English 2nd Batx. Dossier For Students 2

GRAMMAR DOSSIER 2nd BACHILLERATO
1.- PRESENT SIMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE
I visit
You visit
He visits
She visits INTERROGATIVE
It visits
We visit (Question word+) Do /does + subject + verb in base
You visit form + ?
They visit
Do I play..? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
NEGATIVE Do you play…? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
I don’t play Does he play…? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.
You don’t play Does she play..? Yes, she does. / No she doesn’t.
He / she / It doesn’t play Does it play…? Yes, it does. / No, it doesn’t.
We don’t play Do we play…? Yes, we do. / No, we don’t.
You don´t play Do you play…? Yes, you do. / No, you don’t.
They don´t play Do they play…? Yes, they do. / No they don’t.
A) TIME EXPRESSIONS utilizadas normalmente con el present simple
1) Normalmente al principio o al final de una frase:

-every day, every week, every year…
- on + Monday, Tuesday…
-once, twice, thre times a week
2) Los adverbios de frecuencia se suelen utilizar con el present simple:

Always – usually – (very) often – sometimes – rarely (rara vez)- hardly ever (casi nunca) – never.
¿Dónde aparecen en una oración?
a) En la mayoría de los casos, van inmediatamente delante del verbo:

I usually go to cinema on Sundays.
I don’t usually go to the cinema on Sundays.
Do you usually go to the cinema on Sundays?
b) Con el verbo “to be”, los adverbios de frecuencia van detrás de la forma verbal:
She is always at home in the evening.
She isn’t always at home in the evening.
Is she always at home…?
B) ERRORES COMUNES:
l Olvidamos añadir "-s" en la tercera persona del singular. He takes....
l Olvidamos eliminar la "-s" cuando utilizamos la negación: He doesn't take...
IES Camp de Morvedre -1- Departamento de Inglés

l Uso del auxiliar do/does en las preguntas, además de cambiar el orden: Do you take..?
l El verbo to be no necesita auxiliar nunca.
2.- PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Subject + Present of verb to be (am, is, are) + verb –ing form
AFFIRMATIVE
I am playing
You are playing
He/ She /it is playing INTERROGATIVE
We are playing
You are playing (Question word +) Pres. To be (am, is, are) +
They are playing subject + vb –ing +?
NEGATIVE Am I playing? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.

I am not playing Are you playing? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
You are not playing Is he / she / it playing? Yes…
He / she / it isn’t playing Are we playing?
We are not playing Are you playing?
You are not playing Are they playing?
They are not playing
A) USOS:
1) Expresa lo que está ocurriendo en el momento en el que hablamos.

I am studying English now. = Estoy estudiando inglés ahora.
2) Con valor de futuro: para expresar planes personales que ocurrirán en el future próximo porque se
han fijado de antemano.
El future continuous expresa más certeza en que algo ocurrirá. El be going to expresa más una
intención. A menudo resulta complicado cuándo utilizar uno u otro.
We are visiting my friend in Madrid next Sunday. = Voy a visitar a mi amigo en Madrid el
domingo.
B) TIME EXPRESSIONS: now, at the moment, right now…
C) ERRORES COMUNES:
l Olvido del verbo to be antes del verbo en forma -ing: I visiting my friend. --> I am visiting...
l Orden de las palabras en las preguntas: Are you listening to me?

3.- PAST SIMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE: Todas las formas son iguales, aunque hay verbos regulares o irregulares.
1) Si son verbos regulares añaden -ed a la forma base.

I played = yo jugué
you played
he/she/ it played
we played
you played
they played
2) Si son verbos regulares: segunda columna

I bought= yo compré
you bought
he/she/it bought
we/you/they bought
NEGATIVE: todas las formas son iguales para verbos regulares e irregulares.
Subject + did not + verb in base form
I didn´t play= no jugué

You didn't play
He didn't play
etc.
INTERROGATIVE: todas las formas iguales para verbos regulares e irregulares.
(Question word, si la hay) Did + subject + verb base form + ?
Did you play...? Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.

Did he play..? Yes he did. / No, he didn't.
Etc..
A) PAST SIMPLE OF VERB TO BE
El verbo to be es especial y no necesita jamás ningún verbo auxiliar, ni en epresente, ni en pasado.
I was=yo era o estaba I wasn't =was not Was I..?Yes I was./ No, I wasn't.
You were You weren't Were you..? Yes, I was./ No, I wasn't.
He/She/It was He/She/it wasn't Was he/she/it...? Yes, he was./ No, he wasn't.
We were We weren't Were we..? Yes, we were./ No, we weren't.

You were You weren't Were you...? Yes you were./ No, you weren't.
They were They weren't Were they..? Yes, they were./ No, they
weren't.
B) USES OF PAST SIMPLE.
To talk about actions that happen in some specific moment in the past (they started and finished).
C) TIME EXPRESSIONS.
l last year, last month, last week, last Monday,... = el año pasado, etc.
l Yesterday, this morning, last night...
l AGO= hace, siempre va al final de la frase. I saw Tom three hours ago= Vi a Tom hace 3 horas.
D) ERRORES COMUNES.
l Cuando está el verbo auxiliar did (en preguntas), o didn't (en frases negativas), el verbo
SIEMPRE va en forma base, no en pasado afirmativo.
I didn't played handball yesterday.--> I didn't play...

What time did you went to the school? --> did you go..

4.- PAST CONTINUOUS

Para formar el pasado continuo tenemos que saber perfectamente el pasado del verbo to be:
was/ were.
AFFIRMATIVE
Sujeto + past “to be”: was / were + verb –ing
I was playing = yo estaba jugando

You were playing = tú estabas jugando
He / she / it was playing = él / ella / ello estaba jugando
We were playing = nosotros estábamos jugando
You were playing = vosotros estábais jugando
They were playing = ellos estaban jugando
NEGATIVE
Sujeto + Past “ to be” en negativa: was not (wasn’t) / were not (weren’t) + verb in –ing.
I wasn’t playing = yo no estaba jugando

You weren’t playing
He wasn’t playing
She wasn’t playing
It wasn’t playing
We weren’t playing
You weren’t playing
They weren’t playing
INTERROGATIVE
(Question Word: what, when..) + was / were + subject + verb in –ing +?
Was I playing…? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.

Were you playing..? Yes, you were. / No, you weren’t.
Was he playing…? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.
Was she playing..? Yes, she was. / No, she wasn’t.
Was it playing…? Yes, it was. / NO, it wasn’t.
Were we playing…? Yes, we were. / No, we weren’t.
Were you playing…? Yes, you were. / No, you weren’t.
Were they playing…? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.

A) USES OF PAST CONTINUOUS.
1) Pra hablar de que estaba ocurriendo en un momento determinado del pasado.

“ Yesterday at 15,00 I was driving to work”.= Ayer a las 15,00 yo estaba conduciendo hacia el trabajo.
2) Para describir dos o más acciones que ocurrían a la vez en el pasado.

Then we can use “as” or “while” = mientras.
I was studying English while/as my mum was listening to music.= Yo estaba estudiando inglés mientras
mi madre estaba escuchando música.
B) TIME EXPRESSIONS PAST CONTINUOUS.
● at + time : I was having a shower at 10,00h.= a las 10,00h
● yesterday morning, yesterday afternoon,…= ayer por la mañana, por la tarde…
● last night, last week= anoche, la semana pasada: Last night I was watching TV with my family.
● Ago: I was doing an exam one hour ago. = estaba haciendo un examen hace una hora.
C) CONTRASTE ENTRE PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS.
-PAST SIMPLE: la acción empezó y acabó.

Yesterday I cooked pasta for dinner.
-PAST CONTINUOUS: acciones prolongadas en el pasado. No se dice cuándo acabaron.

Last night at 21.00 I was cooking pasta for dinner.
-Antes del past simple usamos when = cuando.

I was studying English when Susan arrived. =Estaba estudiando inglés cuando Susan llegó.
-Antes del past continuous solemos utilizar while / as = ,mientras.

While I was studying, Ann arrived. = Mientras estaba estudiando, Ann llegó.

5.- PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
A) FORM.
Para conjugar el present perfect necesitamos el verbo auxiliar HAVE -(el equivalente en
castellano sería haber= yo he ...), que se convierte en has para he, she, it-, y el participio del verbo
principal (...comido).
*¿Cómo se forma el participio de los verbos?
a) Verbos regulares: añadimos –ed (igual que para el pasado simple afirmativo)
Ex: play--> played watch--> watched
b) Verbos irregulares: tercera columna

Ex: go-->gone write--> written
AFFIRMATIVE
Subject + have / has + past participle
I have spoken = he hablado or I’ve spoken

You have spoken You’ve spoken
He/she /it has spoken He’s/She’s/it’s spoken
We have spoken we’ve spoken
You have spoken you’ve spoken
They have spoken they’ve spoken
NEGATIVE
Subject + have not / has not + past participle
I have not played = I haven’t played= no he jugado

You haven’t played
He /she/ it hasn’t played
We haven’t played
You haven’t played
They haven’t played
INTERROGATIVE
(Question word) Have / has + subject + past participle + ?

Have I been to …? Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t. = He estado en..?

Have you been…? Yes, you have. / NO, you haven’t.
Has he been…? Yes, he has. / NO, he hasn’t.
Has she been…? Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t.
Has it been…? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.
Have we been…? Yes, we have. / No, we haven’t.
Have you been..? Yes, you have. / No, you haven’t.
Have they been..? Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t.
B) USES. Utilizamos el present perfect para hablar de:
1.- Acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado sin especificar cuándo exactamente.

I have visited London = He visitado …
My brother has watched that film.= Mi hermano ha visto la peli.
2.- Acciones ocurridas en el pasado cuyos efectos son visibles en el momento actual.
Jill is in bed. She has caught a cold.=Jill está en la cama. Se ha resfriado.
3.-Acciones que empezaron en el pasado y todavía continúan en la actualidad. A menudo van

acompañados de since= desde y for = durante).
We have been friends for ten years.= Somos amigos durante diez años (desde hace diez años).
I haven’t seen her since Wednesday.= No la he visto desde el miércoles.
C) TIME EXPRESSIONS.
1.- already. = ya (entre have y el participio)
I have already finished. = ya he terminado.
2.- ever. (en frases negativas = nunca; en preguntas= alguna vez).

Have you ever been to Paris?= ¿Has estado en París alguna vez?
No, I haven’t ever been to Paris.= No, nunca he estado en París.
3.- never = nunca . Sólo en frases afirmativas (aunque con sentido negativo).
I have never been to Paris.= nunca he estado en París.
Con never, el verbo ha de estar en forma afirmativa. Para decir lo mismo (nunca) con ever el verbo ha
de estar en forma negativa.
4.- Just = acabar de . Para expresar que acabamos de hacer algo. (have+ just+ participle).

They have just gone to the party.= Acaban de irse a la fiesta.
5.- Yet .
- En oraciones negativas (al final) = aún, todavía.
I haven’t finished my exam yet.= Todavía no he acabado mi examen.
- En oraciones interrogativas (al final también) = ya

Have you finished your exam yet? = ¿Has acabado ya el examen?
6.- For. = durante Indica la duración de la acción.

I have studied English for two years.= Estudio inglés durante dos años (todavía estudio).
7.- Since.= desde Indica un momento determinado, el comienzo.

I have been here since 12,00. = Estoy aquí desde las 12.
8.- How long…?= ¿cuánto tiempo?

How long have you been here? = ¿Cuánto tiempo estás aquí?
9.- Always.= siempre

We have always studied together.= siempre hemos estudiado juntos.
D) ERRORES COMUNES.
- Utilizar have con la tercera persona del singular: My friend have has lived here for ten years.
- Vivo en Valencia desde los dos años.--I live have lived in Vlc since I was 2 years old.
- Estudio ingles desde hace 3 meses. --> I study have studied English for three months.

6.- PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE
Subject + have/has been + verb in -ing
I have been playing= he estado jugando

You have been playing
He / She / It has been playing
We have been playing
They have been playing
NEGATIVE
Subject + have/has not been + verb in -ing
I haven't been playing = Yo no he estado jugando

You haven't been playing
He/ She / It hasn't been playing
We have been playing
They have been playing
INTERROGATIVE
(Question word) Have / has + subject + been + verb in -ing +?
Have I been playing..? Yes, I have./ No, I haven't.

Have you been playing? Yes, you have. / No, you haven´t.
Has he / she /it been playing? Yes, he / she/ it has. / No, he / she /it hasn't.
Have we been playing? Yes, we have. / No, we haven't.
Have you been playing? Yes, you have./ No, you haven't.
Have they been playing? Yes, they have. / No, they haven't.
IES Camp de Morvedre - 10 - Departamento de Inglés

A) USES.
- Es muy similar al present perfect simple, aunque lo utilizamos cuando queremos enfatizar la duración
de la acción:
I have studied since 10 am. = He estudiado desde las 10.

I have been studying since 10 am. = He estado estudiando desde las 10.
7.- PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE
Subject + had + past participle of main verb
I had talked / I’d talked = Yo había hablado

You had talked / you’d talked
He had talked / he’d talked
She had talked / she’d talked
It had talked / It’d talked
We had talked / we’d talked
You had talked / you’d talked
They had talked / they ‘d talked
When I arrived, the police had arrested the suspect.= Cuando llegué, la policía había arrestado al
sospechoso.
NEGATIVE
Subject + had + not + past participle
I had not talked / I hadn’t talked = yo no había hablado

You had not talked / you hadn’t talked
He had not talked / he hadn’t talked
She had not talked / she hadn’t talked
It had not talked / it hadn’t talked
We had not talked / we hadn’t talked
You had not talked / you hadn’t talked
They had not talked / they hadn’t talked
The witness hadn’t seen anything interesting. = El / la testigo no había visto nada interesante.
INTERROGATIVE

(Question Word) Had + subject + past participle +?
Had I talked? Yes, I had. / NO, I hadn’t.= ¿Había hablado?

Had you talked? Yes, I had. / No, I hadn’t.
Had he talked? Yes, he had. / No, he hadn’t.
Had she talked? Yes, she had. / No, she hadn’t.
Had it talked? Yes, it had. / No, it hadn’t.
Had we talked? Yes, we had. / No, we hadn’t.
Had you talked? Yes, you had. / No, you hadn’t.
Had they talked? Yes, they had. / NO, they hadn’t.
Had the police investigated the crimes? = ¿La policía había investigado los crímenes?
A) USES.
It is used to talk about an action that happened before another action in the past (this last action in past
simple).
B) TIME EXPRESSIONS and ADVERBS used with PAST PERFECT SIMPLE.
a) before.- antes
I had cleaned the car before I went to the party. = Había limpiado el coche antes de que fuera a la fiesta.
b) after.- después.
He ate an ice cream after he had finished lunch. = Se comió un helado después de que hubiera/hubo
comido.
c) as soon as.- tan pronto como

As soon as I had got up, I went to buy the newspaper. = Tan pronto me había levantado / hube
levantado, fui a comprar el periódico.
d) by the time.- (para) cuando.

By the time he was 5, he had read many books. = Para cuando tenía cinco años, había leído muchos
libros.
e) until.- hasta que.

Until I went to Italy, I hadn’t eaten real Italian food.= Hasta que no fui a Italia, no había comido comida
italiana de verdad.
f) when.- cuando.
My father had finished dinner when I arrived home.= Mi padre había acabado la cena cuando llegué a
casa.

g) already.- ya (affirmative sentences).

I had already seen John when he said hello. = Ya había visto a John cuando dijo hola.
h) yet.- todavía, aún (negative sentences); ya (interrogative sentences).

It was 3 am and the pub hadn´t closed yet. = Eran las 3 de la mañana y el pub no había cerrado aún.
When you arrived to the station, had the train left yet?= Cuando llegaste al la estación, ¿el tren ya
había
salido?
8.- PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE
Subject + had been + verb in -ing
I had been playing= había estado jugando

You had been playing
He / She / It had been playing
We had been playing
You had been playing
They had been playing
I had been studying a lot when they arrived. = Había estado estudiando un montón cuando llegaron.
NEGATIVE
Subject + had not been + verb in -ing
I hadn't been playing = Yo no había estado jugando

You hadn't been playing
He/ She / It hadn't been playing
We hadn't been playing
You hadn't been playing
They hadn't been playing
Ana hadn't been swimming, but she was tired. = Ana no había estado nadando, pero estaba cansada.
INTERROGATIVE
(Question Word) Had + subject + been + verb -ing ?

Had I been talking? Yes, I had. / No, I hadn’t.= ¿Había hablado?

Had you been talking? Yes, I had. / No, I hadn’t.
Had he been talking? Yes, he had. / No, he hadn’t.
Had she been talking? Yes, she had. / No, she hadn’t.
Had it been talking? Yes, it had. / No, it hadn’t.
Had we been talking? Yes, we had. / No, we hadn’t.
Had you been talking? Yes, you had. / No, you hadn’t.
Had they been talking? Yes, they had. / No, they hadn’t.
Had the police been investigating the crimes? = ¿La policía había estado investigando los crímenes?
A) USES.
Se utiliza para enfatizar la duración de la acción.
9.- FUTURE FORMS
9.1.- WILL
1.1.- Form.
Affirmative: Todas las formas son iguales.
Subject + will + verb in base form
I will go / I’ll go = yo iré

You will go / You’ll go
He / She / it will go
We will go / we’ll go
You will go / you’ll go
They will go / they’ll go
Negative: Todas las formas son iguales.
Subject + (will + not =) won’t + verb in base form
I
You
He /she /it won’t go = yo no iré, tú no irás,…
We
You
they
Interrogative form: Todas las formas son iguales.
(question Word:what,…) will + subject + verb in base form + ?
Will I go? Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.

Will you go? Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.

Will he/she/it go? Yes, he/ she /it will./ No, he/she/ it won’t.
Will we go? Yes, we will. / No, we won’t.
Will you go..? Yes, we will. / No, we won’t.
Will they go …? Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.
1.2.-USES OF WILL.
a) Para hacer predicciones sobre el futuro.

I think / In the future / one day …I will be a doctor. = seré médico.
b) Para expresar decisiones espontáneas o ideas.

I am tired, I’ll take a taxi home.=Estoy cansada, voy a coger un taxi.
9.2.- BE GOING TO
2.1.- FORM.
Affirmative.
Subj. + present “to be”(am, is, are) + going to + verb in base form
I am going to play = yo voy a jugar

You are going to play
He / she / It is going to play
We are going to play
You are going to play
They are going to play
Negative.
Subj. + am, is, are + not + going to + verb in base form
I am not going to play = yo no voy a jugar

You aren’t going to play
He / she / it isn’t going to play
We aren’t going to play
You aren’t going to play
They aren’t going to play
Interrogative.
(Question Word) Am/is /are + subject +going to +vb. Base form +?
Am I going to play? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.

Are you going to play…? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.=¿Vas a jugar..?
Is he/she/it going to play..? yes, he/she/it is. / No, he/she/it isn’t.
Are we going to play..? Yes, we are. / No, we aren’t.

Are you going to play..? Yes, you are. / No, we aren’t.

Are they going to play…? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
2.2.-USES OF BE GOING TO.
a) Para hablar de planes, intenciones y decisiones.

I ‘m going to paint the house. = voy a pintar la casa.
b) Para expresar lo que va a ocurrir en el futuro porque vemos algunas señales en el presente.
She’s going to have a baby. = va a tener un bebé
9.3.- PRESENT CONTINUOUS with future meaning.

= presente continuo con valor de futuro.
3.1.- FORM.
Affirmative
Subject + present to be (am, is, are) + verb in –ing.
I am visiting my aunt tomorrow. = voy a visitar a mi tía mañana.
Negative
Subject + am, is, are + not + verb –ing.
I am not visiting my aunt tomorrow.
Interrogative
(question Word) + am, is ,are + subject + verb in –ing +?
Are you visiting your aunt tomorrow?? Yes, I am.
3.2.- USES.
a) Para hablar de los planes que tenemos en un futuro muy próximo.

b) Para citas o planes establecidos en un futuro próximo.
This evening I am visiting my aunt. = Esta tarde visito a mi tía.
4.- FUTURE TIME EXPRESSIONS

Pueden utilizarse con todos los futuros: will, be going to and present continuous.
- soon = pronto
- tomorrow, next year, next month, next weekend,…
- later = más tarde
- in a year, in …= en, dentro de un año, etc.
9.4.- PRESENT SIMPLE.

Lo utilizamos para hablar de horarios establecidos.
The plane leaves at 3 pm on Thursday. = El avión sale a las 3 el jueves.
9.5.- FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE
Affirmative: Subject + will have + past participle
Todas las formas personales son iguales:
I will have studied = Habré estudiado

You will have studied
He/ she / it will have studied
We / You / they will studied
Negative: Subject + won't have + past participle
I won't have studied , etc. = no habré estudiado
Interrogative: (question word) + will + subject + have + past participle + ?
Will you have studied..? = ¿Habrás estudiado...? Yes, I will./No, I won't.
USES:

- Utilizamos el futuro perfecto simple para hablar de una acción que se habrá acabado en un
momento específico del futuro.
TIME EXPRESSIONS:
I will have ended this book by the end of the week. = Habré acabado este libro para finales de
semana.
We will have learnt to ski by the end o our holidays. = Habremos aprendido a esquiar a finales de ...
9.6.- FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Affirmative: Subject + will have been + verb -ing
I will have been studying = Habré estado estudiando

You will have been studying
He/ she / it will have been studying
We / You / they will been studying
Negative: Subject + won't have been + verb -ing
I won't have been studying , etc. = no habré estado estudiando
Interrogative: (question word) + will + subject + have been + verb -ing + ?
Will you have been studying? = ¿Habrás estado estudiando...? Yes, I will./No, I won't.
USES:
- Utilizamos el futuro perfecto continuo para enfatizar la duración de una acción que se habrá
acabado en un momento específico del futuro.

TIME EXPRESSIONS:
By the end of the year I will have been living here for 10 months. = A finales del año habré estado
viviendo aquí durante 10 meses.
9.7.- FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Affirmative: subject + will be + verb in -ing form
Todas las formas personales son iguales.
I will be playing = estaré jugando
Negative: subject + won't be + verb in -ing
You won't be playing = no estaré jugando
Interrogative: (Question word) Will + subject + be + verb in -ing +?
Will you be playing ...? Yes, I will. / No, I won´t. = ¿Estarás jugando?
USES.
- Para hablar de acciones futuras que ocurrirán durante un período de tiempo.
This time tomorrow we will be taking a plane. = A esta hora mañana estaremos cogiendo un avión.

10.- PASSIVE VOICE

Formamos la pasiva con be + past participle. Utilizamo el be en el tiempo verbal que utilizaríamos en
la oración activa.
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

People sell books here. Books are sold here.
present simple present simple be + past participle
Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
past simple past simple be + past participle
Millions of people will watch this film. This film will be watched by millions of people.
future simple future simple be + past participle
People have grown rice here for ages. Rice has been grown here for ages.
present perfect present perfect to be + past participle
People are opening the doors. The doors are being opened.
present continuous present cont. be + paast participle
Etc.
Al pasar una oración de activa a pasiva, el objeto de la activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la pasiva.
ACTIVA: The company published the book last year.

sujeto activo vb activo objeto directo
PASIVA: The book was published (by the company) last year .
sujeto pasivo vb pasivo complemento agente
BY + AGENT.
En las oraciones pasivas utlizamos by delante del objeto (que era el sujeto en la oración activa). Es el

complemento agente. Muchas veces SE OMITE:
- cuando el agente es desconocido: My car window has been broken. = Han roto la ventanilla.
- cuando el agente no es importante: English is spoken here.= Se habla inglés.
- cuando no queremos nombrar al agente: My computer is being fixed.= Están arreglado mi
ordenador (alguien).
USES.
En inglés se utiliza la pasiva mucho más que en castellano.
- para enfatizar la acción antes que el agente.

- para resaltar la información más importante al principio de la oración.
11.- THE CAUSATIVE

Subject + have / get (cualquier tiempo verbal) + something + done (= past participle of the main verb)
Ejemplos:
Present simple: I have/get my house cleaned twice a week. = Me limpian la casa dos veces por
semana.
pres.de have/get something past participle main verb
(object)
Present perfect: Tom has had/ has got his car fixed. = Le han arreglado el coche a Tom.
pres. perfect de have / get object past part.
Be going to: We are going to have / get my hair cut tomorrow.= Mañana me corto el pelo.
going to de have/get object past part.
Past Simple: I didn't have/get my house painted in the end. = Al final no me pintaron la casa.
past simple de have/get object past participle
GET or HAVE?
Get something done es más informal que have something done.
Lisa is getting a house built. = Lisa se está construyendo una casa. (más coloquial)
Lisa is having a house built. = Lisa se está construyendo una casa. (lenguaje más formal)
USES

Utilizamos el causativo para hablar de acciones que otros, normalmente profesionales, hacen por
nosotros.
I had had/ had got my house painted when the bomb exploded. = Me habían pintado la casa...
Are you going to have/get your ears pierced? = ¿Te vas a hacer los agujeros de las orejas?
ATENCIÓN
My dad is having his car fixed. = Le están arreglando el coche. / Se está arreglando el coche. (alguien)
My dad is fixing his car. = Mi padre está arreglando su coche (él mismo)
My dad is fixing his car himself. = Mi padre está arreglando el coche, él solito. (enfatizamos con los
pronombres reflexivos)
12.- CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Las oraciones condicionales constan de dos oraciones: la que expresa la condición (la subordinada), y
la que expresa el resultado (oración principal).
If you study, you will pass easily. = Si tú estudias, aprobarás con facilidad.
condición resultado
La oración de la condición puede comenzar con if = si, unless = if not (si no), whether = si,...
El orden de las dos oraciones es flexible, pero si la condición va primero, siempre habrá una coma
antes del resultado.
If you won the lottery, I would be very happy. = Si ganaras la lotería, yo sería muy feliz.
I would be very happy if you won the lottery. = Sería muy feliz si ganaras la lotería.
Distinguimos entre First, Second o Third Conditional según el grado de probabilidad que expresan.
12.1.- FIRST CONDITIONAL
If + present simple , will / won't + infinitive
or will / won't + infinitive + if + present simple
If you eat healthy food, you won't feel bad . = Si comes alimentos sanos, no te sentirás mal.

You won't feel bad if you eat healthy food. = No te sentirás mal si comes alimentos sanos.
If he doesn't go to the race, mum will be sad. = Si no va a la carrera, mamá estará triste.
Unless he goes to the race, mum will be sad. = Si no va a la carrera, mamá estará triste.
Mum will be sad if he doesn't go to the race. = Mamá estará triste si él no va a la carrera.
Mum will be sad unless he goes to the race. = Mamá estará triste si él no va a la carrera.
USES
- Para hablar de eventos futuros posibles o probables.

- Para hacer promesas o advertencias.
12.2.- SECOND CONDITIONAL
If + past simple , would/ wouldn't + infinitive
or would / wouldn't + infinitive + if + past simple
If I won the lottery, I would buy a new house. = Si ganara la lotería, compraría una casa nueva.
past simple would + infinitive
I would buy a new house if I won the lottery.

If you didn't sell the car, Mary would be angry.= Si no vendieras el coche, Mary se enfadaría.
Would Pepe come to the party if I told him? = ¿Vendría Pepe a la fiesta si se lo dijera?
Unless I studied so hard, I wouldn't pass the year. = Si no estudiara tanto, no aprobaría el
curso.
VERB TO BE
En la oración de la condición, se puede usar were con la primera y tercera personas del singular del
verbo to be , aunque was es más frecuente.
If I were / was taller, I’d be happier. = Si yo fuera más alto, sería más feliz.
Sin embargo, en la expressión If I were you, no puede sustituirse were por was .

If I were you, I wouldn’t do that. = Si fuera tú, no haría eso.
USES
Se utiliza para expresar situaciones hipotéticas presentes o futuras.

If I had lots of friends, I would go out more often. = Si tuviera muchos amigos, saldría más.
12.3.- THIRD CONDITIONAL

If + past perfect , would have + past participle of the main verb
or would have + past participle + if + past perfect
If Tina had trained more, she would have won the race. = Si Tina hubiera entrenado más, habría
past perfect would have + past part. ganado la carrera.
Tina would have won the race if she had trained more. = Tina habría ganado si hubiera entrenado
más.
John wouldn't have felt bad if he hadn't eaten so much. = John no se habría sentido mal si no hubiera
comido tanto.
If you had known he was so rude, would you have invited him to the party? = Si hubieras sabido que
era tan maleducado, ¿lo habrías invitado a la fiesta?
I wouldn't have forgotten the keys if I hadn't been so stressed. = No habría olvidado las llaves si no
hubiera estado tan estresado.
* Tanto "had" como "would" pueden contraerse con " 'd":

He'd have lost the train unless he'd called a taxi. = Habría perdido el tren si no hubiera llamado ...
he would he had

USES
El Third Conditional se utiliza para hablar de situaciones hipotéticas del pasado que no llegaron a
ocurrir.
Error común: a menudo en castellano utlizamos mal el tiempo verbal de la oración del resultado en la
tercera condicional:
I f I had studied, I would have passed. = Si hubiera estudiado, hubiera aprobado. → habría aprobado
IMPORTANTE:
En todas las condicionales, podemos sustituir el will / would de la oración del resultado por un verbo
modal.
- 1st : If I am fit enough, I may run the marathon. = Si estoy en forma, puede que corra el marathon.
- 2nd : If you trained harder, you could play in the team. = Si entrenaras duro, podrías jugar en el
equipo.
- 3rd : If we had trained harder, we might have played in the team. = Si hubiéramos entrenado más,
podriamos haver jugado en el equipo.
12.4.- MIXED CONDITIONALS
Son oraciones que mezclan varios tipos de condicionales. Las más comunes son las que combinan el
segundo y el tercer tipo de condicionales, aunque hay más combinaciones posibles.
If Emma wasn't so lazy, she had studied harder. = Si Emma no fuera tan vaga, habría estudiado más.
second conditional third conditional
If Tom hadn't spent all his money, he wouldn't be so poor now. = Si Tom no se hubiera gastado todo
third conditional second conditional su dinero, ahora no sería tan pobre.
12.5.- IF ONLY / I WISH (oraciones desiderativas)
USES
Expresan un deseo. Se traducen por "ojalá...". Se utilizan con diferentes tiempos verbales:
1) I wish / If only + past simple Para hablar de situaciones presentes que nos gustaría cambiar.

I wish I knew Chinese. = Ojalá supiera chino.

If only you were rich. = Ojalá fueras rico.
Si el verbo que va en past simple es to be, hay que usar were en todas las personas, incluidas la primera
y la tercera del singular, aunque was ya se acepta también.
I wish I were you.. = Ojalá fuera tú.
I wish I were good at tennis. = Ojalá fuera bueno en tenis.
2) I wish / If only + past perfect simple Para lamentarnos de algo ocurrido en el pasado.
Ann wishes she hadn't broken her leg. = Ojalá no se hubiera roto la pierna.
If only he had bought the house. = Ojalá se hubiera comprado la casa.
3) I wish/If only + would /could + base form Para quejarnos de algo o de una situación que queremos
que cambie en el futuro. (El sujeto de would suele ser otra cosa o persona).
I wish you would stop making that noise. = Ojalá pararas de hacer ese ruidito.
If only it would stop raining. = Ojalá no lloviera.
If only we could be friends. = Ojalá pudiéramos ser amigas.
* NOTA: - If only expresa más intensidad que I wish.
13.- MODAL VERBS

CARACTERÍSTICAS
1) No añaden -s en la 3a persona del singular, todas las formas son iguales. He must
2) No necesitan auxiliar (do/does, etc.) para constuir las formas negativa ni interrogativa. He mustn't
3) Van seguidos de un verbo infinitivo sin to. He must study.
13.1.- MODALES DE HABILIDAD O PERMISO.
1) CAN. Habilidad o permiso en el presente.

Tom can speak French. = Tom sabe hablar francés.
I can't go out tonight. = No puedo salir esta noche (no me dejan).

2) COULD. Habilidad o permiso en el pasado.

When I was 2 years old, I couldn't read. = Cuando tenía dos años, no sabía leer.
Could I go to the toilet, please? = ¿Podría ir...?
3) BE ABLE TO. No es un verbo modal, lo utilizamos porque can y could no pueden utilizarse en otros
tiempos verbales.
Soon Mark will be able to speak German. = Pronto Mark será capaz de hablar alemán.
Were you allowed to go out last night? = ¿Pudiste / te dejaron salir anoche?
4) MAY. Permiso en el presente. Es como can pero más formal.

May I go to the toilet, please? = ¿Podría ir al baño, por favor?
13.2.- MODALES DE CONSEJO.
1) SHOULD.- Debería. You shouldn't eat so much chocolate. = No deberías comer tanto chocolate.
2) OUGHT TO.- Debería (más formal). You ought to study more. = Deberías estudiar más
13.3.- MODALES DE POSIBILIDAD.
COULD, MAY and MIGHT.- Expresan posibilidad en el presente o en el futuro.
Mary could go to the party. = Mary podría ir a la fiesta.

Mary may go to the party.= Es posible que Mary vaya a la fiesta. (menos posibilidad)
Mary might go to the party. = A lo mejor Mary va a la fiesta. (posibilidad más remota)
13.4.- MODALES DE OBLIGACIÓN.
1) MUST.- Deber. You must pay your taxes. = Debes pagar tus impuestos.
2) HAVE TO.- Tener que. NO es un verbo modal: 3ª persona sg. has; necesita verbo auxiliar para formar
la forma negativa y la interrogativa.
Mary has to call Peter, it's important. = María tiene que llamar a Peter...
Do you have to study tonight? = ¿Tienes que estudiar esta noche?
13.5.- MODALES DE AUSENCIA DE OBLIGACIÓN.
1) DON'T HAVE TO. - No tener que, indica ausencia de obligación. NO es un modal.

We don't have to cook today, we are going to a restaurant. = No tenemos que cocinar hoy...
4) NEEDN'T.- No es necesario, no hace falta. Ausencia de obligación. NO es un modal.

You needn't pay for everything on a date. = No tienes / no es necesario que pagues todo en una cita.
13.5.- MODALES DE PROHIBICIÓN.
1) MUSTN'T.- No deber, estar prohibido.

You mustn't park here, it is prohibited. = No puedes aparcar aquí, está prohibido.
Synonym: not be allowed, es el que se utiliza en otros tiemos verbales (must sólo en presente).
You are not allowed to park here.
13.6.- MODALES PERFECTOS
modal verb + have + past participle
USES.- Para hablar de situaciones del pasado.
1) COULD / MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE.- Sugiere una acción alternativa en el pasado, aunque
sea demasiado tarde.
I could have invited Sue to the party. = Podría haber invitado a Sue a la fiesta.
She might have enjoyed it a lot. = Se lo podría haber pasado muy bien.

2) COULD / MAY / MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE.- Posibilidad en el pasado.
Tom is not at home. He could have gone to the cinema. = Puede que se haya ido al cine.
He may have gone to the cinema. = Es posible que se haya ido al cine.
He might have gone to the cinema. = A lo mejor se ha ido al cine.
3) MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE.- Expresa certeza o deducción lógica de una situación del pasado.
The accident was terrible. He must have felt terrible. = El accidente fue horrible. Ha debido sentirse
fatal.
4) CAN'T / COULDN'T + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE.- Expresa imposibilidad en el pasado.
Tom can't have broken / couldn't have broken the window. He wasn't here. = Tom no ha podido
haber roto la ventana, no estuvo aquí.
5) SHOULD / OUGHT TO + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE.- Para opinar de situaciones del paado, aunque sea
demasiado tarde.
You shouldn't have invited Gina, she is horrible! = No deberías haber invitado a Gina...
Mum was worried. I ought to have called her before.= Mamá estaba preocupada. Debería haberla
llamado antes.
6) NEEDN'T HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE.- Para expresar acciones que se hiciero en el pasado pero no eran
necesarias.
You needn't have woken me up so early, it is Sunday! = No tenías que haberme despertado tan
pronto, ¡es domingo!
14.- RELATIVE CLAUSES
USE
Los pronombres relativos y algunos adverbios introducen una oración subordinada, (la oración
relativa), en una oración principal. Elegimos un pronombre relativo u otro dependiendo del sustantivo
al que se refiere en la oración principal (antecedente).
1) WHO or THAT.- Para referirnos a personas. That es más informal.

The man who / that works here is very nice. = El hombre que trabaja aquí es muy majo.

2)WHOM. Es com who cuando funciona como objeto de la oración relativa. Más común en inglés
formal.
The man whom I saw was a vey strange man. = El hombre al que ví era muy alto.
pr. relativo objeto
3) WHICH or THAT.- Para referirnos a cosas. That es más informal.

This is the song which / that I listened yesterday. = Esta es la canción que escuché ayer.
4) WHOSE.- Para expresar posesión.

Maria, whose son lives in London, is my teacher. = María, cuyo hijo vive en Londres, es mi profesora.
5) WHEN.- (Adverbio). Para referirnos al tiempo.

The day when I was born was rainy day. = El día en que nací era un día lluvioso.
6) WHERE.- (Adverbio). Para referirnos a lugares.

The house where Ann lives is very small. = La casa donde vive Ana es muy pequeña.
14.1.- DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (oraciones especificativas)
1) Dan información esencial sobre el sustantivo al que siguen o modifican. Sin la oración relativa, la
frase no tendría sentido.
2) Nunca van entre comas.
She is the woman who won the lottery. = Ella es la mujer que ganó la lotería.
or. principal oración relativa
That's the house where I live. = Esa es la casa donde vivo.

or. principal or. relativa
The films which I like most are horror films. = Las películas que más me gustan son las de miedo.
3) Se pueden omitir los pronombre relativos en las defining sentences cuando los pronombres
funcionan como objeto de la oración relativa. En inglés oral who / which / that se suelen omitir siempre.
Whose y where no se puede omitir nunca.
This is the film which / that I saw. = Ésta es la película que vi.
pr. relativo objeto sujeto or. relativa
This is the film I saw.= Se puede omitir
This is the film which / that cost millions of dollars. = Es la película que costó millones de dólares
pr. relativo sujeto (no se puede omitir)

14.2.- NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (oraciones explicativas)
1) Dan información extra que no es esencial para el antecedente ni la oración principal.

2) Siempre van separadas por comas.
3) Nunca se puede omitir el pronombre relativo.
4) No se puede utilizar that.
Tom, who is from Australia, is my new teacher. = Tom, que es de Australia, es mi nuevo profe.
oración relativa
His teachers at the school, where he still studies, are very young.= Sus profes del cole, donde todavía
oración relativa estudia, son muy jóvenes.
14.3.- PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS Y PREPOSICIONES
- Las preposiciones pueden ir antes del pronombre relativo (más formal) o al final de la oración
relativa (más coloquial).
This is the city in which my mum was born. = Ésta es la ciudad en la que nació mi madre.
formal
This is the city which my mum was born in. = Ésta es la ciudad en la que nació mi madre.
informal
- Cuando utilizamos una preposición delante de who, se convierte en whom. Who y that no pueden
ir después de una preposición.
Jack is the man with whom I went to school. = Jack es el hombre con el que fui al cole.
formal
Jack is the man who I went to school with. = Jack es el hombre con el que fui al cole.
informal
15.- REPORTED SPEECH

15.1-USES
- Utilizamos el estilo indirecto cuando queremos comunicar a alguien lo que otra persona ha dicho sin
usar sus mismas palabras.
DIRECT SPEECH: He told me, “I'm tired”. = Me dijo: “estoy cansado”.

REPORTED SPEECH: He told me that he was tired. = Me dijo que estaba cansado.

15.2.-ASPECTOS GENERALES
l En ESTILO DIRECTO:
1) utilizamos comillas (“ ”).
2) la cita comienza con letra mayúscula.
l En ESTILO INDIRECTO:
1) No hay comillas: She said she was studying French. (no “”)
2) Los pronombres cambian.
“I love my dog”, she said. → She said she loved her dog.
3) El verbo de la oración en estilo indirecto da un salto atrás si el “reporting verb” (say, tell,...) está
en pasado.
“I am studying French now”, my sister said. → My sister said that she was studying French then.
PERO no hay cambio en el tiempo verbal en los siguientes casos:

a) Cuando el reporting verb está en presente:
“This chocolate is delicious”, he said. → He says this chocolate is delicious.
b) Cuando algo es un hecho o una verdad permanente:
“Everest is about 29,000 feet high”, she said. → She said that Everest is about 29,000 feet high.
4) Las expresiones de tiempo y lugar cambian.

“I want to live here”, he said. → He said he wanted to live THERE.
“I bought a car yesterday”, he said. → He said that he had bought a car the DAY BEFORE.
5) That puede omitirse, sobre todo en lenguaje informal.
They say: ‘We live near here’.= Ellos dicen: “nosotros vivimos cerca de aquí“.
They say (that) they live near here.= Ellos dicen que viven cerca de aquí.
15.3.- CAMBIOS EN LOS TIEMPOS VERBALES
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE
She said, “I work in London”. She said (that) she worked in London.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS

“I am teaching”, Jenny said. Jenny said (that) she was teaching.

PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
“I worked in London last year”, Jenny said. She said (that) she had worked in London the year
before.
PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
"She was working at the cinema..."he said. He said that she had been working at the cinema.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
“I have worked in London”, Jenny said. Jenny said (that) she had worked in London.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
"She has been working at the hospital", Tina said. Tina said that she had been working at the
hospital.
PAST PERFECT NO CHANGE
"She had worked in London", Tom said. Tom said that she had worked in London.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS NO CHANGE
"Ann had been working in London", Tom said. Tom said that Ann had beenn working in London.
FUTURE SIMPLE (WILL) WOULD
Harry told me, “I will arrive home early”. Harry told me (that) he would arrive home early.
FUTURE "be going to" PAST SIMPLE
"I am going to travel to the USA", she said. She said (that)she was going to travel to ...
FUTURE CONTINUOUS WOULD BE + -ING
"I will be working at the hospital", Ann said. Ann said (that) she would be working at the ....
CAN COULD
“I can go to the party”, Jenny said. Jenny said (that) she could go to the party.
MUST /HAVE TO HAD TO / MUST
“I must go”, Peter said. Peter said (that) he had to go.
MAY MIGHT
Jenny said, “I may go to the party". Jenny said (that) she might go to the party.
Los siguientes verbos modales y semi modales no cambian:
should – could – would – might – ought to – used to
15.4.- CAMBIOS EN LAS EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO Y LUGAR
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

now then

today that day

tonight that night
tomorrow the day after / the following day
yesterday the previous day / the day before
last night the previous night / the night before
next week, next year... the following week / year...
a week ago / an hour ago... a week before / an hour before...
here there
this / these that / those
my / your ... his / her ...
15.5.- REPORTING VERBS.
a) Son los verbos que introducen el estilo indirecto. Los más comunes en los reported
statements (oraciones enunciativas), son say y tell, son neutrales:
l tell siempre va seguido de un objeto indirecto:
Sara told him that she was tired that day.= Sara le dijo (a él) que ella estaba cansada...
l Say puede ir seguido o no de un objeto indirecto, aunque seguido de to:
Sara said to him that she was tired that day. (con objeto indirecto)
Sara said that she was tired that day. (sin objeto indirecto)
b) Para expresar intención u otros sentimientos, hay muchos otros reporting verbs:
- admit: She admitted (that) she was wrong.= Admitió que estaba equivocada.
l claim: declarar, aegurar. John claimed (that) he would get married soon.
l confirm: confirmar. Sarah confirmed (that) she had cheated in the exam.
l Deny, reveal, explain, remind, warm, convince, reply, state, declare, etc.
15.6.- REPORTED QUESTIONS
a) Las oraciones interrogativas indirectas se convierten en oraciones enunciativas, por lo que dejan de
tener la etructura de una pregunta en estilo directo.
“Have you got a pencil?”, Tina asked. → Tina asked (me) if I had a pencil.

estructura or. interrogativa estructura oración enunciativa
b) Pueden ir introducidas por los verbos: ask, know, want to know, wonder (preguntarse), not know.
c) Si la oración interrogativa directa es total (se puede contestar con sí o no), utilizamos if or
whether en la oración interrogativa indirecta.
DIRECTA: He asked me, 'do you know Jim?' (Yes/No)

INDIRECTA: He asked me if / whether I Knew Jim.= Me preguntó si conocía a Jim.
d) Si la oración interrogariva directa es parcial (wh- questions = no se pueden responder con sí o
no), incluimos las partículas interrogativas (who, when, etc.) en la oración indirecta.
DIRECTA: He asked me, 'where does Jim live?'

INDIRECTA: He asked me where Jim lived. = Me preguntó dónde vivía Jim.
e) Los cambios de los tiempos verbales son los mismos que para las oraciones declarativas indirectas.
15.7.- REPORTED REQUESTS and COMMANDS. (peticiones u órdenes)

- En estilo directo utilizamos el imperativo para dar órdenes o pedir cosas.
Open the door, please.
Don't open the door, please.
a) Para convertir al estilo indirecto una orden o petición afirmativa seguimos este orden:
reporting verb + object + to + infinitive
“Pass me the salt, please”, he said to me. → He told me to pass him the salt.
reporting vb. object to + infinitive
b) Para convertir al estilo indirecto una orden o petición negativa:

reporting verb + object + not to + infinitive
“Don't touch the dog”, she said to the boy. → She told the boy not to touch the dog.
- Verbos frecuentes: tell, ask (preguntar o pedir), beg (rogar), warn (advertir), order (ordenar), etc.
15.8.- REPORTED SUGGESTIONS
DIRECT SPEECH: 'Let's go for a walk', he suggested.

REPORTED SPEECH: He suggested (that) we went for a walk.

O también: He suggested going for a walk.
15.9.- OTHER REPORTING VERBS
- Existen numerosos verbos que pueden utilizarse para introducir el estilo indirecto, y muchos siguen
estructuras diferentes. Aunque existen más, algunos ejemplos son:
a) reporting verb + to + infinitive

- Agree, promise, offer.
'I promise to love you forever', she said. → She promised to love me forever.
b) reporting verb +(that) + clause (oración)

- Insist, explain, suggest, recommend, predict, etc.
'Roast the meat', he recommended. → He recommended that I roasted the meat.
c) reporting verb + object + to + infinitive

- Order, warn, persuade, encourage, invite, etc.
'I want you to come to the pool', he said. → He invited me to come to the pool.
d) reporting verb + ing form or noun

- Recommend, suggest, propose. (algunos verbos pueden tener varios patrones)
'Roast the meat', he recommended. → He recommended roasting the meat.
15.- VERBS + -ING or TO + INFINITIVE

15.1.- VERB+ -ING FORM
Algunos verbos van siempre seguidos de un gerundio (-ing form).

- ADMIT - IMAGINE
- AVOID - INVOLVE
- CONSIDER - KEEP ON (= continuar)
- DELAY - (DON’T) MIND
- DISLIKE - MISS
- ENJOY - POSTPONE
- FANCY - PRACTISE
- FEEL LIKE (= apetecer) - PUT OFF (= posponer)
- FINISH - RISK
- GIVE UP (= dejar de) - (CAN’T) STAND (= soportar)
- CAN’T HELP (= no poder evitar) - SUGGEST , etc.
I avoid eating chocolate at nights. = Evito comer chocolate por las noches.
She suggested going to the theatre. = Sugirió ir al teatro.
I have just given up smoking.= Acabo de dejar de fumar.
15.2.- VERB + TO + INFINITIVE

Otros verbos van seguidos de to + infinitivo.
- AFFORD - EXPECT
- AGREE - FAIL
- APPEAR - HELP
- ARRANGE - HOPE
- ASK - LEARN (= aprender a)
- ATTEMPT - MANAGE
- BEG - MEAN (= tener intención de)

- OFFER
- CHOOSE
- PREPARE
- DARE - PRETEND
- DECIDE - PROMISE
- REFUSE

- SEEM - WANT
- THREATEN - WISH, etc.
I didn't mean to be so rude. = No quería ser tan maleducada.

We hope to have more free time next year. = Esperamos tener más tiempo libre...
15.3.- VERB + OBJECT + TO + INFINITIVE

En otros casos los verbos necesitan un objeto indirecto antes del infinitivo.
- FORCE - RECOMMEND
- ADVISE - REMIND
- ALLOW - TEACH (= enseñar a)
- ASK - TELL
- BEG - WARN
- CONVINCE - ASK
- HELP
- EXPECT
- GET (= convencer)
- HELP
- INVITE
- MEAN (= tener intención de)
- ORDER
- WARN
- PERSUADE
- WANT, etc.
She remind me to phone Mary. = Me recordó que llamara a Mary

I asked him to go with me. = Le pedí que fuera conmigo.
My parents warned us not to go out tonight. Mis padres nos advirtieron de que no
saliéramos esta noche.
15.4.- VERB + -ING FORM or TO + INFINITIVE. NO CHANGE in meaning.

Existen algunos verbos que pueden ir seguidos tanto de -ing como de to + infinitive, SIN cambiar de
significado:
l BEGIN / START l LOVE

l CONTINUE l PREFER
l HATE l INTEND
l LIKE
He began looking / to look for a job 6 months ago.

I like swimming / to swim in the sea.
She prefers working / to work at night.
a) LIKE
En inglés británico, se emplea frecuentemente LIKE + forma –ing para indicar que algo nos gusta. Se
emplea LIKE + infinitivo con TO para indicar que se hace algo porque se considera una buena idea.
I like reading books.
I like to get up early on Sundays mornings.
Detrás de WOULD LIKE, WOULD LOVE, WOULD HATE y WOULD PREFER, se emplea el infinitivo
con TO.
b) PREFER Se puede construir de dos formas distintas:

- Prefer + forma –ing + to + forma –ing : I prefer going to the theatre than staying at home.
- Would prefer + infinitivo con to + rather than + infinitivo sin to.
I would prefer to go to the cinema rather than stay at home.
c) BEGIN, START, CONTINUE

No se suele emplear la forma –ing detrás de las formas continuas de BEGIN, START, CONTINUE
(para evitar dos terminaciones en –ing).
Detrás de BEGIN, CONTINUE y START, se suelen emplear los verbos UNDERSTAND, KNOW y
REALISE con infinitivo con TO, no con la forma –ing.
15.5.- VERB + -ING FORM or TO + INFINITIVE. CHANGE in meaning.

Detrás de los siguientes verbos se puede emplear la forma –ing o to + infinitive, CON diferencia de
significado.
- REMEMBER - STOP
- FORGET - GO ON
- TRY - REGRET
1) Remember / forget
- remember / forget + -ing Cuando se recuerda u olvida algo después de hacerlo.
I remember closing the window. = Recuerdo cerrar la ventana (la acción de recordarlo ha
sido después de haberlo hecho).
- remember / forget + to + infinitive Cuando se recuerda u olvida algo antes de tener que hacerlo.
I didn't remember to close the window. = No me acordé de cerrar la ventana. (la acción
de
no recordarlo fue antes de haberlo hecho).
2) Stop
- stop + -ing Dejar de hacer algo / abandonar un hábito
I stopped sleeping so many hours. = Dejé de dormir tantas horas.
- stop + to + infinitive Dejar de hacer lo que estaba haciendo para hacer otra acción.
I stopped to have a sandwich.= Paré para comer un sandwich.
3) Regret
- regret + -ing Arrepentirse o sentir algo sobre el pasado.
I regret telling her the truth .= Me arrepiento de haberle contado la verdad.
- regret + to + infinitive Informar de algo desagradable / de malas noticias.

I regret to tell you the bad news.= Siento contarte las malas noticias.
4) Try
- try + -ing Probar o experimentar algo para ver si da resultado o funciona.
The car won't start. Why don't we try pushing it? = El coche no arranca. ¿por qué no
probamos / intentamos empujarlo?
- try + to + infinitive Hacer el esfuerzo , intentar algo difícil.

I tried to push the car, but I couldn't. = Intenté empujar el coche, pero no pude.

5) Need
- need + to + infinitive Necesitar hacer algo.
I need to sleep a lot. = Necesito dormir mucho.
- need + -ing Significado pasivo.

My car needs servicing. = Mi coche necesita ser arreglado.
15.6.- VERB + INFINITIVE (NO TO)

l Detrás de los verbos modales, excepto ought to.
I must go to the doctor's.
l Detrás de would rather o had better:

I would rather go to the cinema. = Preferiría ir al cine.
You had better go home no. = Mejor que te vayas ya a casa. / Más te vale que te vayas a
casa.
l Detrás de let (sugerencias).

Let's watch a film. = Veamos una peli.
l Let + object + verb

My mum lets me go.= Mi madre me deja ir.
l Make + object + verb

My mum makes me go. = Mi madre me hace ir.
l Verbos see, watch, listen to, hear, feel, notice:

- + ing : cuando sólo se ve, oye, etc. parte de la acción:
I saw Tom buying a car. = Vi a Tom comprándose un coche. (No había acabado)
- + infinitive (sin to): cuando se ve, oye, etc. Toda la acción:

I saw Tom buy a car. = Vi a Tom comprarse un coche. (Vio toda la acción)

15.7.- MORE INFO

1) PREPOSITION+ -ing
Cuando hay un verbo detrás de una preposición (por ejemplo, in, of, about, before, after), va siempre
en la forma –ing.
We are talking about going to the beach. = Hablamos sobre ir / de ir a la playa.
After watching the film, I want to have dinner. = Después de ver la peli...
2) -ING FORM / TO + INFINITIVE as SUBJECT

Las dos formas se pueden emplear como sujeto, aunque la forma en –ing es la más habitual.Cuando se
emplea el infinitivo, es más común comenzar la frase con it (como “sujeto anticipado”).
Smoking is bad for your health. = Fumar es malo.

It is bad for your health to smoke. = Fumar es malo.

REPHRASING
MIXED TENSES and more... ( UNIT 1)
1. What's your age?

How ….........................................................
2. What's her personality?
What ….........................................................
3. Do you go to the gym frequently?
How ….........................................................
4. When did you meet them?
How …................................................
5. She started studying for her maths test yesterday.
She has …..............................................
6. I am not as good at dancing as she is.
I …...........................................................
7. He hasn't eaten meat since last year.
He has…...........................................................
8. They moved to Madrid two years ago.
They have …...........................................................
9. She hasn't smoked for three months.
She stopped ….......................................................
10. She needed a job, so she sent off an application.
She sent off ….........................................................
11. Who do these keys belong to?
Whose …...............................................................
12. Although she was ill, she visited her relatives.
Despite …...............................................................
13. I forgot to phone Anthony on his birthday.

I …...........................................................................
14. The children couldn't go out to the playgraound because it was raining.
As ….......................................................................
15. The meat was tastier than the fish.
The fish …..............................................................
16. How much does this T-shirt cost?

How …..................................................................
17. John lives next door.
…..........................................................................
18. John lives next door.
…..........................................................................
19. I told her the truth.
….........................................................................
…..........................................................................
…..........................................................................
…..........................................................................
23. I told her the truth because she's my friend.
…..........................................................................
24. I told her the truth last week.
…...........................................................................
25. Do you prefer the white one or the blue one?
Which …............................................................

RELATIVE PRONOUNS (UNIT 2)
1. This is the place. We had a coffee together there.

…................................................................................................................................................................
2. This is the man. His job is really dangerous.
…................................................................................................................................................................
3. That man's brother is my new English teacher.
…..................................................................................................................................................................
4. Fiona is smiling on the picture. She's my boss.
…..................................................................................................................................................................
5. Sharon is going to marry a man. He's Eric's nephew.
…..................................................................................................................................................................
6. All the secondary students behaved well. They were on a school trip.
…..................................................................................................................................................................
7. He got angry with me. I didn't understand his reasons.
….................................................................................................................................................................
8. Not all the secondary students were on a school trip. Only those who were had behaved well.
….................................................................................................................................................................
9. That's the town. I was born there.
….................................................................................................................................................................
10. That is the dish. It is my favourite one.
….................................................................................................................................................................
11. Last night they called the firefighters. They came immediately.
….................................................................................................................................................................
12. He's a good man. His children are quite rude.
….................................................................................................................................................................
13. That's the boy. You were looking at him.
….................................................................................................................................................................
14. This is the handbag. I bought it yesterday.
….................................................................................................................................................................
15. This is the handbag. It was on sale.
….................................................................................................................................................................
16. That's the film. I told you about it.
….................................................................................................................................................................
17. My classroom is that one over there. Its door is closed.
….................................................................................................................................................................
18. That's a neighbour of mine. He won the lottery some months ago.

….................................................................................................................................................................
19. That's my old house. I used to live there when I was little kid.
….................................................................................................................................................................
20. They are my neighbours. Their children are very naughty.
......................................................................................................................................................................
MODAL VERBS (UNIT 3)

1. Perhaps the flight is delayed.
….................................................................................................................................................................
2. I'm sure they're not at home.
…................................................................................................................................................................
3. They are certainly at home.
….................................................................................................................................................................
4. There is little probability that it rains by the end of the day.
…..................................................................................................................................................................
5. If I were in your shoes, I would tell my parents.
….................................................................................................................................................................
6. You are not obliged to finish it right now.
…..................................................................................................................................................................
7. It is necessary that you use goggles if you go diving.
…..................................................................................................................................................................
8. I'm not sure whether they are married or not.
…...................................................................................................................................................................
9. Riding your bike without a helmet is forbidden.
…....................................................................................................................................................................
10. You can't go out. Your parents won't let you.
…....................................................................................................................................................................
MODAL PERFECTS
11. Jack found 50 euros in a classroom. He didn't tell anyone and now he's been accused of stealing it.

…....................................................................................................................................................................
12. Gina rode her moped without a helmet and crashed into a tree. She's in hospital with head injuries.
…...................................................................................................................................................................
13. Maya thought her phone had been stolen, so she bought a new one. She later found her old phone
under her bed.
…....................................................................................................................................................................
14. Zac took a friend's bike without asking. When he returned it, he found his friend talking to the
police.
…...................................................................................................................................................................
15. There's a possibility that he forgot we were going to meet here today.
…...................................................................................................................................................................
THE PASSIVE (UNIT 4)
1. It was 10 o'clock in the evening and the waiter hadn't served our dinner yet.
…..................................................................................................................................................................
2. A rude woman took Bill's seat some moments ago.
….................................................................................................................................................................
3. They are going to deliver their new furniture by the end of next week.
….................................................................................................................................................................
4. We take our car to the mechanic's every six months to keep it in perfect conditions.
…................................................................................................................................................................
5. Everybody believes this is the truth.
…...............................................................................................................................................................
6. Lionel had already walked the dog when his parents got back from work.
…...............................................................................................................................................................
7. This time yesterday the designer was showing us this unique bride outfit.
…...............................................................................................................................................................
8. Did they wrap up the birthday gift?
…...............................................................................................................................................................
9. My grandad taught me to fish when I was teenager.
…...............................................................................................................................................................
10. Nobody likes people laughing at them.
…...............................................................................................................................................................

11. No one has told her about it yet.

…...............................................................................................................................................................
PASSIVE TO ACTIVE
12. Our Tv is turned on at home while we're having lunch.

…..............................................................................................................................................................
13. My exam was being marked as I waited impatiently.
…..............................................................................................................................................................
14. Every book in the store has been signed by their author. How curious!
…..............................................................................................................................................................
15. Is going to be dismissed?
…...............................................................................................................................................................
CAUSATIVE HAVE / GET
16. I'm sick and tired of my hairdo. I think............................................... (dye)

17. - Your room looks different!
- Yes, I …............................................................................................ (redecorate)
18. - Are you building your new house yourselves?
- No, we.......................................................................................... (build)
19. - What's that on your nose? A piercing?
- Yes, I.............................................................................................(pierce)
20. My computer crashed yesterday morning. I................................................................ (fix) by my
brother-in-law. He's really into technology!

CONDITIONALS (UNIT 5)
1. Luckily, I went out last night and met lots of friendly new people.
If …..........................................................................................................................................................
2. They say it will probably rain tomorrow. In that case, I'll stay home.
I................................................................................................................................................................
3. I have a dream in case I win the lottery one day: taking a gap year and travelling around the world.
If …..........................................................................................................................................................
4. My advice for that headache is that you take a painkiller.
I................................................................................................................................................................
5. I won't go to Paris unless I find a cheap flight.
If …..........................................................................................................................................................
6. I never sunbathe because I get sunburnt easily.
I …...........................................................................................................................................................
7. We didn't pick you up at the airport because you didn't phone us.
If …..........................................................................................................................................................
8. She wantd to buy those clothes but she was broke.
If …...........................................................................................................................................................
MIXED CONDITIONALS

9. He didn't take good financial decissions and now he's got no money.
If …...........................................................................................................................................................
10. That sportswoman took steroids and now she's got a criminal record.
If …............................................................................................................................................................
11. I didn't invite them for dinner. But I .............................................................. if I .............a good cook.
(not hesitate / be)
12. If we ......................................a good map, we .................................. in the middle of nowhere now.
( buy / not be)
13. If I ................................. afraid of flying, I ........................................................... you in California a
long time ago. (be / visit)
14. I........................................my driving licence if I ............................................ at the traffic lights. (have
/ stop)
15. If you .......................................... your business, you ...................................... life now. (sell / can
enjoy)
I WISH / IF ONLY
1) Joe has got very bad sunburn - yesterday he stayed in the sun for long.
I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2) He's got an awful
stomachache - yesterday he ate a lot.
I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) Lewis hurt his leg in a car
crash - yesterday he didn't drive carefully.
I ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4) Sue has hurt her back - yesterday she lifted a heavy table on her own.
I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5) I'm so shy.
I wish………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6) I don't know what to say to people.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7) I find it so difficult to make friends.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8) I'm not good-looking. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9) My ears are so big. If only ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

10) A zoo keeper: "I wish people ………………………………… (feed) the animals."
11) A teacher: "I wish my students ………………………………… (do) their homework on time."
12) My mum: "If only my son ………………………………… (clean) the bath after he has used it."
13) A park keeper: "I wish people ………………………………… (pick) the flowers."
14) A street cleaner: "If only people ………………………………… (take) their litter home.
15) You'd like the baby to stop crying because you're trying to sleep.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
16) It's a pity you can't swim. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
17) You don't like it when Jack leaves the door open.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
18) You have to work tomorrow but you'd like to stay in bed.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
19) You would like people to stop fighting.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
20) You're sorry you didn't bring your camera.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
REPORTED SPEECH (UNIT 6)

1. “Are you being served?”
The waiter.............................................................................................................................................
2. “You must eat pasta before the race”
My coach ….........................................................................................................................................
3. “You can't leave until everyone's finished the exam”
Their teacher........................................................................................................................................
4. “What dishes are typical of the region?”
The customer …...................................................................................................................................
5. “He works in a bank”, she said.
She said ..............................................................................................................................................
6. “I’m coming!”, she said.
She said ..............................................................................................................................................
7. “ I’d never been there before”, she said.
She said .............................................................................................................................................
8. “You should go to bed early”, she told me
She told ..............................................................................................................................................
9. “They would help if they could” he said.

............................................................................................................................................................
10. He asked:”Do you live in the country Peter?”
He asked me.........................................................................................................................................
11. She wanted to know:”Will we get there on time, John?”
She wanted to know ...........................................................................................................................
12. He asked:” When are you going to start work tomorrow?”
He asked ............................................................................................................................................
13. “Please help me carry this”.
She asked me .....................................................................................................................................
14. “Please come early”.
She .....................................................................................................................................................
15. “Tidy your room!”, my dad shouted at me.
..........................................................................................................................................................
- USE REPORTING VERBS (offer, apologize, remind, invite...)
16. “I'm sorry for not telling you I'm a vegetarian”

Sara …...................................Mike …...................................................................................................
17. “I'll help you make the lunch”
My brother …............................. me …................................................................................................
18. “Would you like to go for an Italian meal with me?”
Alice ….............................. Jake ….......................................................................................................
19. “Why don't we eat at the new Lebanese restaurant?”
Harry …................................ us …........................................................................................................
20. “Remember. You must heat the oven first”
Ewan................................... her …........................................................................................................

-ING FORM / TO + INFINITIVE
1) She delayed .................................................................... (get) out of bed.

2) He demanded .................................................................... (speak) to the manager.
3) I offered .................................................................... (help).
4) I miss .................................................................... (go) to the beach.
5) We postponed .................................................................... (do) our homework.
6) I’d hate .................................................................... (arrive) too late.
7) She admitted .................................................................... (steal) the money.
8) I chose ....................................................................(work) here.
9) She waited....................................................................(buy) a drink.
10) I really appreciate .................................................................... (be) on holiday.
11) I couldn’t help .................................................................... (laugh).
12) It seems .................................................................... (be) raining.

13) I considered ....................................................................(move) to Spain.

14) They practised ....................................................................(speak).
15) Finally I managed .................................................................... (finish) the work.
16) I really can’t stand .................................................................... (wait) for the bus.
17) Unfortunately, we can’t afford ...................................................... (buy) a new car this year.
18) She risked .................................................................... (be) late.
19) I’d love .................................................................... (come) with you.
20) I prepared .................................................................... (go) on holiday.
MIXED REPHRASING
1. She hasn’t enjoyed herself so much for years.

It is years ……….................................................................................................................................
2. I’m going to the theatre tomorrow, and I’m really looking forward to it.
I’m really looking ...............................................................................................................................
3. She’s getting someone to mend the windows.
She’s having .........................................................................................................................................
4. I thought it would be better than that.
It’s not … ………..................................................................................................................................
5. Mary said to us “Don’t be late”.
She told ..................................................................................................................................................
6. She made a lot of mistakes because she didn’t study hard for the exam.
If she.....................................................................................................................................................
7. If your boyfriend doesn’t arrive before eight, we will have to leave.

Unless ……..........................................................................................................................................
8. The children couldn’t go out to the playground because it was raining.
As ........................................................................................................................................................
9. The last time we saw that movie was six months ago.
We have …............................................................................................................................................
10. Smoking is forbidden in most restaurants.
You …………........................................................................................................................................
11. The shop assistant didn’t give us the ticket.
We ........................................................................................................................................................
12. Al swims faster than Peter.
Peter ......................................................................................................................................................
13. Albert is coming back from hospital tomorrow. He has just broken his ankle.
Albert ……….........................................................................................................................................
14. “How much is this T-shirt?”, she asked.
She asked ...............................................................................................................................................
15. If you want my advice, don’t eat so many cakes!
You .........................................................................................................................................................
16. I am sorry I didn’t work hard enough last year.
I wish ……….........................................................................................................................................
17. Although he was exhausted, he managed to finish reading the novel.
Despite ...................................................................................................................................................
18. Write the correct question for the underlined words:
- ………….........................................................................................................................................
- Gerard plays tennis twice a week.
19. “Will you open the door, please?” he said to me.
He asked …….......................................................................................................................................
20. They gave John a prize for winning a medal in the last Olympics.
John .......................................................................................................................................................
21. I hadn’t expected this task to be so difficult.
This task …............................................................................................................................................
22. I spoke to a shop assistant at Harrods. She was very polite.
The shop assistant…………...................................................................................................................
23. I can’t go on holiday because I can’t afford it.
If I .........................................................................................................................................................
24. Despite the good weather, we stayed indoors.
Although ...............................................................................................................................................

25. If you don´t practise any sport, you will probably have a heart attack.
Unless.....................................................................................................................................................
26. There is the woman. She cleans my house once a week.
There is....................................................................................................................................................
27. Somebody is asking for Peter on the phone.
Peter.........................................................................................................................................................
28. The teacher promised Mary a prize.
Mary........................................................................................................................................................
29. We believe that he has a special knowledge which may be useful to the police.
It.............................................................................................................................................................
30. Tina can´t come to the party and she´s my best friend.
I wish......................................................................................................................................................
31. She started drinking too much alcohol two years ago. (Verbal Tenses)
She has
…................................................................................................................................
..............
32. I don’t have a computer so I can’t type the essay on English grammar.
(Conditional Sentence)
If .............................................................................................................................
...............................
33. Despite having been vaccinated she caught the flu. (Contrast Connector)
Although she
…................................................................................................................................
..
34. “We will arrest them for illegal entry in the country”, the policeman said. (Reported
Speech)
The policeman said
…........................................................................................................................
35. The teacher glued the pieces of the broken toy. (Passive)
The pieces
…................................................................................................................................
........
36. It is possible that I finish work earlier than usual today. (Modal verb)

I
…................................................................................................................................
..........................
37. This is the place. We last had coffee together here. (Relative Clauses)
This is
…................................................................................................................................
...............
38. I love German. Unfortunately, I can’t speak it fluently. (Wish)

I
wish ............................................................................................................................
.........................
39. As he hadn’t behaved himself, his parents got angry with him. (Causal Connector)
His
parents .......................................................................................................................
......................
40. Everybody must read the instructions first. (Passive)
The
instructions ................................................................................................................
.....................
41. He made an effort to speak in English. (Gerund/Infinitive)

He
tried ............................................................................................................................
...................
42. I spent my holidays in France. (Question)
..............................................................................................................................
...............................
43. This is the man. His job is very dangerous. (Relative Clauses)
This
is ................................................................................................................................
...............
44. The engineer has repaired my television. (Have sth. Done)

I’ve .......................................................................................................................
.............................
45. She gave up going to French lessons. (Gerund/ Infinitive)
She
stopped .......................................................................................................................
..................

46. I regretted having hit the dog on the head. (Wish)

I
wish ............................................................................................................................
.....................
47. I’m not as good at English as you are. (Comparatives)

Y
….................................................................................................................................
............
48.- “What time do the banks close today?” (Reported Speech
Tim ask
me ..............................................................................................................................
49. Sharon hasn’t eaten junk food since last May. (Gerund/Infinitive)
Shar
stopped ......................................................................................................................
..........
50. My kitchen is being redecorated at the moment. (Have sth. Done)
I
….................................................................................................................................
............
COMPOSITION STRUCTURE
A good composition structure:
- Is made easier by prior planning.
- Makes it clear how you are going to address the question, where you are going and why.
- Sets out your main ideas clearly.
- Makes it clear how the main ideas relate to each other.
- Takes the reader through your answer in a logical, progressive way.
- Organises groups of related information in paragraphs.
- Uses connecting words and phrases to relate each point/idea to earlier and later points.
1.- INTRODUCTION
- Arouse the reader’s interest.
- Set the scene.
- Explain how you interpret the question set.
- Define or explain key terms if necessary.
- Identify the issues that you are going to explore.
- Give a brief outline of how you will deal with each issue, and in which order.

2.- ARGUMENT / MAIN BODY

Contains the points outlined in your introduction, divided into paragraphs:
- Paragraph 1
- Covers the first thing you said you would address.
- The first sentence (the topic sentence) introduces the main idea of the paragraph.
- Other sentences develop the topic.
- Include relevant examples, details, evidence, quotations, references.
- Paragraph 2 and other paragraphs

- The first sentence links the paragraph to the previous paragraph then introduces the main
idea of the paragraph.
3.- CONCLUSION
- Draw everything together.
- Summarise the main themes.
- State your general conclusions.
- Make it clear why those conclusions are important or significant.
- Do not introduce new material.
- In the last sentence, sum up your argument very briefly, linking it to the title.
- Suggest further questions of your own.

Discourse markers / Connectors

Son expresiones que sirven para unir las diferentes partes del texto y captar el encadenamiento
cronológico y lógico de las ideas.
1. CONSTRUIR LA REDACCIÓN
a) Introducción
b) Primer párrafo
At first sight A primera vista
First of all Antes que nada
In the first place En primer lugar
To start with Para empezar
c) Segundo párrafo
In the second place, En segundo lugar,
Second, Segundo,
Secondly, En segundo lugar,
Third, Tercero,
Thirdly, En tercer lugar,
d) Conclusión
Finally, Por último,
In conclusion, Para concluir,
Lastly, Por último,
2.- AÑADIR INFORMACIÓN

and eventually, y finalmente,
apart from + noun aparte de + sustantivo
besides , además,

in addition to + noun además de + sustantivo

in addition, además,
moreover, además,
On the one hand, Por una parte,
On the other hand, Por otra parte,
on top of that, además,
what's more, además; lo que es más,
3.- ESTABLECER UN CONTRASTE

however, sin embargo
instead of en vez de
neverthelesss, no obstante
on the contrary, por el contrario
whereas / while mientras
though / although aunque
4.- EXPLICAR CAUSAS

because of + noun a causa de + sustantivo
due to + noun debido a + sustantivo
due to the fact that + sentence debido a que + oración
for this/that reason por esta/esa razón
5. - EXPLICAR RESULTADOS
as a result Como resultado, en consecuencia
consequently En consecuencia
therefore Por lo tanto
6.- EXPRESAR ALGO DE OTRA MANERA

in other words, en otras palabras,
in short, en resumen,

that is (to say), es decir,
7.- EXPRESAR HECHOS

actually en realidad
as a matter of fact de hecho
in fact really de hecho
en realidad
8.- EXPRESAR UNA OPINIÓN PERSONAL

as far as I’m concerned por lo que a mí respecta
from my point of view desde mi punto de vista
I agree / disagree estoy de acuerdo / no estoy de
acuerdo
in my opinion en mi opinión
in my view en mi opinión
I think (that) Creo que
it is true that es verdad que
personally personalmente
to be honest, para ser honesto
to tell the truth, a decir verdad
9.- MODIFICAR LO QUE SE ESTÁ DICIENDO

above all sobre todo
at least al menos
basically básicamente, fundamentalmente
especially especialmente
essentially esencialmente, básicamente,
fundamentalmente

in general en general
in particular en particular
more or less más o menos
on the whole en general
to a certain extent hasta cierto punto
10.- PONER EJEMPLOS

,and so on. etcétera
for example, por ejemplo,
for instance, por ejemplo,
such as tal(es) como
11.- RESUMIR LO QUE SE HA DICHO

All in all, En general
In brief, En resumen
In conclusion, Para concluir
In short, En resumen
On the whole, En general
To sum up, Para resumir
12.- SECUENCIAR LA NARRACIÓN

after that después de eso
all of a sudden de repente,
finally finalmente
first of all en primer lugar
in the end al final
in the meantime, mientras tanto

meanwhile mientras tanto

next luego
suddenly de repente,
then entonces, después
while mientras

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English 2nd Batx. Dossier For Students 2

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GRAMMAR DOSSIER 2nd BACHILLERATO

1.- PRESENT SIMPLE

A) TIME EXPRESSIONS utilizadas normalmente con el present simple

1) Normalmente al principio o al final de una frase:

2) Los adverbios de frecuencia se suelen utilizar con el present simple:

¿Dónde aparecen en una oración?

a) En la mayoría de los casos, van inmediatamente delante del verbo:

IES Camp de Morvedre -1- Departamento de Inglés

2.- PRESENT CONTINUOUS

NEGATIVE Am I playing? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.

1) Expresa lo que está ocurriendo en el momento en el que hablamos.

B) TIME EXPRESSIONS: now, at the moment, right now…

IES Camp de Morvedre -2- Departamento de Inglés

3.- PAST SIMPLE

1) Si son verbos regulares añaden -ed a la forma base.

2) Si son verbos regulares: segunda columna

Subject + did not + verb in base form

I didn´t play= no jugué

INTERROGATIVE: todas las formas iguales para verbos regulares e irregulares.

(Question word, si la hay) Did + subject + verb base form + ?

Did you play...? Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.

A) PAST SIMPLE OF VERB TO BE

El verbo to be es especial y no necesita jamás ningún verbo auxiliar, ni en epresente, ni en pasado.

IES Camp de Morvedre -3- Departamento de Inglés

B) USES OF PAST SIMPLE.

I didn't played handball yesterday.--> I didn't play...

IES Camp de Morvedre -4- Departamento de Inglés

4.- PAST CONTINUOUS

Sujeto + past “to be”: was / were + verb –ing

I was playing = yo estaba jugando

I wasn’t playing = yo no estaba jugando

(Question Word: what, when..) + was / were + subject + verb in –ing +?

Was I playing…? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.

IES Camp de Morvedre -5- Departamento de Inglés

A) USES OF PAST CONTINUOUS.

1) Pra hablar de que estaba ocurriendo en un momento determinado del pasado.

2) Para describir dos o más acciones que ocurrían a la vez en el pasado.

B) TIME EXPRESSIONS PAST CONTINUOUS.

● at + time : I was having a shower at 10,00h.= a las 10,00h

● yesterday morning, yesterday afternoon,…= ayer por la mañana, por la tarde…

C) CONTRASTE ENTRE PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS.

-PAST SIMPLE: la acción empezó y acabó.

-PAST CONTINUOUS: acciones prolongadas en el pasado. No se dice cuándo acabaron.

-Antes del past simple usamos when = cuando.

-Antes del past continuous solemos utilizar while / as = ,mientras.

IES Camp de Morvedre -6- Departamento de Inglés

5.- PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

*¿Cómo se forma el participio de los verbos?

b) Verbos irregulares: tercera columna

I have spoken = he hablado or I’ve spoken

I have not played = I haven’t played= no he jugado

IES Camp de Morvedre -7- Departamento de Inglés

Have I been to …? Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t. = He estado en..?

1.- Acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado sin especificar cuándo exactamente.

3.-Acciones que empezaron en el pasado y todavía continúan en la actualidad. A menudo van

2.- ever. (en frases negativas = nunca; en preguntas= alguna vez).

IES Camp de Morvedre -8- Departamento de Inglés

They have just gone to the party.= Acaban de irse a la fiesta.

- En oraciones interrogativas (al final también) = ya

6.- For. = durante Indica la duración de la acción.

7.- Since.= desde Indica un momento determinado, el comienzo.

8.- How long…?= ¿cuánto tiempo?

9.- Always.= siempre