PRESENT PERFECT

1. USES:

- Para hablar de una acción que empezó en el pasado y continúa en el presente.

Ex. They have lost their mobile phones.

- Para hablar de experiencias en tu vida.

Ex. He has visited the Chinese Wall.

- Para hablar de algo que hemos hecho recientemente según el hablante. Se usan expresiones como “recently, this year, so far, till now”.

Ex. He has taken German lessons this year.

- Para hablar del número de veces que has hecho algo hasta ahora.

Ex. He has seen this film three times.

- Para hablar de una cualidad en superlativo seguido de Presente Perfecto.

Ex. It’s the longest roller coaster I have ever ridden.

- Con las siguientes expresiones de tiempo:

since – for already – yet just ever – never how long?

2. STRUCTURES

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS SHORT ANSWERS

(+) (-)
S +have / has + partic + C S + haven’t / hasn’t + part + C Have/Has + S + partic + C + ? YES,+ S + have / has NO, + S + haven’t / hasn’t
I have walked I haven’t walked Have I walked? Yes, I have No, I haven’t
You have walked You haven’t walked Have you walked? Yes, you have No, you haven’t
He has walked He hasn’t walked Has he walked? Yes, he has No, he hasn’t
She has walked She hasn’t walked Has she walked? Yes, she has No, she hasn’t
It has walked It hasn’t walked Has it walked? Yes, it has No, it hasn’t
We have walked We haven’t walked Have we walked? Yes, we have No, we haven’t
You have walked You haven’t walked Have you walked? Yes, you have No, you haven’t
They have walked They haven’t walked Have they walked? Yes, they have No, they haven’t

3. TIME EXPRESSIONS

1. JUST = ACABAR DE Ex. She has just opened the door.

Position: antes del participio

Sentences: todas

2. ALREADY = YA Ex. They have already ironed their shirts.

Position: antes del participio

Sentences: afirmativas fundamentalmente
3. YET = YA, TODAVÍA Ex. He hasn’t thrown out the rubbish yet. Ex. Has she watered the plants yet?

Position: al final de la oración.

Sentences: negativas e interrogativas.
4. EVER = ALGUNA VEZ Ex. Have you ever eaten a cocroach?

Position: antes del participio

Sentences: todas
* Not ever = Never (en afirmativa) Ex. I haven’t ever eaten a cocroach. Ex. I have never eaten a cocroach.

5. HOW LONG ? = CUÁNTO TIEMPO (HACE QUE / LLEVAS) Ex. How long have you studied English?

Position: al principio
Sentences: interrogativas

6. FOR = DURANTE ( un período de tiempo) Ex. She has studied English for seven years.

Position: al final de la oración

Sentences: todas
Expressions:
- For ages (durante /desde hace siglos) Ex. We haven’t seen each other for ages.
- For a long time ( durante mucho tiempo) Ex. He has lived in Russia for a long time.

7. SINCE = DESDE (un momento en el tiempo concreto con nombre propio)Ex. She has taught science since 2016/ Monday / March

Position: al principio o al final de la oración.

Sentences: todas
Since + Expresión de tiempo con nombre propio o fechas:

Since + Weekdays: Since Thursday

Since + Months: Since April
Since + last week
Since + Year: Since 2000
Since + Festival: Since Halloween
Since + Season: Since Autumn
4. GONE TO / BEEN TO = IDO A

1. GONE TO: Indica que has ido a un lugar pero no has regresado.

Ex. Where is Robert? He’s gone to the toilet. (he hasn’t come back yet)

2. BEEN TO: Indica que has ido y has regresado.

Ex. I have been to Paris four times. (he has gone to Paris and has come back)

→ Traduce las siguientes oraciones en afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa:

SHORT SHORT
SENTENCES AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
ANSWER + ANSWER -
1. Ella ya ha leído su
novela.

2. Él ha ido a la librería.

3. Ellos nunca han ido a

Francia.

4. Él acaba de decir la
verdad.
 PRESENT SIMPLE

1. USES:

- To talk about routines / Para hablar de una rutina.

Ex. She plays tennis every Monday.

- To talk about universal facts / Para hablar de verdades universales.

Ex. Water boils at 100º

- Future meaning: to talk about timetables / Valor de futuro: para hablar de horarios.

Ex. The train leaves tomorrow at 7 p.m.

2. STRUCTURES

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS SHORT ANSWERS

(+) (-)
S + V -s / -es + C S + don’t/ doesn’t + V + C Do / Does + S + V + C + ? YES, + S + do / does NO, + S + don’t / doesn’t
I work I don’t work Do I work? Yes, I do No, I don’t
You work You don’t work Do you work? Yes, you do No, you don’t
He works He doesn’t work Does he work? Yes, he does No, he doesn’t
She works She doesn’t work Does she work? Yes, she does No, she doesn’t
It works It doesn’t work Does it work? Yes, it does No, it doesn’t
We work We don’t work Do we work? Yes, we do No, we don’t
You work You don’t work Do you work? Yes, you do No, you don’t
They work They don’t work Do they work? Yes, they do No, they don’t
3. VERB + - S OR - ES

1. Cuando el sujeto de una oración afirmativa es “he, she, it”, añadiremos normalmente -S al verbo.

Ex. Run → He runs

2. Cuando el sujeto de una oración afirmativa es “he, she, it”, y el verbo termina en “ -S, -SS, -SH, -CH, -CONS+-Y, -O, -X, -Z ”,
añadiremos al verbo -ES.

Ex. miss → he misses push → he pushes catch → he catches try → he triesgo → he goes fix → he fixes

3. !!!!!! Esta misma norma, se aplica en la formación del plural de los sustantivos, es decir, si el sustantivo contable en singular termina en “ -S,
-SS, -SH, -CH, -CONS+-Y, -O, -X, -Z”, añadirá – ES para construir el plural.

Ex. bus → buses dress → dresses dash → dashes coach → coaches party → parties tomato → tomatoes box → boxes

4. TIME EXPRESSIONS

1. Adverbs of Frequency : They tell the frequency activities are undertaken with. / Dicen la frecuencia con la que se hacen las cosas.

always – siempre
nearly always – casi siempre
usually – normalmente
often – a menudo
sometimes – a veces
seldom – pocas veces
rarely – pocas veces
hardly ever – casi nunca
never - nunca

- Se colocan antes del verbo, a excepción del verbo to be, con el se colocarán después del verbo.

Ex. She always listens to her parents’ advice.

 He is often at the library in the evening.

2. Other time expressions.

Every + day / Monday / morning / week / month / year

Ex. She goes to the beach every morning.

Once a + day / week / month / year / in the morning

Twice a + day / week / month / year / in the morning
Three times a + day / week / month / year / in the morning

Ex. They go to the cinema once a month.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

1. USES

- To talk about an action you are undertaking at the moment of speaking. / Para hablar de una acción que estás realizando en este momento.

Ex. She is playing football right now.

- Future Meaing: to talk about something that you have already decided to do in the near future and you are sure about it. These sentences
usually contain information about where, when or who with the action is going to take place. / Valor de futuro: para hablar de algo que has
decidido ya y que vas a hacer con total seguridad. Suele aparecer mucha información como dónde, cuándo, con quién, etc.

Ex. I am going to a birthday party tomorrow at 6 pm with my friends.

2. STRUCTURES
 AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS SHORT ANSWERS
(+) (-)
S +am/is/are + V-ing + C S + am not / isn’t / aren’t + Am / Is / Are + S + V-ing + C YES,+ S + am / is / are NO, + S + am not / isn’t /
V-ing + C +? aren’t
I am working I am not working Am I working? Yes, I am No, I’m not
You are working You aren’t working Are you working? Yes, you are No, you aren’t
He is working He isn’t working Is he working? Yes, he is No, he isn’t
She is working She isn’t working Is she working? Yes, she is No, she isn’t
It is working It isn’t working Is it working? Yes, it is No, it isn’t
We are working We aren’t working Are we working? Yes, we are No, we aren’t
You are working You aren’t working Are you working? Yes, you are No, you aren’t
They are working They aren’t working Are they working? Yes, they are No, they aren’t

3. VERB + - ing

1. Cuando el verbo termina en -E, eliminaremos la -E y añadiremos -ING

Ex. Pnohe → Phoning

2. Cuando el verbo termina en -Y, añadiremos -ING y no modificaremos nada.

Ex. Play → Playing Cry → Crying

3. Cuando el verbo tenga 1 sílaba, y termine en consonante+vocal+consonante, doblaremos la última consonante.

Ex. Put → Putting

4. Cuando el verbo tenga 2 sílabas, termine en consonante+vocal+consonante, y se agudo, doblaremos la última consonante.

Ex. Prefer → Preferring

5. Cuando el verbo termina en -IE, eliminaremos la -IE, y añadiremos – YING.

Ex. Lie → Lying

5. Excepciones: travel → travelling be → being see → seeing worship → worshipping

4. TIME EXPRESSIONS

now – ahora
right now – ahora mismo
at the moment – en este momento
at half past six – a las seis y mediaPAST SIMPLE

1. USES:

- To talk about an activity that started and finished in the past. / Para hablar de algo que .

Ex. She found a lost cat yesterday evening.

- To talk about a succession of events in a story. / Para contar una historia en la que .

Ex. Once upon a time, a little girl travelled to France to learn French, and she met her best friend.

2. STRUCTURES

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS SHORT ANSWERS

(+) (-)
S + V(Reg.+-ed/Irreg)+ C S + didn’t + V + C Did + S + V + C + ? YES, + S + did NO, + S + didn’t
You worked You didn’t work Did you work? Yes, you did No, you didn’t
He worked He didn’t work Did he work? Yes, he did No, he didn’t

It worked It didn’t work Did it work? Yes, it did No, it didn’t

We worked We didn’t work Did we work? Yes, we did No, we didn’t

They worked They didn’t work Did they work? Yes, they did No, they didn’t

3. REGULAR VERB + - ED

1. Cuando el verbo termina en -E, sólo añadiremos una -D.

Ex. change →

2. Cuando el verbo termina en .-CONSONANTE + -Y, transformaremos la -Y en – I, y añadiremos -ed.

Ex. dry →

3. Cuando el verbo tiene UNA SÍLABA, termina en CONSONANTE+VOCAL+CONSONANTE, doblaremos la última consonante y añadiremos -ED.

Ex. chop →

4. Cuando el verbo tiene DOS SÍLABAS, termina en CONSONANTE+VOCAL+CONSONANTE, y es AGUDO, doblaremos la última consonante y
añadiremos -ED.

Ex. cancel →

5. Excepciones:

travel → worship →
4. TIME EXPRESSIONS

Yesterday → Ayer

→ Antes de ayer

→ El año pasado

→ hace tres semanas

When…

→ Traduce las siguientes oraciones en afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa:

SHORT SHORT
SENTENCES AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
ANSWER + ANSWER -
1. Ella fue a Nueva York
hace dos años

2. Él intentó hacer el
ejercicio ayer por la
noche

3. Ellos prefirieron ir al
cine antes de ayer
4. Tú viajaste en tren la
semana pasada
5. Él escribió una novela
hace cinco años
 PAST CONTINUOUS

1. USES:

- To talk about an action which was taking place during a period of time in the past. / Para hablar de una acción que
. Con este tiempo enfatizamos el proceso, la duración de la acción.

Ex. She was playing football at that moment.

2. STRUCTURES

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS SHORT ANSWERS

(+) (-)
S + was / were + V-ing + S + wasn’t/weren’t+ V-ing + C Was/Were + S + V-ing + C + ? YES,+ S + was / were NO, + S + wasn’t, weren’t
C
I wasn’t not working Yes, I was
You were working were you working?
He wasn’t working Yes, he was
No, she wasn’t
It was working was it working? No, it wasn’t
were we working? Yes, we were No, we weren’t
You were working You weren’t working were you working? No, you weren’t
They were working They weren’t working Yes, they were
3. VERB + - ing

1. Cuando el verbo termina en -E, eliminaremos la -E y añadiremos -ING

Ex. Write →

2. Cuando el verbo termina en -Y, añadiremos -ING y no modificaremos nada.

Ex. Stay → Marry →

3. Cuando el verbo tenga 1 sílaba, y termine en consonante+vocal+consonante, doblaremos la última consonante.

Ex. Sit →

4. Cuando el verbo tenga 2 sílabas, termine en consonante+vocal+consonante, y sea agudo, doblaremos la última consonante.

Ex. Admit →

5. Cuando el verbo termina en -IE, eliminaremos la -IE, y añadiremos – YING.

Ex. Lie →

5. Excepciones: travel → be → see → worship →

4. TIME EXPRESSIONS

– en aquel momento

– mientras que

– por la mañana / por la tarde / por la tarde – noche

→ Traduce las siguientes oraciones en afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa:

SHORT SHORT
SENTENCES AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
ANSWER + ANSWER -
1. Ella siempre esaba
montando en bici

2. Él estuvo reparando su
portátil
3. Ellos estuvieron
escribiendo una carta a
sus abuelos
4. Tú estuviste comiendo
verdura en el restaurante
vegano
5. Él estuvo viendo una
película en su casa en
aquel momento