause:
Before I took the exam, I reviewed my notes.

Modifying Phrase:
Before taking the exam, I reviewed my notes.

Notice that in both instances the subject of the adverb clause and the main clause
are the same. An adverb clause cannot be reduced to a modifying phrase if the
clauses have different subjects. A modifying phrase that is a reduction of an adverb
clause always modifies the subject of the main clause:

While his wife was taking a shower, John made breakfast.

You can’t reduce this clause to a phrase without changing its meaning. If you were to
try, you’d end up with something nonsensical like this:

While taking a shower, John made breakfast.

That must have been quite a feat!

Watch out for dangling participles or dangling modifiers when reducing adverb
clauses to modifying adverbial phrases. A dangling modifier is one that is left
“hanging” without a noun or pronoun to modify. Here’s a fairly obvious example of
why this is a problem:

While writing this blog, the doorbell rang.

Unless the doorbell itself was writing this blog, this sentence makes absolutely no
sense. In this case, you need to provide an appropriate subject and “be” verb:

While I was writing this blog, the doorbell rang.

Changing Time Clauses to Modifying Adverbial Phrases

As shown above, adverb clauses beginning with while can be changed to modifying
adverbial phrases. Clauses beginning with after, before, and since can also be
reduced to modifying phrases. Here is an example of each.

“Since” Clause:
Since Ellen returned to school, she has been very busy.

“Since” Phrase:
Since returning to school, Ellen has been very busy.

“Before” Clause:
Before Ellen returned to school, she had a lot of free time.

“Before” Phrase:
Before returning to school, Ellen had a lot of free time.

“After” Clause:
After she (had) finished her classes, Ellen went to work.

“After” Phrase:
After finishing her classes, Ellen went to work.
OR
After having finished her classes, Ellen went to work.

Sometimes while is omitted from phrases that express the idea of “during the same
time.” In these cases, the –ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence expresses
the same meaning:
While May was shopping at the grocery store, she ran into one of her teachers.
(Clause)
While shopping at the grocery store, May ran into one of her teachers. (Phrase)
Shopping at the grocery store, May ran into one of her teachers. (Phrase with “while”
omitted)

Expressing Cause and Effect in Modifying Adverbial Phrase

When expressing cause and effect with modifying adverbial phrases, the word
because is not included. The –ing phrase expresses cause and effect on its own.
This is similar to how while can be omitted from “during the same time” clauses.
Unlike the optional omission of while, it is mandatory to drop because when reducing
a cause and effect clause to a phrase.

Clause:
Because she needed to buy a new car, Rachel applied for a loan from the bank.
(Clause)

Correct Reduction to a Phrase (Omitting “Because”):

Needing to buy a new car, Rachel applied for a loan from the bank.
Incorrect (“Because” Precedes the –ing Verb):
Because needing to buy a new car, Rachel applied for a loan from the bank.

Using having + past participle (-ed verb) expresses the meaning of not only because
but also before. You can pair this type of phrase with past and present (but not
future) tense main clauses:

Having been to that restaurant many times before, I didn’t want to go again.
Having been to that restaurant many times before, I don’t want to go again.

If you want to make sure that the cause and effect relationship in a modifying phrase
is clear, you can change the form of be in the adverb clause you are reducing to
being. The three examples below all have the same meaning. However, the third one
further emphasizes the cause and effect relationship.

Clause:
Because she was unable to afford a new car, Rachel applied for a loan from the
bank.

Phrase without being:

Unable to afford a new car, Rachel applied for a loan from the bank.

Phrase with being for Clarity/Emphasis of Cause and Effect:

Being unable to afford a new car, Rachel applied for a loan from the bank.

Using “Upon + -ing” in Modifying Adverbial Phrases

Modifying phrases beginning with upon + -ing usually have the same meaning as
clauses that begin with when (“at that time”). Upon is rarely used by native English
speakers in everyday conversation. It is more common to use the shorted form on.
The following examples share the same meaning:
When I reached the summit of Stone Mountain, I took a photograph of the park
below.
Upon reaching the summit of Stone Mountain, I took a photograph of the park below.
On reaching the summit of Stone Mountain, I took a photograph of the park below.

Introduction of the Reduction of Adverb Clauses into Adverbial

Phrases
Tralalalala....ini dia yang sudah ditunggu-tunggu. Rabu UTS, kan?wkwkwkwk
So...check this out! =D

Ada satu syarat mutlak untuk mengubah adverb clauses ke adverbial phrases:
"Subject yang ada pada adverb clauses SAMA DENGAN subject pada main clauses."
Kalo ga sama...ga usah pusying-pusying maksain untuk dijadiin adverbial phrases ya. =*)

Nah setelah tau syaratnya, mari kita ke aturan mainnya alias cara mengubah adverb clauses ke adverbial
phrases : =D
1. Analisa dulu mana adv clauses-nya.
2. Analisa juga apakah subject pada adv clauses-nya sama dengan subject pada main clauses.
*Kalo syarat 1 dan 2 lolos, maka adv clauses-nya itu bisa dibikin adverbial phrases. Aturan 1 dan 2 ini aku
sebut aturan dasar ya. =)
Lanjutttt.....
3. Hilangkanlah subject pada adv clausesnya dan be form dari kata kerjanya. *berlaku untuk progressive
tenses
4. Jika tidak ada be form dari kata kerjanya, maka hilangkan subject lalu ubah verb-nya menjadi V-ing.

Jadi dalam aturan ubah-mengubah adv clauses ke adverbial phrases, hukumnya wajib hilangkan subject-
nya. Cukup satu saja subject-nya. =)
Langsung main ke contohnya yaaaa! =*)
Yang aku garis bawah nanti adalah adv clauses, sedangkan yang aku cetak miring itu nanti adverbial
phrases-nya ya sodara =D

1. While I was watching TV, I heard my sister screaming.

::: While watching TV, I heard my sister screaming.

See! Subject-nya sama: I , maka adv clause-nya bisa diubah jadi adverbial phrases. Lihat aturan no 3, ini
yang aku maksud. Progressive tenses untuk topik ini emg paling mudah. Sekali kamu bisa identifikasi kl
adv clause-nya bisa diubah ke adverbial phrases dan dia dalam bentuk progressive, maka buang saja
subject dan be-nya. Satu contoh lagi ya:

2. I recognized that he was my ex while I was looking at him.

::: I recognized that he was my ex while looking at him.

See! Another progressive tense, right? Buang subject, buang be-nya, daaaan....buang sang mantan *loooh?
wkwkwkwk =D

3. After I had finished my homework, I went shopping.

::: After having finished my homework, I went shopping.

*aturan no 4

4. Since I had talked to him, I realized that he was the perfect one. *hahaha..berkhayal dikit boleh lah =D
::: Since having talked to him, I realized that he was the perfect one. =*)

*aturan no 4

5. I went out for a while before I continued working on my assignments again.

::: I went out for a while before continuing working on my assignments again.

*aturan no 4

6. Since Louis got a new job, he has worked very hard.

::: Since getting a new job, Louis has worked very hard.
Subject adv clause dan adverbial phrase walaupun tidak secara tulisan sama (Louis dan he), tapi mereka
tetap mengacu ke subject yg sama = Louis. Terus knp mbak kok subject pada main clause-nya diganti jadi
'Louis', kenapa ga tetep 'he' aja?

Gini temen2, ketika kamu mengubah adv clauses jadi adverbial phrases, maka kamu ilangin subject dari
adv clauses-nya, kan? Nah kalo kamu tetep pertahankan 'he' nya. "Since getting a new job, he has worked
very hard." maka orang akan bertanya2, 'he' nya itu siapa? Kan ga jelas tuh..kita tau 'he' itu Louis, tapi
orang bisa mikir kalo 'he' nya itu Budi, ato Matt, Paijo, dll. Is it obviously possible, right? Hoping u get my
point. =*)
*dengan catatan kalo nama orangnya emang dicantumin ya, kalo both of the subjects sama 'he' ato 'she' ato
'they' dll, maka ga ada pilihan, kan? Jangan coba2 karang nama ya...hihihihi =D
Satu lagi biar jelas:

7. While Ann was cooking for dinner, she saw her husband came from work.
::: While cooking for dinner, Ann saw her husband came from work.

8. Before I heard the news from the TV, my friend had told me.
::: Kalimat ini adalah contoh kalimat yang ga bisa diubah karena subject-nya beda.
Subject adv clause-nya I, sedangkan subject main clause-nya my friend....jelas beda kan? Maka jangan
coba2 paksain jadi adverbial phrase yaa. =D

9. After Jack's car was broken, he has to walk to his campus.

::: Ini adalah contoh kalimat jebakan. Kelihatannya sama2 bicarain Jack, tapi sebenernya enggak, yang satu
bicarain mobilnya Jack (Jack's car), yang satu bicarain Jack-nya sendiri (he).
Meaning: Setelah mobilnya Jack rusak, dia harus jalan ke kampus.
Ati-ati ya kalo ketemu soal macam ginian! =D

10. Before she was able to solve that complicated case, she had been known as an incompetent detective.
::: Before being able to solve that complicated case, she had been known as an incompetent detective.

11. After he is able to operate a computer well, he quits from his computer course.
::: After being able to operate a computer well, he quits from his computer course