13 TENSES IN ENGLISH

REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERB

ADVANCED ENGLISH – CLASS C
Dr. Sukimiryadi, MPd.
ARHCITECTURE
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

AHMAD HABIB FADLOLY / 1651010002

DIANA MEGA YUNITA / 1651010003
ISMI UJI CHAIRANI / 1651010022
RIZKI CHONA’AH SUCININGTYAS / 1651010023
 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
A. USAGE
The simple present says that something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the
future. It is used for general statements of fact. The simple present is used to express habitual or everyday
activity. The simple present may indicate a situation that exists right now, at the moment of speaking.
(Azar, Betty Schrampfer.1993. Understanding and Using English Grammar : Second Edition. Jakarta : Binarupa
Aksara)

(Simple present mengatakan bahwa sesuatu itu benar di masa lalu, benar di masa sekarang, dan akan menjadi
kenyataan di masa depan. Ini digunakan untuk pernyataan fakta umum. Simple present digunakan untuk
mengekspresikan kebiasaan atau aktivitas sehari-hari. Simple present ini dapat menunjukkan situasi yang ada
saat ini, pada saat berbicara.)

B. TIME SIGNALS
Always Selalu Seldom Jarang
Usually Biasanya Hardly ever Hamper tidak pernah
Regularly Secara teratur Scarecely Hamper
Every + time Setiap + waktu Once a … ….. sekali
Often Sering Never Tidak pernah
Sometimes Kadang-kadang Daily Tiap hari
Occasionally Kadang Weekly Mingguan
From time to time Dari waktu ke waktu Monthly Bulanan
Twice a … Dua kali … Yearly Tahunan
Rarely Jarang Frequently Sering
normally biasanya generally umum

C. PATTERN
1. Verbal sentences
I, you, they, we
+ S + V1 + O + Adverb
- S + do + not + V1 + O + Adverb
? Do + S + V1 + O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + do / No, S + don’t
Do + S + not + V1 + O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + do / No, S + don’t
Don’t + S + V1 + O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + do / No, S + don’t
He, she, it
+ S + V1(s/es) + O + Adverb
- S + does + not + V1+ O + Adverb
? Does + S + V1 + O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + does / No, S + doesn’t
Does + S + not + V1+ O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + does / No, S + doesn’t
Doesn’t + S + V1+ O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + does / No, S + doesn’t

2. Nominal sentences
I, you, they, we
+ S + am/are + Compliment
- S + am/are + not + Compliment
? Do + S + am/are + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + am/are / No, S + aren’t/amn’t
Do + S + not + am/are + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + am/are / No, S + aren’t/amn’t
Don’t + S + am/are + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + am/are / No, S + aren’t/amn’t
He, she, it
+ S + is + Compliment
- S + is + not + Compliment
? Is + S + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + is / No, S + isn’t
Is + S + not + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + is / No, S + isn’t
Isn’t + S + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + is / No, S + isn’t

Compliment : Adverb, Adjective, Noun

D. Examples
1. You are beautiful woman from outside and inside
(Kamu adalah wanita yang cantik dari luar dan dalam)
 2. They read a book in the library
(Mereka membaca buku di perpustakaan)
3. Mikha always rides a bicycle every morning
(Mikha selalu mengendarai sepeda setiap pagi)
4. Does Airin come to this office once a week? Yes, she does / No, she doesn’t
(Apakah Airin datang ke kantor ini setiap minggu? Ya, dia melakukan itu / Tidak, dia tidak melakukan itu
5. Aren’t we a good team from time to time? Yes, we are / No, we aren’t
(Tidakkah kita tim yang baik dari waktu ke waktu? Ya, kita seperti itu / Tidak, kita tidak seperti itu)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE TENSE

A. USAGE
The present progressive express an activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking. It began in the
recent past, is continuing at present, and will probably end at some point in the future. Often the activity is of
a general nature : something generally in progress this week, this month, this year.
(Azar, Betty Schrampfer.1993. Understanding and Using English Grammar : Second Edition. Jakarta : Binarupa
Aksara)

(present progressive ini menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada saat berbicara. Ini dimulai
di masa lalu, terus berlanjut saat ini, dan mungkin akan berakhir di beberapa titik di masa depan. Seringkali
kegiatan itu bersifat umum: sesuatu yang umumnya berlangsung minggu ini, bulan ini, tahun ini.)

B. TIME SIGNALS
Now Sekarang At the time being Pada saat ini
At the moment Saat ini Look! Lihat!
At present Saat sekarang Listen! Dengar!
Tonight Malam ini Watch out! Awas
Today Hari ini Nowadays Sekarang
Just Baru saja currently Saat ini
This+ time Waktu + ini Next …. Berikutnya

C. PATTERN
1. Verbal sentences
I, you, they, we
+ S + am/are + Ving + O + Adverb
- S + amn’t/aren’t + Ving + O + Adverb
? Am/are + S + Ving + O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + am/are / No, S + amn’t/aren’t
Am/are + S + not + Ving + O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + am/are / No, S + amn’t/aren’t
Amn’t/aren’t + S + Ving + O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + am/are / No, S + amn’t/aren’t
He, she, it
+ S + is + Ving + O + Adverb
- S + is + not + Ving+ O + Adverb
? Is + S + Ving + O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + is / No, S + isn’t
Is + S + not + Ving + O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + is / No, S + isn’t
Isn’t + S + Ving+ O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + is / No, S + isn’t

2. Nominal sentences
I, you, they, we
+ S + am/are + Compliment
- S + am/are + not + Compliment
? Do + S + am/are + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + am/are / No, S + aren’t/amn’t
Do + S + not + am/are + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + am/are / No, S + aren’t/amn’t
Don’t + S + am/are + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + am/are / No, S + aren’t/amn’t
He, she, it
+ S + is + Compliment
- S + is + not + Compliment
? Is + S + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + is / No, S + isn’t
Is + S + not + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + is / No, S + isn’t
Isn’t + S + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + is / No, S + isn’t
 Compliment : Adverb, Adjective, Noun

D. Examples
1. Nana is sleeping right now
(Nana sedang tidur sekarang)
2. I need an umbrella because it is raining
(Saya membutuhkan sebuah payung karena sedang hujan)
3. John and Mary are talking loudly on the phone
(John dan Mary sedang berbicara dengan keras di telpon)
4. Are you taking a bath this morning? Yes, I do / No, I don’t
(Apakah kamu mandi pagi ini? Ya, saya melakukan itu / Tidak, saya tidak melakukan itu)
5. Isn’t this book be a great creation this year? Yes, it is / No, it isn’t
(Tidakkah buku ini menjadi karya yang hebat tahun ini? Ya, itu seperti itu / Tidak, itu tidak seperti itu

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

A. USAGE
The present perfect expresses the idea that something happened (or never happened) before now, at an
uspecified time in the past. The exact time it happened is not important. If there is a specific mention of time,
the simple past is used :
I saw that movie last night
The present perfect also expresses the repetition of an activity before now. The exact time of each repetition
is not important.
The present perfect is also, when used with for or since, expresses a situation that began in the past and
continuous to the present.
In the examples, notice the difference between since and for:
Since + a particular time
For + a particular timr
(Azar, Betty Schrampfer.1993. Understanding and Using English Grammar : Second Edition. Jakarta : Binarupa
Aksara)

(present perfect ini mengungkapkan gagasan bahwa sesuatu terjadi (atau tidak pernah terjadi) sebelum
sekarang, pada waktu yang ditentukan di masa lalu. Waktu tepatnya yang terjadi tidak penting. Jika ada
penyebutan waktu spesifik, simple past tense digunakan:
Saya melihat film itu tadi malam
present perfect ini juga mengungkapkan pengulangan suatu kegiatan sebelum sekarang. Waktu pasti setiap
pengulangan tidak penting.
present perfect ini juga, ketika digunakan dengan untuk atau sejak, mengungkapkan situasi yang dimulai di
masa lalu dan berkelanjutan hingga saat ini.
Dalam contoh, perhatikan perbedaan antara sejak dan untuk:
Sejak + waktu tertentu
Untuk + timr tertentu)

B. TIME SIGNALS
Just Baru saja All day Sepanjang hari
Never Tidak pernah All morning Sepanjang pagi
Already Sudah All week Sepanjang minggu
So far All night Sepanjang malam
Until now Sampai saat ini Lately Akhir-akhir ini
Up to present Recently Baru-baru ini
Ever since Sejak saat itu All my life Sepanjang
hidupku
- Since followed with:
 Point of time/the beginning of time:
Since last year : sejak tahun lalu
Since 1908 : sejak tahun 1908
Sentence ( since + simple past):
Since I left school : sejak aku lulus kuliah
Since my father came : sejak ayahku datang
- For (selama) followed with period time/quantity of time
For 4 days : selama 4 hari
For two years : selama 2 tahun

C. PATTERN
1. Verbal sentences
I, you, they, we
+ S + have + V3 + O + Adverb
- S + haven’t + V3 + O + Adverb
? Have + S + V3+ O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + have / No, S + haven’t
Have + S + not + V3 + O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + have / No, S + haven’t
Haven’t + S + V3 + O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + have / No, S + haven’t
He, she, it
+ S + has + V3 + O + Adverb
- S + hasn’t + V3 + O + Adverb
? Has + S + V3+ O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + has / No, S + hasn’t
Has + S + not + V3 + O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + has / No, S + hasn’t
Hasn’t + S + V3 + O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + has / No, S + hasn’t

2. Nominal sentences
I, you, they, we
+ S + have + been + Compliment
- S + have + not + been + Compliment
? Have + S + been + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + have / No, S + haven’t
Have + S + not + been + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + have / No, S + haven’t
Haven’t + S + been + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + have / No, S + haven’t
He, she, it
+ S + has+ been + Compliment
- S + has + not + been + Compliment
? Has + S + been + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + has / No, S + hasn’t
Has + S + not + been + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + has / No, S + hasn’t
Hasn’t + S + been + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + has / No, S + hasn’t

Compliment : Adverb, Adjective, Noun

D. Examples
1. I have written a letter lately
(Saya telah menulis surat akhir-akhir ini)
2. Nina hasn’t spoken all day
(Nina tidak berbicara sepanjang hari)
3. Has Bimbim sat at there all night? Yes, he has / no, he hasn’t
(Apakah Bimbim duduk disana sepanjang malam? Ya, dia melakukan itu / Tidak, dia tidak melakukan itu)
4. Haven’t you been curious about that event? Yes, I have / no, I haven’t
(Tidakkah kamu penasaran tentang acara itu? Ya aku seperti itu / Tidak, aku tidak seperti itu)
5. That cat has been hungry for two days
(Kucing itu telah kelaparan selama dua hari)

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE TENSE

A. USAGE
This tense is used to indicate the duration of an activity that began in the past and continuous to the present.
When the tense has this meaning, it is used with time words such as for, since, all morning, all day, all week.
 When the tense is used without any specific mention of time, it expresses a general activity in progress
recently, lately.
With certain verbs (most notably live, work, teach), there is little or no difference in meaning between the two
sentences when since or for is used.
(Azar, Betty Schrampfer.1993. Understanding and Using English Grammar : Second Edition. Jakarta : Binarupa
Aksara)

(Tense ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan durasi suatu aktivitas yang dimulai di masa lalu dan berkelanjutan
hingga saat ini. Ketika tense memiliki arti ini, itu digunakan dengan kata-kata waktu seperti untuk, sejak,
sepanjang pagi, sepanjang hari, sepanjang minggu.
Ketika tense digunakan tanpa penyebutan waktu tertentu, ia mengekspresikan aktivitas umum yang sedang
berlangsung akhir-akhir ini, belakangan ini.
Dengan kata kerja tertentu (terutama hidup, bekerja, mengajar), ada sedikit atau tidak ada perbedaan makna
antara dua kalimat ketika sejak atau untuk digunakan.)

B. TIME SIGNALS
So far Sampai saat ini Lately Akhir-akhir ini
Ever since Sejak saat itu For … Selama …
All day Sepanjang hari Since … Sejak ...
All night Sepanjang malam
All week Sepanjang minggu
All my life Sepanjang hidupku
Recently Baru-baru ini

C. PATTERN
1. Verbal sentences
I, you, they, we
+ S + have + been + Ving + O + Adverb
- S + haven’t + been + Ving + O + Adverb
? Have + S + been + Ving + O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + have / No, S + haven’t
Haven’t + S + been + Ving + O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + have / No, S + haven’t
He, she, it
+ S + has + been + Ving + O + Adverb
- S + hasn’t + been + Ving+ O + Adverb
? Has + S + been+ Ving + O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + has / No, S + hasn’t
Hasn’t + S + been + Ving + O + Adverb + ?
Yes, S + has / No, S + n’t

2. Nominal sentences
I, you, they, we
+ S + have + been + Compliment
- S + haven’t + been + Compliment
? Have + S + been + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + have / No, S + haven’t
Haven’t + S + been + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + have / No, S + haven’t
He, she, it
+ S + has + been + Compliment
- S + hasn’t + been + Compliment
? Has + S + been + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + has / No, S + hasn’t
Has + S + not + Compliment + ?
Yes, S + has / No, S + hasn’t

Compliment : Adverb, Adjective, Noun

D. Examples
1. They have been speaking english all week
(Mereka telah berbicara bahasa inggris sepanjang minggu)
2. We haven’t been learning science since elementary school
(Kami tidak mempelajari ilmu sains sejak sekolah dasar)
3. She has been touching a snake at zoo
(Dia telah menyentuh seekor ular di kebun binatang)
4. Has mola been at here for 2 hours? Yes, he has / no, he hasn’t
(Apakah mola telah disini selama dua jam? Ya, dia seperti itu / Tidak, dia tidak seperti itu)
5. Haven’t you been hungry? Yes, I have / No, I haven’t
(Apakah kamu kelaparan? Ya, aku seperti itu / Tidak, aku tidak seperti itu)
 SIMPLE PAST TENSE
1. USAGE

The simple past indicates that an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past. (Azar, Betty
Schrampfer.1993. Understanding and Using English Grammar : Second Edition. Jakarta : Binarupa Aksara)
(Simple past menunjukkan bahwa suatu kegiatan atau situasi dimulai dan berakhir pada waktu tertentu di masa
lalu.)
The simple past is a verb tense which is used to show that a completed action took place at a specific time in the
past. The simple past is also frequently used to talk about past habits and generalizations.
(Simple past adalah bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan tindakan yang telah selesai terjadi pada
waktu tertentu di masa lalu. Simple past juga sering digunakan untuk berbicara tentang kebiasaan masa lalu.)
2. TIME SIGNALS

Yesterday Kemarin
Yesterday morning Kemarin pagi
Last night Semalam, Tadi malam
Last week Pekan lalu
Last Sunday Minggu lalu
Last… ……… lalu
An hour ago Sejam yang lalu
Two hour ago Dua jam yang lalu
…….ago ……… lalu
The day bfore yesterday Lusa
On Sunday morning Pada minggu pagi

3. PATTERN

Bentuk Rumus
+ Verbal S + V2 + O + Adverb
Nominal S + Was/Were + 3C
– Verbal S + did + not + O + Adverb
Nominal S + Was/Were + not + 3C
+? Verbal Did + S + V1 + O + Adverb?
Nominal Was/Were + S + 3C?
-? Verbal Did + S + not + V1 + O + Adverb?
Didn’t + S + V1 + O + Adverb?
Nominal Was/Were + S + not + 3C?
Wasn’t/Weren’t + S + 3C?

Note:
3C : 3 Compliment (adverb, adjective, noun)
Was : for he, she, it
Were : for they, we, you

4. EXAMPLES
a. USE 1: Completed Action in the Past
Use the simple past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes,
the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
(Gunakan simple past untuk mengekspresikan bahwa suatu tindakan dimulai dan selesai pada waktu tertentu di
masa lalu. Kadang-kadang, pembicara mungkin tidak benar-benar menyebutkan waktu spesifik, tetapi mereka
memiliki satu waktu tertentu dalam pikirannya.)
 Example:
I saw a movie yesterday
(Saya melihat film kemaren)

b. USE 2: A Series of Completed Actions

Use the simple past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so
on.
(Gunakan simple past untuk daftar serangkaian tindakan yang diselesaikan di masa lalu. Tindakan ini terjadi
pertama, kedua, ketiga, keempat, dan seterusnya.)
Example:
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
(Saya selesai bekerja, berjalan ke pantai, dan menemukan tempat yang bagus untuk berenang.)

c. USE 3: Duration in the Past

The simple past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often
indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
(Simple past dapat digunakan dengan durasi yang dimulai dan berhenti di masa lalu. Durasi ini adalah tindakan
yang lebih panjang yang sering ditunjukkan oleh ekspresi seperti: selama dua tahun, selama lima menit, sepanjang
hari, sepanjang tahun, dll.)
Example:
We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
(Kami berbicara di telepon selama tiga puluh menit.)

d. USE 4: Habits in the Past

The simple past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as
“used to”. To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often,
usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
(Simple past juga dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan kebiasaan yang berhenti di masa lalu. Itu bisa memiliki
arti yang sama dengan “digunakan untuk”. Untuk memperjelas bahwa kita berbicara tentang kebiasaan, kita sering
menambahkan ekspresi seperti: selalu, sering, biasanya, tidak pernah, ketika saya masih kecil, ketika saya masih
muda, dll.)
Example:
Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
(Apakah kamu memainkan alat musik ketika kamu masih kecil?)

e. USE 5: Past Facts or Generalizations

The simple past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4
above, this use of the simple past is quite similar to the expression "used to."
(Simple past juga dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan fakta-fakta masa lalu atau generalisasi yang tidak lagi
benar. Seperti dalam USE 4 di atas, penggunaan masa lalu yang sederhana ini sangat mirip dengan ungkapan
“digunakan untuk”.)
Example:
She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
(Dia pemalu seperti anak kecil, tapi sekarang dia sangat ramah.)

PAST CONTINOUS TENSE

1. USAGE
The past continuous (also called past progressive) is a verb tense which is used to show that an ongoing past action
was happening at a specific moment of interruption, or that two ongoing actions were happening at the same time.
(Past continous (disebut juga past progressive) adalah kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa
tindakan yang berlangsung di masa lalu terjadi pada saat gangguan tertentu, atau bahwa dua tindakan yang sedang
berlangsung sedang terjadi pada saat yang bersamaan.)
2. TIME SIGNALS

At 4 o’clock Pada pukul 4

……when….. …..ketika…..
…..while….. …..selagi…..
All day yesterday Sepanjang hari kemarin

3. PATTERN

Bentuk Rumus
+ Verbal S + Was/Were + V-ing + O + Adverb
Nominal S + Was/Were + 3C
– Verbal S + Was/Were + not (wasn’t/weren’t) + V-ing + O + Adverb
Nominal S + Was/Were + not + 3C
+? Verbal Was/Were + S + V-ing + O + Adverb?
Nominal Was/Were + S + 3C?
-? Verbal Was/Were + S + not + V-ing + O + Adverb?
Wasn’t/Weren’t + S + not + V-ing + O + Adverb?
Nominal Was/Were + S + not + 3C?
Wasn’t/Weren’t + S + 3C?

Note:
3C : 3 Compliment (adverb, adjective, noun)
Was : for he, she, it
Were : for they, we, you

4. EXAMPLES
a. USE 1: Interrupted Action in the Past
Use the past continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a
shorter action in the simple past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
(Gunakan past continuous untuk menunjukkan bahwa tindakan yang lebih lama di masa lalu terputus. Interupsi
biasanya merupakan tindakan yang lebih singkat di simple past. Ingat ini bisa menjadi gangguan nyata atau hanya
gangguan waktu.)
Example:
While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
(Saat kami piknik, hujan mulai turun.)

b. USE 2: Specific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, the past continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the simple past. However, you can also use a
specific time as an interruption.
(Dalam USE 1, past continuous terganggu oleh tindakan yang lebih pendek disimpe past. Namun, anda juga dapat
menggunakan waktu tertentu sebagai gangguan.)
Example:
Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.
(Kemarin di waktu ini, saya sedang duduk di meja saya di tempat kerja.)

c. USE 3: Parallel Actions

When use the past continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were
happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.
(Ketika Anda past continuous dengan dua tindakan dalam kalimat yang sama, itu mengungkapkan gagasan bahwa
kedua tindakan itu terjadi pada saat yang bersamaan. Tindakannya paralel.)
Example:
Were you listening while he was talking?
(Apakah kamu mendengarkan ketika dia sedang berbicara?)

d. USE 4: Atmosphere
 In English, often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.
(Dalam bahasa Inggris, sering menggunakan serangkaian tindakan paralel untuk menggambarkan atmosfer pada
waktu tertentu di masa lalu.)

Example:
When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was
yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving
his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.
(Ketika saya masuk ke kantor, beberapa orang sibuk mengetik, beberapa berbicara di telepon, bos berteriak arah,
dan pelanggan menunggu untuk dibantu. Seorang pelanggan berteriak pada seorang sekretaris dan melambaikan
tangannya. Lainnya mengeluh satu sama lain tentang layanan buruk.)

e. USE 5: Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The past continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or
shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression used to but with negative
emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
(Past continuous dengan kata-kata seperti "selalu" atau "terus-menerus" mengungkapkan gagasan bahwa sesuatu
yang menjengkelkan atau mengejutkan sering terjadi di masa lalu. Konsepnya sangat mirip dengan ekspresi yang
digunakan tetapi dengan emosi negatif. Ingatlah untuk meletakkan kata-kata "selalu" atau "terus-menerus" antara
"menjadi" dan "kata kerja + ing.")
Example:
I didn't like them because they were always complaining.
(Saya tidak menyukai mereka karena mereka selalu mengeluh.)

PAST PERFECT TENSE

1. USAGE
The past perfect expresses an activity that as completed before another activity or time in the past.
(Azar, Betty Schrampfer.1993. Understanding and Using English Grammar : Second Edition. Jakarta : Binarupa
Aksara)

(Past perfect mengekspresikan aktivitas yang diselesaikan sebelum aktivitas atau waktu lain di masa lalu.)

The past perfect is a verb tense which is used to show that an action took place once or many times before another
point in the past.
(Past Perfect adalah kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu tindakan terjadi sekali atau berkali-
kali sebelum titik lain di masa lalu.)

2. TIME SIGNALS

Just Baru saja

Already Sudah
Since Sejak
For Selama

3. PATTERN

Bentuk Rumus
+ Verbal S + Had + V3 + O + Adverb
Nominal S + Had + been + 3C
– Verbal S + Had + not + V3 + O + Adverb
S + Hadn’t + V3 + O + Adverb
Nominal S + Has + not + been + 3C
S + Hadn’t + been + 3C
 +? Verbal Had + S + V3 + O + Adverb?
Nominal Had + S + been + 3C?
-? Verbal Had + S + not + V3 + O + Adverb?
Hadn’t + S + V3 + O + Adverb?
Nominal Had + S + not + been + 3C?
Hadn’t + S + been + 3C?

4. EXAMPLES
a. USE 1: Completed Action Before Something in the Past
The past perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that
something happened before a specific time in the past.
(Past perfect mengungkapkan gagasan bahwa sesuatu terjadi sebelum tindakan lain di masa lalu. Itu juga dapat
menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu terjadi sebelum waktu tertentu di masa lalu.)
Examples:
 Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
(Apakah Susan pernah belajar bahasa Thailand sebelum pindah ke Thailand?)
 We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.
(Kami tidak bisa mendapatkan kamar hotel karena kami belum memesan sebelumnya.)
 She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
(Dia hanya mengerti film itu karena dia telah membaca buku itu.)

b. USE 2: Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Use the past perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.
(Menggunakan past perfect untuk menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu dimulai di masa lalu dan berlanjut hingga tindakan
lain di masa lalu.)
Examples:
 We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
(Kami telah memiliki mobil itu selama sepuluh tahun sebelum rusak.)
 By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
(Pada saat Alex menyelesaikan studinya, dia sudah berada di London selama lebih dari delapan tahun.)

PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES

A. USAGE
The past perfect progressive emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before another
activity or time in the past. This tense also may express an activity in progress recent to another tie or
activity in the past. (Azar, Betty Schrampfer.1993. Understanding and Using English Grammar : Second Edition.
Jakarta : Binarupa Aksara)
(The past perfect progressive menekankan lamanya suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung sebelum
aktivitas atau waktu lain di masa lalu. Past perfect progressive ini juga dapat mengekspresikan aktivitas
yang sedang berlangsung baru-baru ini ke ikatan atau aktivitas lain di masa lalu)
B. TIME SIGNAL
Waktu yang digunakan dalam tense ini adalah seperti yang digunakan oleh present perfect tense yaitu,
since, for tetapi ditambah dengan keterangan waktu lampau seperti: ago, last time, at that time.
TIME SIGNAL ARTI
For Selama
Since Sejak
When Ketika
 C. PATTERN
Bentuk He/ She/ It/ I/ You/ We/ They
+ Verbal S + had + been + Ving+ O + adverb
Nominal S + had + been + 3C
– Verbal S + had + not + been + Ving+ O + adverb
Nominal S + had + not + been + 3C
? Verbal Had + S + been + Ving+ O + adverb?
Nominal Had + S + been + 3C?
NOTE:
3C : 3 complement (adverb, adjective, noun)
D. EXAMPLE
1. She had been waiting for you for 3 hours when you took a bath yesterday morning.
(Dia telah menunggumu selama 3 jam ketika kamu mandi kemarin pagi).
2. Before finally dead on June 25, 2009, Michael Jackson had been a pop singer since 1980’s.
(Sebelum akhirnya meninggal pada tanggal 25 Juni 2009, Michael Jackson telah menjadi seorang
penyanyi pop sejak tahun 80 an.
3. My mother had been toting me since I was born till I could stand on my own feet.
(Ibuku telah menggendongku sejak aku lahir sampai aku bisa berdiri sendiri).
4. How long had my baby been crying since I went to shop.
(Sudah berapa lama anakku menangis sejak aku pergi belanja).
5. We were sitting and calling Jack who had been traveling across Europe.
(Kami sedang duduk dan menelphon Jack yang telah melakukan perjalan ke Eropa).

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSES

A. USAGE
Will or be going to is used to express future time.
In speech, going to is often pronounced “gonna”
(Azar, Betty Schrampfer.1993. Understanding and Using English Grammar : Second Edition. Jakarta : Binarupa
Aksara)
(Akan atau akan digunakan untuk mengekspresikan waktu di masa depan.)
(Dalam pidato, going to sering diucapkan "gonna")
B. TIME SIGNAL
TIME SIGNAL ARTI
Tomorrow Besok
The day after tomorrow Lusa
Tonight Nanti malam
This weekend Akhir pekan ini
Soon Segera
Later Nanti
Next week Minngu depan
Next month Bulan depan
Next year Tahun depan

C. PATTERN
 Menggunakan will/shall
 Bentuk He/ She/ It/ I/ You/ We/ They
+ Verbal S + will/shall + Vbi + O + Adverb
Nominal S + will/shall + be + 3C
– Verbal S + Will + not + Vbi + O + Adverb
Nominal S + will/shall + be + not + 3C
? Verbal Will/shall + S + Vbi + O + Adverb?
Nominal Will/shall + S + be + 3C

 Menggunakan be going to
Bentuk I He/ She/ It You/ We/ They

+ Verbal S + am going to S + is going to + S + are going to +

+ Vbi + O + Adv Vbi + O + Adv Vbi + O + Adv
Nominal S + am going to S + is going to + S + are going to +
+ be + 3C be + 3C be + 3C
– Verbal S + am + not + S + is + not + S + are + not +
going to + Vbi + going to + Vbi + going to + Vbi +
O + Adv O + Adv O + Adv
Nominal S + am + not + S + is + not + S + are + not +
going to + be + going to + be + going to + be +
3C 3C 3C
? Verbal Am + S + going to Is + S + going to + Are + S + going to
+ Vbi + O + Adv Vbi + O + Adv ? + Vbi + O + Adv ?
?
Nominal Am + S + going Is + S + going to Are + S + going
to + be + 3C ? + be + 3C ? to + be + 3 C ?
NOTE:
3C : 3 complement (adverb, adjective, noun)
Vbi : Verb Bare Infinitife (verb asli)
Shall : Digunakan untuk subject I dan We dalam bahasa inggris british formal
Will : Digunakan untuk subject selain I dan we dalam dalam bahasa inggris british formal
Will : Digunakan untuk semua subject. Bahasa informal.

D. EXAMPLE
1. The police will close the store if the owner doesn’t pay the tax.
(Polisi akan menutup toko tersebut jika pemiliknya tidak membayar pajak).
2. My father will buy a motorcycle for me if I pass the examination.
(Ayahku akan membeli motor jika aku lulus ujian).
3. Today will be very hot, you should go by car instead of motorcycle.
(Hari ini akan sangat panas, kamu sebaiknya pergi dengan mobil dari pada dengan motor).
4. A mother will do everything to make her baby stop crying.
(Seorang ibu akan melakukan segala sesuatu untuk membuat bayinya berhenti menangis).
5. Will you come to my birthday party along with your little sister?.
(Akankah kamu datang ke pesta ultahku dengan adik perempuanmu?).

FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSES

 A. USAGE
The future progressive expresses an activity that will be in progress at a time in the future. The progressive
form of be going to: be going to + be + -ing. Sometimes there in little or no difference between the future
progressive and the simple future, especially when the future event will occur at an indefinite time in the
future. (Azar, Betty Schrampfer.1993. Understanding and Using English Grammar : Second Edition.
Jakarta : Binarupa Aksara)

(The future progressive mengekspresikan suatu kegiatan yang akan berlangsung pada suatu waktu di masa
depan. Bentuk progresif be going: be going to + be + -ing. Kadang-kadang ada sedikit atau tidak ada
perbedaan antara masa depan progresif dan masa depan yang sederhana, terutama ketika peristiwa masa
depan akan terjadi pada waktu yang tidak di masa depan)
B. TIME SIGNAL
TIME SIGNAL ARTI
Next month Bulan depan
At 7 o’clock tomorrow Pukul 7 besok
Tomorrow morning Besok pagi

C. PATTERN Future Continuous Tense

Bentuk He/ She/ It/ I/ You/ We/ They

+ Verbal S + will + be + Ving+ O + Adverb
Nominal S + will + be + 3C
– Verbal S + will + not + be + Ving+ O + Adverb
Nominal S + will + not + be + 3C
? Verbal Will + S + be + Ving+ O + Adverb?
Nominal Will + S + be + 3C?
NOTE:
3C : 3 complement (adverb, adjective, noun)

D. EXAMPLE
1. I will be waiting in the guess room when you come home tonight.
(Aku akan sedang menunggumu di ruang tamu ketika kamu pulang malam ini).
2. The plane will be flying over our house when you look at the sky at 11.00 a.m.
(Pesawatnya akan sedang terbang melintasi rumah kita ketika kamu melihat langit tepat pada pukul 11.00 siang).
3. Mr. President will be visiting his people in all over Indonesia this year.
(Pak president akan sedang mengunjungi rakyatnya di seluruh Indonesia tahun ini).
4. You will not be able to see me this weekend since I will be traveling with my family at Bali.
(Kamu tidak akan bisa menemuiku akhir pekan ini karena aku akan sedang jalan-jalan dengan keluargaku di Bali).
5. Please don’t come to my home tonight, I will be sleeping.
(Tolong jangan datang ke rumahku malam ini, aku akan sedang tidur).

FUTURE PERFECT TENSES

 A. USAGE
The future perfect expresses an activity that will be completed before another time or event in the future.
(Azar, Betty Schrampfer.1993. Understanding and Using English Grammar : Second Edition. Jakarta : Binarupa
Aksara)
(The future perfect mengekspresikan suatu kegiatan yang akan diselesaikan sebelum waktu atau acara
lain di masa depan.)

B. TIME SIGNAL
TIME SIGNAL ARTI
By this weekend Menjelang akhir pekan
By the end of this week Menjelang akhir minggu ini
By next month Menjelang bulan depan

C. PATTERN

Bentuk He/ She/ It/ I/ You/ We/ They

+ Verbal S + will + have + V3+ O + Adverb

Nominal S + will + have + been + 3C

– Verbal S + will + not + have + V3+ O + Adverb

Nominal S + will + not + have + been + 3C

? Verbal Will + S + have + V3+ O + Adverb

Nominal Will + S + have + been + 3C
NOTE:
3C : 3 complement (adverb, adjective, noun)
D. EXAMPLE
1. Will you have been ready when I pick you up?
(Akankah kamu sudah siap ketika aku menjemputmu?)
2. I will have been here before you arrive tomorrow morning.
(Aku akan sudah ada di sini sebelum kamu datang besok pagi).
3. You will have receive my letter before two days since now.
(Kamu akan sudah menerima suratku sebelum dua hari dari sekarang).
4. I will have left by the time you read this message.
(Aku akan sudah pergi ketika kamu baca pesan ini).
5. will you have finished your annual report by the end of this month?
(Akankah kamu telah menyelesaikan laporan tahunan akhir bulan ini?)

PAST FUTURE TENSES.

 A. USAGE
Future in the past is used to express the idea that in the past you thought something would happen in
the future. It does not matter if you are correct or not.

(Masa depan di masa lalu digunakan untuk mengungkapkan gagasan bahwa di masa lalu Anda berpikir
sesuatu akan terjadi di masa depan. Tidak masalah jika Anda benar atau tidak.)

Future in the past follows the same basic rules as the simple future. "Would" is used to volunteer or
promise, and "was going to" is used to plan.

(Masa depan di masa lalu mengikuti aturan dasar yang sama dengan masa depan yang sederhana.
"Apakah" digunakan untuk menjadi sukarelawan atau janji, dan "akan" digunakan untuk merencanakan.)

B. TIME SIGNAL
TIME SIGNAL ARTI
This Morning Tadi pagi
Yesterday Kemarin
2 days ago 2 hari yang lalu
The other day Dulu
….. ago …… lalu
Last night Tadi malam
Last week Minggu lalu
Last month Bulan lalu
Last year Tahun lalu

C. PATTERN

Bentuk He/ She/ It/ I/ You/ We/ They

+ Verbal S + Would/Should + Vbi + O + Adverb

Nominal S + Would/Should + Be + 3 C

– Verbal S + Would/Should + Not + Vbi + O + Adverb

Nominal S + Would/Should + Not + Be + 3 C

? Verbal Would/Should + S + Vbi + O + Adverb?

Nominal Would/Should + S + Be + 3 C ?
NOTE:
3C : 3 complement (adverb, adjective, noun)
Vbi : Verb Bare Infinitive (verb asli)

D. EXAMPLE
1. I would take the chance if I knew that I may, but it’s too late now.
(Aku akan mengambil kesempatan itu jika aku tahu bahwa aku boleh, tapi sekarang sudah terlambat).
2. Our family would stay at hotel to spend our weekend last weekend but then my grand mother came.
(Keluargaku akan menginap di hotel untuk menghabiskan akhir pekan minggu lalu tapi kemudian nenek
kami datang).
3. You would be able to get her love if you didn’t hurt her at the time.
(Kamu akan bisa mendapatkan cintanya jika waktu itu kamu tidak menyakiti hatinya).
4. This all would not happen if you didn’t make mistake.
(Ini semua tidak akan terjadi jika kamu tidak membuat kesalahan).
5. My father would not be angry if I did not steal his money.
(Ayahku tidak akan marah jika aku tidak mencuri uangnya).

PAST FUTURE PERFECT

A. USAGE
The past perfect progressive emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before another
activity or time in the past. This tense also may express an activity in progress recent to another time or
activity in the past. (Azar, Betty Schrampfer.1993. Understanding and Using English Grammar : Second
Edition. Jakarta : Binarupa Aksara)
(The past perfect progressive menekankan lamanya suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung sebelum
aktivitas atau waktu lain di masa lalu. Past perfect progressive ini juga dapat mengekspresikan suatu
aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung baru-baru ini ke waktu atau kegiatan lain di masa lalu)
B. TIME SIGNAL
TIME SIGNAL ARTI
This Morning Tadi pagi
Yesterday Kemarin
2 days ago 2 hari yang lalu
The other day Dulu
….. ago …… lalu
Last night Tadi malam
Last week Minggu lalu
Last month Bulan lalu
Last year Tahun lalu

C. PATTERN
Bentuk He/ She/ It/ I/ You/ We/ They
+ Verbal S + Would/Should + Have + V3 + O + Adverb
Nominal S + Would/Should + Have + Been + 3C
– Verbal S + Would/Should + Not + Have + V3 + O + Adverb
Nominal S + Would/Should + Not + Have + Been + 3C
? Verbal Would/Should + S + Have + V3 + O + Adverb ?
Nominal Would/Should + S + Have + Been + 3C ?
NOTE:
3C : 3 complement (adverb, adjective, noun)

D. EXAMPLE
1. I phoned at five o’clock since I knew you would have got home by then.
(Aku menelphon pada jam 5 karena aku tahu kamu sudah akan di rumah waktu itu).
2. It was quarter pass nine. Jhon would have finished his work.
(Pada saat itu jam setengah 10. Jhon akan sudah menyelesaikan pekerjaannya).
3. I thought my mother would have cooked by the time I arrived.
(Aku pikir ibuku sudah selesai memasak ketika aku datang).
4. My father would have been very upset if he had saw me out of class.
(Ayahku akan sangat sedih jika waktu itu melihat aku berada di luar kelas).
5. By the time we got there, the bus would have left for Jogja.
(Pada saat kita sampai di sana, busnya sudah akan berangkat ke Jogja).