50 Related Literature

Local
1. Marrero (2009) in his study entitled “Student Information
System for the University of the Cordilleras” stressed that
the concept of Information Systems (IS) emerged in the early
1960s. More often, when information system is defined, the
field Information Science is always associated, IS is an
academic field that deals with the generation, collection,
organization, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of
recorded knowledge. Furthermore, it is a collection of
related components designed to support operations,
management, and decision making in an organization.
Generally, IS is supposed to inform people. Information
System supports people or users in making intelligent
decisions based upon the information derived from reliable
data.
a. Marrero, S. “Student Information System for the University of the Cordilleras”. A master
project study. University of the Cordilleras

2. MIT (2009) gave emphasis that Student Information System

(SIS) provides students with access to their academic and
biographic records as well as the ability to update their
address information and pre‐register for classes; it provides
instructors and departmental administrators with class list
information; and provides advisors and departments with
access to the individual academic records of their students.
Therefore, SIS is an integrated approach in acquiring,
storing, analyzing and controlling the flow of student data
throughout the institution. Highly developed SIS can be
useful in nearly all institutional departments’ functions and
can greatly increase efficiency and response times of
traditional labor and time‐intensive processing of student
data.
a. http://student.mit.edu/cgi-docs/govwbin1.html

3. University is a secure, web accessible interactive computer

system that allows user access to grade reports, transcripts,
schedule of classes, and remaining balance for the semester
and register for classes online. Through the system, students
would be assigned a unique identification number. All data to
and from the university would use that unique identifier. The
 use of individual student records would: 1) Increase the
admissions capacity to follow a student’s progress over time;
2) provide better quality data to drive more enlightened
policy decisions resulting in enhanced educational
opportunities for all students; 3) reduce data collection
burden through a web enabled SIS; and 4) as a tool of parents
in monitoring the academic performance of their children.
a. Evangelista. Student Information System (SIS) of Nueva Viscaya State University.
St. Paul University Philippines, 2011
4. According to Desousa (2008), Web based application have four
core benefits. These are the following: 1) Compatibility. Web
based applications are far more compatible across platforms
than traditional installed software like web browsers. 2)
Efficiency. Everyone hates to deal with piles of paper unless
they do not have any other alternatives. The benefit of web
based solution makes services and information available from
any web‐facilitated Personal Computer (PC). 3) Security of
live data. Normally in more complex systems data is moved
about separate systems and data sources. In web‐based systems,
these systems and processes can often be merged by reducing
the need to move the data around. Web‐based applications also
provide an additional security by removing the need for the
user to have access to the data and back end servers. 4) Cost
Effective. Web‐based applications can considerably lower the
costs because of reduced support and maintenance, lower
requirements on the end user system and simplified plans.
a. Desousa, T. (2008. Benefits of Web Applications.
Retrieved from www.articlesbase.com.

5. Swartz (2007) gave emphasis that almost all institutions

depend on data. Consequently, we are witnessing a profound
change in the way in which institutions perceive, understand,
and manage their information. There is now a clear recognition
of the value of information, the creation of new information,
the retrieval of existing information, the storage of
important information, and the disposal of redundant
information. There is also greater awareness of the cost of
acquiring bad, incomplete, or inaccurate information.
a. Swartz, N. (2007). Data Management Problems Widespread.
Organizations Should Regard Data as their Greatest Asset
and Invest in Data Management Accordingly. (ON THE EDGE:
The Use & Misuse of Information). Retrieved from
https://www.accessmylibrary.com
6. Villafania (2007) reported that in the Philippines, the
Commission on Higher Education (CHED) has initiated programs
to secure academic records. CHED and the National Printing
Office (NPO) have signed a memorandum of agreement (MOA) on
the Securitization of Academic Records for college and
university graduates beginning school year 2007. The move is
part of CHED’s drive to stop the use of fake diplomas and
school records. CHED former chairman Carlito Puno said the
MOA aims to secure authenticity of academic records such as
diplomas, transcript of records and special orders from all
colleges and universities in the Philippines. Thus, protect
the image and integrity of Filipino College students to
potential employers both locally and internationally. Puno
emphasized further that the MOA would boost the competitive
edge of the graduates in the labor market for it will ensure
the integrity of credentials of the graduates while
protecting the reputation of higher institutions of learning.
a. NPO sign agreement to secure academic "records"
Retrieved from Inquirer.net
i. Data not accessible from website

7. AISIS Online (2006) posted a precise definition of Ateneo

Integrated Student Information System (AISIS) serves as the
portal for Ateneo students, faculty and staff. Through the
AISIS Online officially enrolled Ateneo students may view
pertinent school information including their Individual
Program of Study (IPS), grades, class schedules and the like.
Students may also eventually enlist using AISIS Online.
Ateneo faculty and staff with access to AISIS, on the other
hand, may submit grades and access their class schedules from
outside the campus.
a. http://aisisonline.ateneo.edu/cmsadmin/aisispost.php?ID=6&postdate=2006-12-18

8. Richard (2004) emphasized that information about students is

vital, but time‐consuming to manage and it is essential that
the most effective tools be used to aid both staff and
students go about their work and studies. The Cambridge
Student Information System (CAMSIS) replaced various student
records system used by the colleges, departments and
universities. CAMSIS provides comprehensive and accurate
information about student body and also improves data
 quality, reduce the administrative burden dramatically and
provides better services to both academic staff and students.
a. https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/cambridge-student-information-system
9. Benguet State University (BSU) is still using a semi‐computer-
based system and paper‐based student information system. Staff
finds it tedious in searching and preparing reports on
student’s information and also laborious due to repetition of
processes done in filling and updating of records. As main
goals of the school “to generate and disseminate new knowledge
and technologies that will promote sustainable resource
development and enrich the competent and effective services
geared towards efficiency and economy” the current system is
inconsistent with the asserted school’s main goals.
a. https://studylib.net/doc/8686449/online-student-information-system-of-
benguet-state-univer...

10. The OSIS‐BSU would be a new way of record management and

transaction processing that would achieve efficiency on
processing student information. It would be a great help to
the administrative personnel, academic personnel, grantors or
stakeholders, parents and students in updating, retrieving
and generating student data.
a. https://studylib.net/doc/8726945/online-student-information-system-of-benguet-state-
univer...

Foreign

Importance of Office Automation System

11. Office automation is the process of applying modern

machines and technology to improve information management as
well as the overall performance of an organization. Small
businesses are often able to perform all their office tasks
from simple desktops or laptops. However, as the business
grows or expands, the scales and number of tasks needed to
keep the business running increases experientially. In the
recent years, the use of office automation to solve increasing
tasks has increased exponentially. This article discusses the
importance of office automation system. The article also
discusses the role of linear actuator in office automation.
[http://bloggerspath.com/importance-of-office-automation-
system/]
12. According to http://www.progressiveautomations.com/,
office automation is extremely important because it help
facilitate flow of information within an organization. For
instance, through teleconferencing, different individuals
from different departments or branches can communicate easily
without travelling long distances for meetings.

13. Today, which we call information age as many technologic

developments have been experienced; the biggest risk that an
organization could take is to stay insensitive to change.
Many significant factors such as continuous developments in
information technologies, information exchange, increasing
expectations of the society, modern managing perceptions and
applications cause organizations all over the world to
develop new applications in order to survive (Demir, 2003).

14. School Management Information Systems

Being at the beginning stage of the School Management
Information Systems, computerization of the school management
is the basic subject of today’s school management. Principals
have started to make use of information systems in the
gradually-increasing daily management staffs (May, 2003).
Generally speaking, the reasons to use information systems
can be stated as increasing effectiveness at work by
processing information, increasing managerial effectiveness
by meeting the need for information and gaining superiority
in competitions directing strategies (Yuen, Law&Wong, 2003).

15. School management information systems aim to provide

support for the managing and educational activities of the
school managers by processing information. Telem (1999)
defines school management information systems as “a
management information system designed to match the
structure, management task, instructional processes and
special needs of the school”.

16. As for a broad definition, contributions of the

information systems to schools can be defined as making
programs more effective, making the teaching process and the
changes in learning environment professional, enabling
 teachers to exchange their experiences in a more systematic
way, working in teams, determining the needs of the students
(Gurr, 2000; Pegler, 1992), supporting the school managers
and other staff in doing their duties, developing their
performances, effectiveness and efficiencies
(Telem&Buvitski, 1995). In other words, school management
information systems increase effectiveness and efficiency by
saving time and facilitating development of alternative
solutions for sophisticated problems (Vissher&Wild, 1997;
Pegler, 1992).

17. Authors of texts related to education suggest that the

major reason for assigning grades is to create a public record
of a student’s academic achievement that can precisely and
successfully communicate to others the level of mastery of a
subject a student has demonstrated (Allen, 2005; Bailey &
McTighe, 2006; Olsen, 2005).
18. Marzano (2000) defined grades as, “The numbers or
letters reported at the end of a set period of time and as a
sum statement of evaluations made of students” and assessment
as “vehicles for gathering information about students‟
achievement or behavior” (p. 12).
19. It is logical to conclude that teacher assessment leads
the teacher to assign grades. The assigning of grades is used
as a means of making students accountable to themselves, their
parents, their future employers, and other educators (Brown,
2008).

The Importance of Database Security and Integrity

20. Databases often hold the backbone of an organization;

Its’ transactions, customers, employee info, financial data
for both the company and its customers, and much more. are
all held in databases, often left to the power of a database
administrator with no security training. Database security
and integrity are essential aspects of an organization’s
security posture.
https://www.checkmarx.com/2016/06/24/20160624the-
importance-of-database-security-and-integrity/

21. Inquiry is an approach to learning whereby students find

and use a variety of sources of information and ideas to
increase their understanding of a problem, topic or issue of
 importance. It requires more than simply answering questions
or getting a right answer. It espouses investigation,
exploration, search, quest, research, pursuit and study. By
inquiring, community involvement is strengthening and making
them aware of what is happening in their environment.

22. According to (Kuklthau, et.al. 2007), inquiring of

grades is the most common transaction made by the students in
school and it involves the performance and activities he/she
attained. On the other hand, inquiry is used by the people in
getting information regarding on the specific topic they
wanted an answer.

23. Grading system is designed to provide incentive reward

for achievement and assist in identifying problems of
students. The grade of the student is a scale which determines
students who need more improvement and require more
assistance which will help teachers in guiding them towards
their development. It also shows where the students excel
most so they can be honed and encouraged to continue their
good work improve more and aim higher. At the end, it was the
reference for the judgments of whether a student can step up
to a higher level of learning or remain to be polished. From
these reasons, it is clearly concluded how important to it is
to make sure that the grades of students are accurately
calculated and safely stored in a well- founded database
(Melvin, 2011).

24. On the other hand, the grade of the students must store

in the secured database for the safety and for easy retrieval

of data for long term purposes. Furthermore, education is the

first training ground for the students before sending it into

the real world of challenge; therefore, the grades of the

students must be secured wherein it is their credentials which

was used for their own personal purposes in the future.

25. According to (Sahin and Kucuk, 2013), in order for the

reliability and efficiency as well as the speed to shorten

the process of distribution of grades to the students,
 therefore, institution must provide a better way of rendering

services and accommodating them well.

26. Importance of Grading System Grade is the agent and

treasure of the students; it shows the ability and excellence

of the students in school during classes. Furthermore, the

grade of the students is one of the essential qualities and

products of school works. Grades reflect and measure the

performance of a student and determine whether a student

passes the subject or not. It also helps the professors to

guide and facilitate the students’ learning development.

Thus, students’ grades must be accurately calculated, safety

accumulated or stored in a database and must be well

distributed to the students. Knowing the grades at the end of

every semester is the most awaited and most important part of

individual student, particularly students in college

(Bibeako, 2012).
27. According to Babyruth and Grabrieldoy (2012), grade is
the most important treasure of the students, especially the
students in colleges. It is the credential of the students in
entering to the next step of attaining their goals in life.
It is the basis of the student in school which shows what are
the achievements and the performance of the students. The
grade is the weapon of the students when deploying in the
real world of challenge, in order to secure the database and
information of the students, especially the grades, therefore
it should be enter and store in a firewalled database system
for security reasons. The computerized database system is
reliable and convenience compared to traditional way of
inquiring grades which results to a slow processing and
dissemination of information is obsolete. But, it will never
end into the computerized database system only, the
researchers study to improve the existing system and slowly
converting all the automated databases into an online based
wherein the reliability and convenience will attain.
 Local Literature and Studies

Automation of Grading System

Posted by Fr. Jerome Marquez, SVD

28. “The plan to automate the 2010 national election

reverberates clearer to school faculty and staff as SJCS
begins to automate its grading system starting this
school year 2009-2010. This first quarter, faculty
members of Preschool and Grade School Departments have
tested the customized grading system in encoding the
scholastic grades of their students. The Registrar's
Office, in coordination with the Information Technology
Office, printed and released recently the first
computerized report cards of the school.

The shift to automate the grading system, hopefully,

will increase efficiency of school staff and allow
teachers to focus more on teaching than clerical
recording. Other information and services may also be
derived from this new system. High School grading system
will later follow.”

29. Automation of Grading System in San Sebastian

College

“Automation has had a notable impact in a wide range of

industries beyond manufacturing (where it began). Largely
automated telephone switchboards and answering machines
have replaced once-ubiquitous telephone operators. Medical
processes such as primary screening
in electrocardiography or radiography and laboratory
analysis of human genes, sera, cells, and tissues are
carried out at much greater speed and accuracy by automated
systems. Applying automation to Grading systems wherein it
will also make a task easy and accurate.

30. Since San Sebastian College Recoletos began over 4

years ago, many things in this school have gone from
manual to automate. In addition, because a typical
problem in a starting school are Grading systems, I
noticed that this system does not exist in this school.
We all know that making an Automated Grading System means
making the task for professors in computing and
calculating grades will become easy and not only that the
professors will have an advantage but the students will
also get a gain, because it will also improve accuracy of
calculations thus making the what we call “Hula of Grades”
will become non – existent in the future of San Sebastian
Recoletos.

San Sebastian College Recoletos – Canlubang lacks a

centralized grading system. It does not have a standalone
program that will accept input, compute grades and print
class cards all in a same program.”

31. The logistical problems associated with distributing,

collecting, grading, and returning assignments and the
difficulties in ensuring fairness and consistency in grading
tend to increase non-linearly with the number of students
enrolled in a class. This is especially true in projectbased
design courses where evaluation is subjective, deliverables
are team-based, and the philosophies and expectations of course
faculty members may vary substantially.

32. Online course management programs like Blackboard1 and

Moodle2 can be very helpful in the dissemination of
information and the collection of assignments in very large
courses like those offered as part of the freshman core
curriculum. However, the automated grading capabilities of
 these programs are generally limited to question banks with
clearly defined right and wrong answers. More advanced
computer-assisted grading systems have been developed for the
assessment and grading of more subjective assignments such as
essays3-8, business case studies9, and student software
programs10. However, fully automated systems are still
limited to applications with well-defined rules and objectives.

33. Effectiveness of the Online Grading System From the

perspective of the course administration, the online grading
system has been a great success. During the Fall 2009
semester, it took 3 administrative TAs over a week to process
3600 sets of scores by hand. This task was slow, laborious,
error-prone and unsustainable. It also did not permit the
jury members to revise their evaluations or for any feedback
to be returned to the students. The online grading system has
addressed these problems, making the grading process faster,
easier, more accurate and more efficient for the course
administration. Without the online grading pages, the
distributed grading system could not have continued to be
used in a class with 500+ students
34. According to David C. Lanier. As a result of
technology, the registration and records functions are
becoming more automated and the registrar is becoming a
data manager. Data Management is a wonderful
responsibility for the registrar to have in the
Information Age.
35. Marzano (2000) supported the use of the online grade
books by teachers. Marzano asserted that “in this age of
technology, it seems silly to expect teachers to spend
their valuable time doing what can be done more
efficiently and accurately on a computer” (p. 81). Guskey
(2002) reported, “Today many middle and high school
teachers use electronic grade books to record this
information on computer spreadsheets. Each page of their
grade book lists the names of the students in each of
their classes, followed by columns filled with a
complicated array of numbers and symbols” (p. 17).
 36. Technology can make information accessible anytime
and anywhere. Because computers can collect and
accumulate vast amounts of information – as well as
process and recall it quickly and precisely – they put
users in charge of the information they want to receive.
We value what we assess, but we can only evaluate what we
see or hear. Technology will make student achievement
more observable. Technology allows us to review earlier
performances from any time – weeks, months, or years
earlier (Brewer & Kallick, 1996).
37. Another benefit of using technology to report grades is
that school districts are reducing the amount of paper being
sent home. Some districts do not print report cards, and will
be saving money by posting grades on parent portal websites.
A problem with using technology to communicate grades to
families is that some families do not have regular access to
the Internet and may miss important information and not even
be aware they have missed it (Hu, 2009).

38. Related Studies

In this research entitled “Online Grade encoding and
inquiring System via SMS technology” by: Bella Bhe. The San Mateo
Municipal College has increased in student’s population at the
same time the number of works of the registrar and student’s grades
to be processed has also increased. San Mateo Municipal College
wants to give a good education to everyone who does not afford to
enroll in other universities that have high tuition fees. They
always secure the best way to make their students comfortable with
their school. One of the responsibilities of the registrar office
is to keep the student’s grades data secured for their records and
purpose.

The researcher stated that the general problem faced by the

SMMC is the manual encoding, submission and distribution of
student`s grades of San Mateo Municipal College. The specific
problems are the time consuming, costly and long process of inquiry
of grades, the students need to go directly to their respective
registrar in order to inquire their grade, the Instructors are
encountering errors during encoding of grades and the Instructors
need to go to the registrar just to encode the grades. After
knowing these problems, the researchers aim to develop an Online
Grade Encoding and Inquiry System via SMS Technology for San Mateo
Municipal College and specifically To develop a system that will
lessen the registrar`s tasks in encoding of grades, to develop a
system that can able to send grades automatically, to develop a
system that will shorten the process of inquiry of grades, to
develop a system that can able the instructor to encode grades
online and to develop a system that can inquire grades via SMS. In
this study, the researcher used descriptive method of research; he
used questionnaires and also conducted interviews to gather data.

https://graduateway.com/systems-analysis-and-online-grading/

39. Advantages of Computer-Based Information Systems

According to Davies (2013) over the past several decade computer
revolutionized business efficiency by automating calculations used
in transactions and managing accounts. But the advantages of
computers in organizations are now going beyond efficiency of
tasks, as these powerful devices continue to change the way we do
business. Stay ahead of the curve and take advantage of the latest
developments in computer-based information systems. He also added
that without computers you customers can contact you through phone,
fax or postal mail, or by walking in the door. With computers,
they can reach you through email, Facebook and other social media
sites and your website. They can comment on your blog and complete
your customer surveys. Being in contact with your customers helps
you learn what you’re doing right, what you should improve, and
what they want. This ease of interaction is likely to increase as
more people begin to use mobile devices to access the Internet.

(http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-computerbased-
information-sys
40. Features of an Alumni Information System
According to Webaloo (2007) an alumni builders systems features
includes the following: Alumni class page- a directory of alumni
names by class year with links to individual profiles and email
addresses; Alumni Profile – is controlled by individual users and
displays only the information that he/she wants to display; Alumni
Search – allows the users to search by name, class, occupation,
address, etc.; Alumni Forum – offers alumni a way to stay in touch
with classmates and friends form other graduation years; Alumni
Notes – allows classmates to communicate by posting on a notes
page; Secure Log-in – use to block sensitive alumni information
from other school constituents; Profile Change Report – allows the
school to keep track of the personal information that alumni can
update; and Missing Alumni Page – helps the school reconnect with
graduates whose personal information is outdated.
(http://webdesign.webaloo.com/alumni_system.aspx)

41. According to Forman (2007), in his article “New Research

Perspectives on Mobility, Organizations, Systems and
Technologies,” continuing innovation in technologies can lead
to organizational changes that range from improvement of day-
to-day operation and for easy access it provides for the end
users.
Synthesis
Many schools today have adapted this innovation in the offering of
their services. Online registration system allow students to
register through the internet, eliminating or reducing problems
with traditional registration systems, such as long lines, paper
forms and troublesome wait lists Online registration system is
very essential in a school. Just like in the case of Bambang
National High School where to utilize the use of a manual. The
school used manual system in recording and retrieving student’s
information. On the other hand, registrar’s office also used manual
system as a way of recording and retrieving student information.
Above the researcher’s observation, human interventions will
highly involve in this type of system. As a result, this may
involve errors and duplication of data resulting troubles in
organization. Inspired by the online registration services, the
researchers came up with an online enrollment system for the
Bambang National high schools. The school has adapting the K to 12
which means that the 1st year, 2nd year, third year and fourth
year are now called as Grade 7, Grade 8, Grade 9, Grade 10 and
Grade 11 and Grade 12 is known as senior high School. The study
considered the prevailing process of the school and this process
can be modified to have a more efficient and effective enrollment
system. One of the factors considered in designing the proposed
system is the lack of manpower to accommodate all enrollees. The
tedious task of filling out the application form and the
inaccuracies of information provided by the students are also
considered. These factors cause enrollment delays, which is
disadvantageous to the enrollment personnel and the enrollees.
Since the study involves proper records handling, tracing the
constraints and evaluation of the manual system is essential. Thus,
the researchers gathered data necessary in the enrollment system,
which is designed to benefit the schools, teachers, and students
and especially school administrators and faculties as well because
they can access and manage information directly and conveniently.
Computerized Student data will be exceedingly helped to the user
through continuous management of the School. It could help the
registrar for a less effort services in the institutions especially
in updating, printing and deleting student’s record.
42. Velasco (2002) Study entitled “Maulawin National High
School Student Information System” cited that maintaining
students, records manually is a very difficult task and time
consuming. In that case, computerization system that can help
and handle 17 this data needed to speed up the process of
student’s record keeping and to promote and reliability.

43. Cura et al. (2004), Designed system entitled

“computerized inventory system of office of the supply in
LSPU” is capable of handling voluminous data about the flow
of item insurance and reply to the flow of items’ issuance
and return in supply office.

44. Torres et al. (2002), conducted a study that resolves

around the importance computerization of student information.
This study was conducted with the hope that it would help
minimize time and effort in processing student’s information
in Maulawin National High School. The basic feature of this
study is after the storage and access of retrieving and
updating the data.

45. Alcaira (1999), stated that the using of computer are

continue to grow, the need for a more timely information and
data processing comes on demand keeping the record of any
manual operations need the application, because handling it
manually will only be conflicting.

46. Aravia et al. (2002), show the growing importance of

computers in the society. The significance of the study
revolves the automation of student permanent record keeping.

47. Garnace (1999), developed application software for the

computerized information system of a commercial piggery using
the concept of the database and implemented it in database.

48. Lazaro (2004), this study entitled “Liceo de Los Banos

record monitoring system” password was created for the
protection and was designed to be user-friendly by only
authorized persons and to ensure security of data basic
information.

49. The numerous transactions that the manual system covers,

such as updating and adding student records, generating the
advising and assessment slips, and the like considering the
manual operating system to be inefficient for the need of the
institution. Since the study involves proper record handling,
 tracing the constraints and evaluation of the manual system
is essential (Bacala and Reano, 2009).

50. Alcuaz (1988) stated that the use of computer can give
competitive advantage and improve profitability. Computer
helps to increase the productivity of people. This is true
whether they are working alone or working with others within
a formal organization such as business corporations.

51. While in the 20th century, people saw the rise of the
industrial revolution with steam-powered machines
intensifying and expanding human productive power, the 21st
century was characterized by the birth of machine-powered
flight and the emergence of broadcasting and computer
technologies that extend the reach of human creativity even
more and made new ways possible by which humans could live
and work together (Tinio, 2002).

52. Technology innovation had influenced man’s work from

data processing, business transaction, research, planning,
monitoring and even in medical operation on human anatomy are
now entrusted to computer technology. Web applications are
popular due to ubiquity of its applications. The ability to
update and maintain web applications without distributing and
installing software on potentially thousands of client
computers are key reasons for its popularity.

53. A significant advantage of building web applications to

support a standard browser feature is the ability to perform
as specified, regardless of the operating system installed on
a given client (Bacala &Reanno, 2009).

54. A computerized grading system is very reliable,

efficient and fast but it is more usable if it taking up to
online or put it on a website. Using online grading system
are very popular today and aside of being a service within
the Internet that allows faculty to submit grades to the
school and making online applications is one of in demand
opportunities around the world.
(http://www.studymode.com/essays/Chapter-1-Online-Grading-
System- 1401173.html)

Local Literature
55. ‘The Informatics International Diliman College is one of
the fastest growing institutions with new opportunities
rising continually in hundreds of different fields. This
project examines the issues related to Online Grading System
that implements a web-based application composed of the Grade
School and High School Department. This would create a system
of reliable and accurate to compute grades in all different
subjects in the Basic Education Department. A comparatively
fast access of information of grades; generate reports, and
information of the input of teachers. This will be designed
through web-based with the use of MySQL as database management
with the intent to generate reports.’
http://www.studymode.com/essays/Online- Grading-System-
1036153.html

56. ‘The De La Salle John Bosco College is one of the fastest

growing institutions in the City of Bislig with new
opportunities rising continually in hundreds of different
fields. System analyst matches the requirements of the school
and set up an interview between the key people. Interviews
are then conducted, and the candidates selected in the
interview are one of the teachers of the basic education
department This project examines the issues related to Online
Grading System that implements a web-based application
composed of the Grade School and High School Department. This
would create a system of reliable and accurate to compute
grades in all different subjects in the Basic Education
Department. A comparatively fast access of information of
grades; generate reports, and information of the input of
teachers. This will be designed through web-based with the
use of MySQL as database management with the intent to
generate reports. It helps the teachers to minimize the time
consumed in computing grades of the student using manual
method. It also focused each of the underlying technologies
used to create and implement the
application.’http://www.studymode.com/essays/Abstract-For-
Online-Grading-System-610544.html

57. On the thesis A Computer-Based Generic Registration

System by Julius Ivan A. Layos (2002), he stated that
computers are known for their speed, accuracy and efficiency.
The proponent conducted this study that arrived to create a
standard computer based registration system for elementary
and high schools.
’ http://www.studymode.com/essays/Online-Grading- System-
790346.html

58. While in a study conducted by Cayabyab (2007), many

problems and difficulties were identified in the existing
system of Dagupan City National High School (DCNHS). These
major concerns are affecting the efficient enrollment system
of students. Security of the students records were found to
be at high risk. The current system may fail to protect some
important documents. It has also untimely and inefficient
report generation. A computerized system for DCNHS shall
result to a significant increase in the number of enrollees

59. Network-Based Enrollment system Conde (2007) in his

study entitled “Network-bases Enrollment System of Paete
National High School cited that the manual process of
enrollment and manual handling of information and reports of
the students is very laborious one.

60. Gurewich (1999) stated that the database system makes

the work faster for every institution. For the mere fact that
instead of doing things manually, with the use of computer
technology everything is done faster.

61. Alcaria (2004) explained that the use of computer are

continue to grow, the need for a more timely information and
data processing comes on demand keeping the records of any
manual operations need the application of computer because
handling it manually will only be conflicting.

62. Kroenke (2002) in the early 1970’s database processing

was considered an esoteric subject of interest only to the
longest corporation with the largest computer. Information
system-Database System Concept Today, database processing is
becoming an information system standard. Silberschatz (2006)
in his book “” the goal of database system is to simplify and
facilitate access to data.

63. Hammer (2003), said that computer could eliminate the need
for copying and rearranging information, which was entered into
system. They also perform mathematical computation; in short
computer can eliminate most of the paper works.
 63. Bacala & Reanno (2009), in their study that tells the
significant advantage of building web applications to support
a standard browser feature is the ability to perform as
specified. With Stephen McHenry (2010),using WAMP(Windows
Apache MySQL PHP is used to develop dynamic web sites with
apache server, PHP5 script languages and database of MYSQL
release 5. The studies support the use of applications using
the web so that students can access the websites.
64. There are many ways to document student learning. To document
learning at the classroom level, teachers use tests and quizzes,
observations of their students, performance-based assessments,
portfolios of student work, and standardized tests (Gouwens, 2009).
65. Educators must be careful not to misrepresent students‟
learning when calculating final grades. It may be argued that
distorted feedback is more troublesome than no feedback at all
(Kubiszyn & Borich, 2010).
66. Guskey (2002) listed the following developments that have
prompted change in grading and reporting systems:
1. Recognition of inconsistencies in the grading policies and
practices of elementary, middle, and high school educators shows
the need for change.
2. The growing emphasis on standards and performance assessments
makes current reporting practices inadequate.
3. Advanced technology allows for more effective reporting of
detailed information on student learning.
4. Growing awareness of the gap between our knowledge of grading
and reporting methods and common practice necessitates change (p. 4).
67. Adolescents may view the use of online grade book as a sort
of “nanny-cam” that monitors their every move. For example, the
parents could know the results of a quiz before the student. This
immediate knowledge on the part of the parents can cause friction
within families (Weeks, 2007).
68. Thinkwave started as Windows software that enabled teachers
to store grades, tabulate weighted averages, and produce reports
(Guernsey, 2001). The development of mygrade book.com, another
online grade book, was spurred by an English teacher who lost her
grade book on her laptop when it was stolen. Her husband developed
the website as a place for his wife to store her grades (Guernsey,
2001).
69. Guskey (2002) reported, “Today many middle and high school
teachers use electronic grade books to record this information on
computer spreadsheets. Each page of their grade book lists the
names of the students in each of their classes, followed by columns
filled with a complicated array of numbers and symbols” (p. 17).
Many electronic grade books can be found on the Web after just a
few minutes of searching. Once the choice is made regarding the
grade book to use, the setup process takes approximately 30 to 60
minutes, and teachers would be required to take a few minutes to
enter grades into the program after each assignment is graded. The
teachers are expected to do this outside of their instructional
time (Reich & Thomas, 2008). One obvious advantage of using an
 online grade book is that it will calculate grades for the teacher.
Electronic grade books can do so much more than just calculate
grades, such as the following: assist teachers in keeping track of
attendance, posting assignments on a calendar, sending and
receiving messages from students and parents.
Student Motivation
One of the potential effects of the implementation of the online
grade book may be an increase in student motivation. Brown (2008)
summarized student academic success by stating, “to succeed in life, to
achieve one’s goals, to fulfill one’s potential, it is necessary to take
70. responsibility for one’s own choices, actions, and behavior.
Students who are academically successful have tapped into this
conception and their responses about the purposes and nature of
assessment appear to express this principle” (p. 154).
Student Motivation
One of the potential effects of the implementation of the online
grade book may be an increase in student motivation. Brown (2008)
summarized student academic success by stating, “to succeed in life, to
achieve one’s goals, to fulfill one’s potential, it is necessary to take
71. responsibility for one’s own choices, actions, and behavior.
Students who are academically successful have tapped into this
conception and their responses about the purposes and nature of
assessment appear to express this principle” (p. 154).