ENLISH SENTENCE

What is a sentence?

A sentence is a set of words that in principle tells a complete thought

Exp :

- Eating a good breakfast is important

Subject and Predicate

Typically a sentence contains a subject and a predicate

Exp :

- Bill plays guitar

Compound Subject

Sometimes a sentence has more than one subject or one predicate. When the subject
or the predicate is more than one is known as compound subject is compund predicate

Exp :

- The doctor and the nurses worked tirelessy to save the patients
- The glass fell off the table and smashed on the floor

Compound subjects and predicates are joined with either the coordinating conjuntions (and,
but, or, not) or the correlative conjunctions (both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also)
 PART OF SENTENCE

The two basic structural parts of any complete sentence are subject and prdicate.
These two basic parts are the most important parts of a sentence because they comprise the
most essential information of every sentence. All sentence have both of them. Without them
you cannot possibly make a sensible sentence.

Subject

The subject is person or thing, it is a noun. A noun is a word that nammes a person,
place, thing, or idea. It can be in the form of word of phrase, or a clause. The subject of a
sentence can be a noun, noun phrase, noun clause, gerund, or words like it and there.

- Nouns
A noun is a word that names a person, animal, place, thing, or idea
- Noun Phrase
A noun phrase is a noun and any words in the sentence the modify it.
- Pronoun
Pronouns are words we use in the place of a noun.
- Gerund
Since gerund us a noun that is made from verb plus -ing, it can be used a subject of
a sentence.
- To-Infinitive
It is not impossible for an infinitive to appear at the beginning of a sentence as the
subject.
- It and There
Sometimes a sentence doesnt hace a proper subject like It is four a clock. This
setence structure is very common. When the subject of a sentence is an infinitive
expression, it is usually preferred to start the sentence with an it

Predicate

Predicate tells us what the subject does or is. Therefore, a predicate of every sentence
is a verb or contains a verb. A verb is a sentence does the job of showing the action (the
actual physical action), or the state of being or existence,

Exp :

- My brother drives to his office showing action

- Mr. Carter is tired state of being
 OTHER PART OF A SENTENCE

Direct and Indirect Object

It has been mentioned at the previous lesson that every complete sentence contains
two parts: a subject and a predicate. It must contain a verb but may also contain other
sentence elements. These elements may be objects, or complement.

Exp :

- The hungry cat caught the mouse.

Adverbial

Exp :

- The hungry cat slept on the floor

In example, the prepositional phrase on the floor is not a direct object of the
sentence. In this case we cant ask question What did the cat slept? and expression on the
floor cannot be the answer of the question what. Therefore, slept is intransfive verb and
on the floor is not an object. It is an anverbial. An anverbial gives additional information
about place, time, or manner of the action. They answer questions such as where, when, why,
how, how much, how long, and how often.

Complement

In addition to the transitive verb and the intransitive verb, there is a third kind or verb
called a linkinh verb. The word or phrase which follows a linking verb is called not an
object, but a complement. The complement gives more information about either the Subject
or the Object. A complement is any word of phrase that completes the sense of a subject or an
object

Exp :

- Mr. Carman was my English teacher in High School

- The teacher seemed very tired
 SENTENCE PATTERNS

The partterns are most easily classified according to the type of verb used. According
to Thomas P. Klammer (p.189-) there are five types of sentence pattern in English. They are :

- SV
- SVC
- SVO
- SVOO
- SVOC

Interactive Type (S V)

This type can be identified as noun phrase functioning as a subject and verb phrase
functioning as a predicate.

Exp :

- Bill laughed

Linking Verb Type (S V C)

Requiring Adverbs of Time or Place

In this type, a form of the verb be requires an adverbial complement that expressed
place or time, like outside, or yesterday. Such complements refer to the place or time
of the subject, not of the verb.
Exp :
- The exam was last Monday
- My sister will be aat home for a week
With Adjectival Subject Complement
In this type the verb links the subject to the descriptive word or phrase in the
predicate.
Exp :
- The sky turns gray
- The clouds are heavy with rain
With Nominal Subject Complement
The noun or noun phrase that follows the linking verb always refer to the same
persons, places, or things.
Exp :
- They are students of Widyatama
- Our office is becoming a jungle
The Transitive Type (S V O)
This type requires a noun phrase that refers to something or someone other than to the
subject.
Exp :
- They clean the kitchen
 - Andrew loves his job
The Transitive Type (S V O O)
If a predicate contains more than two noun phrase, the secont noun phrase may or
may not be a direct object.
Exp :
- He gives the girl roses
- We called the boy a genius
 TYPES OF SENTENCES

English sentences can be classified into four different type. They are simple sentence,
compund sentence, complex sentence and compund complex sentence. The classifications are
based on the number of independent and dependent clauses a sentence contains.

Simple Sentence

A simple sentence contains only one independent clause and has no dependent clauses.

Exp :

- I went to the beach

Compound Sentence

A compound sentence joins two or more sentences that have related ideas of equal
importance. Each independent clause must still have a subject and a verb.

Exp :

- He went to the party, but she stayed home

Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating Conjunctions are words used to join independent clauses to make

compound sentences.

Exp :

- I need to go to the store. Im feeling too sick to drive

- I wanted more popcorn but no soda

Parallel Structure

Parallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more
ideas have the same level of importance. This can happen at the word, phrase, or clause level.
The usual way to join parallel structures is with the use of coordinating conjunction such as
and or or.
 COMPLEX SENTENCE

A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and one or more dependent

clauses connected to it. A dependent clause is similar to an independent, bot have subject and
verb, but dependent clause does not express a complete thought.

Exp :

- I reached the station before the train had left

Subordinating Conjunction

The subordinating conjunction shows a relationship between two classes. It is used to

link a dependent clause to an independent clause (also known as a main clause).

Exp :

- I saw her after I had my interview

Compound Complex Sentence

Compound-complex sentence is a sentence with multiple independent clause and at

least one independent clause. In other words, we can say compound complex sentences
contain two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Exp :

- Thow clouds promise rain we should hurry before we get caught in a flash flood
- After the tornado had hit, my house was gone, but my neighbours house was not
touched