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ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ
ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ
ﺃﺴﺎﻤﺔ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺴﻼﻡ
ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ – ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ
ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺃﺴﻴﻭﻁ
ﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﻔﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ
ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﺤﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﻼﻡ ﺒﺄﺴﻴﻭﻁ
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-ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ:
ﻴﺯﺨﺭ ﻤﺘﺤﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﺒﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴـﺔ
ﺒﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺴﻴﻭﻁ ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺘـﺭﺓ
ﻤﻥ ﻋﺼﻭﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻰ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﺠﻤﻌـﺕ ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻹﻫﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗـﺎﻡ
ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺌل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل "ﺒﺘﺭﻱ"∗ Petrieﻭ"ﺴﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﺸﺎ ﺨﺸﺒﻪ*∗"،
∗
ﻭﻝﻴﻡ ﻤﺎﺜﻴﻭ ﻓﻠﻨﺩﺭﺯ ﺒﺘﺭﻱ ﻋﺎﻝﻡ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ "ﺇﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻱ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ" ﻋﺎﺵ ) ، (1942 -1853ﺤﻴﺙ
ﺤﻀﺭ ﺇﻝﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 1880ﻭﻋﻤﺭﻩ 26ﻋﺎﻡ ،ﻋﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﻤـﺼﺭ
ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺯﺓ ،ﺴﻘﺎﺭﺓ ،ﺘﺎﻨﻴﺱ ،ﺃﺴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺩﻫﺸﻭﺭ ،ﻤﻴﺩﻭﻡ ،ﻨﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺱ ،ﺘـل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎﺭﻨـﺔ،
ﻁﻴﺒﺔ ،ﺩﻨﺩﺭﺓ ،ﺃﺒﻴﺩﻭﺱ ،ﺴﻴﻨﺎﺀ ،ﻨﻘﺎﺩﺓ ،ﺍﻝﻔﻴﻭﻡ ،ﻭﺃﺴـﻴﻭﻁ " ﺩﻴـﺭ ﺭﻴﻔـﺎ" ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫـﺎ.
ﺍﻨﻅﺭ Rosalie David, The Two Brothers Death and The Afterlife in
Middle Kingdom Egypt, Rutherford press,
2007, p. 10- 13.
*∗
ﺴﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﺸﺎ ﺨﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺴﻴﻭﻁ ،ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻨﻘﻴﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺘﻲ ﺩﻴﺭ
ﺩﺭﻭﻨﻜﻪ " ﺘﺤﺕ ﺴﻔﺢ ﺠﺒل ﺃﺴﻴﻭﻁ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻑ ﺠﺒﺎﻨﺔ ﺘﺭﺠـﻊ ﻝﻠﻌـﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺒﻁـﻲ "
ﻭﺃﺴﻴﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ" ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺒل ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﻲ" ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ) (1914 -1913ﻭﺃﻨﺸﺄ ﻤﺘﺤﻔﹰﺎ
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ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻱ " ﺒﻼﻜﻤﺎﻥ" Blackmanﻭﺍﻵﺜـﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻤـﺼﺭﻱ " ﺴـﺎﻤﻲ
ﺠﺒﺭﻩ**∗".
ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺘﺤﻑ ،ﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ
ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺨﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ،97 ،96 ،95 ،93ﻭﻫﻰ
ﻤﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﻨﺸﺭﻫﺎ*∗∗∗ .ﻭﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﻁـﻊ
ﺍﻝﻔﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻓﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﺍﺌﺩ ﻗﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻘﻭﺸﻬﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺕ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺄﻝﻭﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﻏﻔﺔ
ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺯ ﻭﺃﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﺒﻴﺫ ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺨﺫ ﺒﻘﺭﺓ ﻭﺭﺃﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﻩ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ
ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﺒﺢ .ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻲ ﻨﺤﺕ ﺤﻭﺽ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴل ﺍﻝـﺸﻜل ﻓـﻲ
ﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﺒﺢ ،ﺘﺘﺨﻠﻠﻪ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺘـﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻴـﺯﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﺨـﺎﺹ ﺒﻤﺎﺌـﺩﺓ
ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ.
ﺼﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺃﻭﺩﻉ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻵﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﻭﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻱ "ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﺎﺸﺎ ﻜﻤﺎل".
ﺠﻴﻤﺱ ﺒﻴﻜﻲ :ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻨﻴل ،ﺝ ،2ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ /ﻝﺒﻴﺏ ﺤﺒﺸﻲ – ﺸﻔﻴﻕ
ﻭﺍﻨﻅـﺭ ﻓﺭﻴﺩ ،ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ/ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،1999،ﺼـ .201
ﻓﻲ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﺽ ﺍﷲ :ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺴﻴﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺎﻀـﺭ ،ﺃﺴـﻴﻭﻁ،
،1940ﺼـ .71
**∗
ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻱ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺠﺒﺭﻩ ﻤﻘﺒﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﺘﻭﺯﻴﺭﺱ ﺒﺘﻭﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﺒـل ،ﺴـﻘﺎﺭﺓ ،ﺃﺴـﻴﻭﻁ
ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ.
*∗∗∗
ﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺒﻁﻠﺏ ﺇﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ /ﺍﻷﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻝﻶﺜـﺎﺭ
ﻭﺍﻝﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺘﻤﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ.
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ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻝﻴﺱ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤـﺙ .ﻭﻝـﺫﻝﻙ
ﻋﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ
ﻋﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻐﻴﺔ ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺇﻝﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠـﻲ
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﺒﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ
ﺩﻴﺭ ﺭﻴﻔﺎ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﻗﺭﻯ ﺃﺴﻴﻭﻁ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﻓﻠﻨﺩﺭﺯ ﺒﺘﺭﻯ.
-ﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ:
ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻨـﺫ ﻋـﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝـﺔ
ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻋﺭﻓﺕ ﺒـ "ﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ" ،ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﺍ ﺇﻝﻰ
ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺩﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻋـﺸﺭﺓ .ﻭﻭﻀـﻌﺕ ﺘﻠـﻙ
ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻘﺎﺒﺭ ﻝﻜﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺎﺌﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﻤﺎﻤﻬﺎ؛ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺼﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل
ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻷﺒﻭﺍﺏ ﺃﻭﺍﻝﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴﻙ ﻭﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍﺽ ،ﻭﺒﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﻤﺢ
ﻼ ﻓـﻲ ﻭﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻝﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠـﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻌـ ﹰ
ﻤﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﻨﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺼـﻭﺭﺕ
ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻜﻥ).(1
) (1ﺍﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﻯ :ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺇﻝﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ
ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ،ﺝ ،1ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ،ﺩ.ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺯﻕ -ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﺭﻤﻀﺎﻥ ،ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌـﺔ ﺩ.
ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﻱ -ﺩ .ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻤﺎﻫﺭ ﻁﻪ ،ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻝﻶﺜﺎﺭ ،1954 ،ﺼــ .136
ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻤﺭﻱ :ﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﻤﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺒﺭ ،ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ :ﻤﺤﺭﻡ ﻜﻤﺎل ،ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ:
ﺩ.ﻨﺠﻴﺏ ﻤﻴﺨﺎﺌﻴل ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ.1997 ،
Eberhard Kusber ; "Der altägyptische Ka-Seele oder وآا
Personlichkeit ?" Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades, Doktor
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ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺕ ﺒﺠﺒﺎﻨﺔ ﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺒﺩﻴﺭ ﺭﻴﻔﺎ
)ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺩﺴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁﻲ( ،ﻋﺜـﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻬـﺩ
ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻶﺜﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ 1906ﻡ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ 150ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺍﻝﻔﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﺭ ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ (2).ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ
ﻴﻀﻡ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭﺍﺕ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻤﻼﻗﻑ ) (malqafﻝﺘﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﻨـﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻝـﺸﻤﺎل
ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺭﺩ ،ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ .ﻝﻬـﺫﺍ ﻋﺭﻓـﺕ
ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ) ،(3ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﻝﻠﻜﺎ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻘـﻭﺓ
ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺸﺨﺹ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﻝﺩ ﻤﻌﻪ ﻜﺘﻭﺃﻤﻪ؛ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝـﺭﻭﺡ ﺘـﺴﺘﻘل ﺒﻌـﺩ
ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺕ ﺒﺩﻝﻴل ﺃﻥ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺎ /ﺍﻝﻜﺎ /
ﺍﻵﺥ.
ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﹰﺎ ﺒﺩﺍﺌﻴﹰﺎ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻓـﻲ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁـﻪ ﻓﻨـﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﺴـﻊ،
ﻴﺘﻭﺴﻁﻪ ﺤﻭﺽ ﻝﻪ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻤﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺯل ،ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺠﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﻨـﺎﺀ
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ ،ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﻜﻭﺥ ﻤﺤﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠـﺭﺓ
ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ )ﺼﻭﺭﺓ .(1
-5-
ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺩﻴﺭ ﺭﻴﻔﺎ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ*∗∗∗∗ ﺒﻴﻥ 31°10ﺸـﻤﺎ ﹰ
ﻻ
27°06ﺸﺭﻗﹰﺎ ،ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁﻰ ﻋﻠﻲ
ﺍﻝﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻨﻴل ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻭﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝـﺼﺨﺭ
ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁﻲ ) 1700 -2025ﻕ.ﻡ( ،ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺎﻨﺔ ﺒﺩﻴﺭ ﺭﻴﻔﺎ ﻀﻤﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﺭ ﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺃﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﺸﺎﺱ ﺤﺘـﺏ )ﺍﻝـﺸﻁﺏ( ﺤﺎﻝﻴـﺎ
ﻋﺎﺼﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ) (4ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁﻲ .ﻭﻓـﻲ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺎﻨﺔ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺍﻝﻔﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ
ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﺭ؛ ﺤﻴﺙ ُﺃﺭﺨﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎ ﺒﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺜﻼﺙ
ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ):(5
*∗∗∗∗
ﺘﻘﻊ ﺩﻴﺭ ﺭﻴﻔﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ 10ﻜﻡ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺃﺴﻴﻭﻁ ﻭﺘﻀﻡ ﺠﺒﺎﻨﺔ ﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﺼﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠـﻴﻡ
,
Š3S htpﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ( !e !# Q ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ " ﺸﺎﺱ ﺤﺘﺏ"
"ﺍﻝﺸﻁﺏ" ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺸﺎﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﻴﻥ "ﻫﺒﺴﻴﻠﻴﺱ"
ﻻ ﻭﺘﻘـﻊ ﺸـﺭﻕ
ﺤﺎﻝﻴﺎ ﻭﺘﻘﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺸﺭ ﺠﻨﻭﺒﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻋـﺸﺭ ﺸـﻤﺎ ﹰ
ﺩﻴﺭﺭﻴﻔﺎ .ﺠﻴﻤﺱ ﺒﻴﻜﻲ :ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻝـﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺝ ،2ﺼــ .210ﺭﺍﺠـﻊ ﻜـﺫﻝﻙ:
Rosalie David, op. cit., p. 10- 13.ﻭﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ :ﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻌﺩﻱ :ﺤﻜـﺎﻡ
ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻝﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻋﻭﻨﻴﺔ)ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻝﻴﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁﻲ(،
ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ،1991 ،ﺼـ .51ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ PM; V, pp.1-3
)(4
Seidlmayer 1990: (on the chronology and pottery sequence of
the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom), 210-216.
)(5
A. Niwinski, in: LÄ V, s.v. Seelenhaus, sp. 806-81.
-6-
-1ﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ )ﺒﺩﻴﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭ( ،ﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻬﺎ
ﻓﻨﺎﺀ ﻴﻀﻡ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻗﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻜﺘﻤل؛ ﺤﻴﺙ
ﻴﻤﺜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻨﺎﺀ ﻨﺤﺕ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﺃﺭﻜﺎﻨﻪ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺒﻘﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻤل؛ ﻴﺠﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﺠـﺯﺀ
ﻤﻥ ﺭﻏﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺯ )ﺼﻭﺭﺓ .(2
-2ﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﺘﻀﻤﻨﺕ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺼﻴﺭ؛ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ
ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻪ ﻤﺩﺨل ﻤﻨﺯل ﺜﻡ ﻓﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﺤﺎﻁ ﺒﺴﻴﺎﺝ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ ،ﺒﺎﻝﻔﻨﺎﺀ ﺤﻭﺽ ﻝـﻪ
ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺨل ﻋﻠﻲ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺒﻘـﺭﺓ،
ﺃﺭﻏﻔﺔ ﺨﺒﺯ ،ﺃﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﻨﺒﻴﺫ ﺨﻠﻔﻬﻡ ﺼﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻘﺎﻴﺎ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ ،ﻤﻼﺼـﻘﺔ
ﻝﻠﺴﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﻝﻠﻤﺩﺨل ﻨﺠﺩ ﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺒﺴﻘﻑ ﻗﺒﻭﻱ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺭﺓ
ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺎﺌﺯﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻪ ﻤﺫﺒﺢ )ﺼﻭﺭﺓ .(3
-3ﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﻀﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ،ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﻤﻨـﺯل
ﻝﻠﺭﻭﺡ ﻤﺼﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺨﺎﺭ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﺭ ﺩﻴﺭ ﺭﻴﻔﺎ ،ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻘـﻭﻡ
ﺒﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺌﺩ ﻗﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ ،ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻨﺯل ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴل ﻝﻪ ﺴﻘﻑ ﻤﺭﻓﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻲ
ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺯل ،ﺒﻔﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺯل ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺘﻭﺠـﺩ
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻗﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺒﻘﺭﺓ ﻭﻓﺨﺫ ﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺨﺒﺯ ﻭﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺜﻘﻭﺏ
ﻋﻠﻲ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺃﺭﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﻋﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
ﻜﻤﻅﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺤﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒـﺔ
ﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﻤﺼﻐﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﻤﻘﺎﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻭﺘﺔ ﻝﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺠـﻊ
ﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁﻲ)) (6ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ،(4ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺒـﺭﺓ
ﻝﻬﺎ ﻗﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺒﺭﺓ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﻓﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻭﻴﺔ.
W. F. Petrie, Gizeh and Rifeh, London, 1907, pl. XV )(6
-7-
ﻭﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺒـﻊ ﻗﻁـﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ
ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ،ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁﻲ )2025
– 1700ﻕ.ﻡ( .ﻭﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﻁـﻊ،
ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﺍﺯ ﺍﻝﻔﻨـﻲ ﻝﻜـل
ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻰ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ.
ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ) 93ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ 5ﺃ ،ﺏ ﻭﺭﺴﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ ﺭﻗﻡ :(1
ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺽ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺒﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺜﻼﺙ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻼﻝﻡ .ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ 4ﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻝﻠﻤﺩﺨل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ
ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺜﻘﻭﺏ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻭﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﺎ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﻴﻤﻥ ﻝﻠﻤﺩﺨل ،ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺃﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺴﻘﻑ
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ)ﺼﻭﺭﺓ 5ﺃ ،ﺏ( .ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ
ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻭﺒﻘﺎﻴﺎ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺼﻑ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻐﻁﺎﺓ ﺒﺴﻘﻑ )ﺭﺴـﻡ
ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ .(1
)(7
ﺍﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﻱ :ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺝ ،1ﺼـ .136
-9-
ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ) 95ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ 6ﺃ ،ﺏ ﻭﺭﺴﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ ﺭﻗﻡ:(2
- 10 -
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻤﻊ ﻁﺭﺯ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤـﺴﺎﻜﻥ
ﺍﻷﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻫﻭﻥ) ،(8ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻁـﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻝﺜـﺎﻨﻲ ﻴـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
ﻝﻠﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ.
ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ) 96ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ 7ﺃ ،ﺏ ﻭﺭﺴﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ ﺭﻗﻡ :(3
)(8
ﺍﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﻯ :ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺼـ .136
- 11 -
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺸﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻔﻨﺎﺀ ﻴﻔﺼل ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ 13ﺴﻡ ،ﺜـﻡ ﺭﻭﺍﻕ ﺩﺍﺨﻠـﻲ،
ﺃﺼﻴﺒﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﺒﻜﺴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺘﻌﺭﺝ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﻤـﺎﺩﺓ
ﻻﺼﻘﺔ.
- 12 -
ﺒﻁﻭل 9.5ﺴﻡ ﻭﻋﺭﻀﻪ 8ﺴﻡ ،ﻴﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﻪ ﺴﻴﺎﺝ ﺭﻓﻴﻊ ﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻋـﻥ ﺴـﻁﺢ
ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ 2ﻤﻡ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﺎﺀ)ﺼﻭﺭﺓ 8ﺃ ،ﺏ(.
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﺭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﺎﺀ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺒﻘﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﻜﺄ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﻜﻥ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ،ﻓﻲ
ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺘﻪ ﺭﻏﻴﻑ ﻁﻭﻝﻲ ﻴﺠﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺨل ﺃﻨﺎﺀ ﻝﻠﻨﺒﻴـﺫ ،ﺒﺎﻝﺠﻬـﺔ
ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺤﻭﺽ ﺭﻏﻴﻑ ﻁﻭﻝﻲ ﺃﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺘﻪ ﺃﻨﺎﺀ ﻝﻠﻨﺒﻴﺫ ﺃﺨﺭ ،ﻋﻠﻲ ﻴﻤﻴﻥ
ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺽ ﺒﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺨل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻘﺎﻴﺎ ﻝﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺨﺎﺭ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﻡ
ﻋﻥ ﻤﺫﺒﺢ ﻝﻠﻘﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ.
ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻝﻠﻤﺩﺨل ﻨﺠـﺩ
ﺼﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻘﺎﻴﺎ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﺃﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ،ﺒﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﻘﺎﻴـﺎ ﻋﻼﻤـﺎﺕ
ﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻓﺎﻗﺩﻴﻥ ﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻝﻠﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﻥ،
ﺨﻠﻔﻬﻡ ﺼﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻌﺭﻀﺔ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻐﻁﻴﻬﺎ ﺴﻘﻑ ﻝﻠﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ .ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺯل ﻨﺠﺩ
ﺒﻪ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺫﺒﺢ ﻝﻠﻘﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ ،ﺘﻨﺎﺜﺭ
ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﺎﺀ ﻜﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺽ )ﺭﺴﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ .(4
- 13 -
-ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ:
ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻝﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ
ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﺭ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃُﺭﺨﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺩﺴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺩﻴـﺔ
ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻫﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻓﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺅﺨﺭﺘﻪ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴـﺎﻁﻴﻥ ،ﻫـﺫﺍ
ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻲ ﺤﻭﺽ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴل ﺘﻌﻠﻭﻩ ﻤﻅﻠﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺩﻋـﺎﺌﻡ،
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﻝﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺨﻠﻑ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺘﺘﻜـﻭﻥ
ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﻤﻥ ﻁﺎﺒﻘﻴﻥ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻝﺯﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺴﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ
ﺍﻝﺼﻌﻭﺩ ﻝﻠﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ،ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﻏﺎﻝﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻘﻑ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺒﺒﺔ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﺠﻌـل
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺎﺌﺯﻱ ﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺘﺭﺍﺀﻯ
ﻝﻠﻤﺼﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎ ﺘﺴﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺯل ،ﻭﺘﺨـﺭﺝ ﻝﺘﻠﻘـﻲ ﺍﻝﻘـﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﻘﺸﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺯل ،ﻭﻜـﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﺘﻘـﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ.
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ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺯل ﺫﻭ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﺒﻘﻴﻥ؛ ﺤﻴـﺙ
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﺴﻜﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺤﺎﺓ
ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ).(9
)(9
ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﻨﻭﺭ ﺸﻜﺭﻱ :ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،1970 ،ﺼـ .103
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ﺼﻭﺭﺓ :2ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺯل ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ :1ﻤﻨﺯل ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﻝﻪ ﺴﻴﺎﺝ ﺒﻪ
ﻝﻪ ﻓﻨﺎﺀ ﻨﺤﺕ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﺃﺭﻜﺎﻨﻪ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺜﻭﺭ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺥ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻨﺎﺀ
ﻋﻠﻲ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ
- 16 -
ﺼﻭﺭﺓ 5ﺏ :ﻤﻨﺯل ﻝﻠﺭﻭﺡ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ 5ﺃ :ﻤﻨﺯل ﻝﻠﺭﻭﺡ ﻴﻀﻡ ﺴﻴﺎﺠ ﹰﺎ
ﺒﻪ ﺼﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﻴﺯﺍﺏ ﻭﻓﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺤﻭﻀ ﹰﺎ
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺒﻪ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺜﻘﻭﺏ.
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﺎ
ﺼﻭﺭﺓ 6ﺏ :ﻤﻨﻅﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ 6ﺃ :ﻤﻨﺯل ﻝﻠﺭﻭﺡ ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ
ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﺏ ﺜﻡ ﻓﻨﺎﺀ ﻴﻀﻡ ﺤﻭﺽ ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ
ﻤﻨﻪ. ﻗﺭﺍﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻭﺴﻠﻡ ﻋﻠﻲ
ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﻴﺴﺭ ﻝﻠﺼﻌﻭﺩ ﻝﻠﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ
- 17 -
ﺼﻭﺭﺓ 7ﺏ :ﻤﻨﻅﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ 7ﺃ :ﻤﻨﺯل ﻝﻠﺭﻭﺡ ﻓﺎﻗﺩ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ
ﻝﻤﻨﺯل ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﻁﻭﺍﻝﻪ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺴﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻔﻲ
ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻤﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺒﻪ ﻜﺴﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﻭل ﻭﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻤﻴﻤﻪ.
ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻪ.
ﺼﻭﺭﺓ 8ﺏ :ﻤﻨﺯل ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﻝﻪ ﻤﺩﺨل ﺼﻭﺭﺓ 8ﺃ :ﻤﻨﺯل ﻝﻠﺭﻭﺡ ﻝﻪ ﺴﻴﺎﺝ
ﺜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺤﻭﺽ ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﻴﻤﻴﻨﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻜﺘﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺎﻝﻲ
ﻤﺫﺒﺢ ﻭﺃﺴﻔﻠﻪ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺜﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﺭﻏﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﻭﻓﺎﻗﺩ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺃﺨﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ
ﺨﺒﺯ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺽ. ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﻴﻤﻥ ﻝﻠﻤﺩﺨل.
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ﺭﺴﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ 1ﻝﻤﻨﺯل ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺴﺠل 93
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ﺭﺴﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ 3ﻝﻤﻨﺯل ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺴﺠل 96
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ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ:
ــــــــــــــــــ
ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ :ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ:
ـــــــ
ﺼﻭﺭﺓ :1ﻨﻘﻼ ﻋﻥ
Petrie, 1907, Gizeh and Rifeh. London. British School of
Archaeology in Egypt , pl. XVI, Tomb 7
ﺼﻭﺭﺓ : 2ﻨﻘﻼ ﻋﻥ
Petrie, 1907, op. cit., pl. XIV, Tomb 6
ﺼﻭﺭﺓ : 3ﻨﻘﻼ ﻋﻥ
Petrie 1907, ibid., XIII. London, tomb 7
ﺼﻭﺭﺓ : 4ﻨﻘﻼ ﻋﻥ
Petrie, 1907, ibid. pl. XVII A, Tomb 121
ﺼﻭﺭﺓ 5ﺃ ،ﺏ :ﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ
ﺼﻭﺭﺓ 6ﺃ ،ﺏ :ﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ
ﺼﻭﺭﺓ 7ﺃ ،ﺏ :ﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ
ﺼﻭﺭﺓ 8ﺃ ،ﺏ :ﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ
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ﺜﺎﻨﻴﹰﺎ :ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ:
ــــــــــــ
ﺭﺴﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ :1
ﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ
ﺭﺴﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ :2
ﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ
ﺭﺴﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ :3
ﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ
ﺭﺴﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ :4
ﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ
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ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ:
ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ :ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ:
-1ﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻌﺩﻱ :ﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻝﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻋﻭﻨﻴﺔ)ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓـﻲ
ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻝﻴﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁﻲ( ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴـﺔ،
ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ.1991 ،
-2ﺴﻴﺩ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ :ﻤﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻋﻭﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ.1990 ،
-3ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﺽ ﺍﷲ :ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺴﻴﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻀـﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺎﻀـﺭ،
ﺃﺴﻴﻭﻁ.1940 ،
ﺜﺎﻨﻴﹰﺎ :ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ:
-1ﺍﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﻯ :ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺇﻝﻲ
ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ،ﺝ ،1ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ،ﺩ.ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺯﻕ -ﺼـﻼﺡ
ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﺭﻤﻀﺎﻥ ،ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺩ .ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﻱ -ﺩ .ﻤﺤﻤـﻭﺩ ﻤـﺎﻫﺭ ﻁـﻪ،
ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻝﻶﺜﺎﺭ.1954 ،
-2ﺠﻴﻤﺱ ﺒﻴﻜﻲ :ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻨﻴل ،ﺝ ،2ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ /ﻝﺒﻴـﺏ
ﺤﺒﺸﻲ – ﺸﻔﻴﻕ ﻓﺭﻴﺩ ،ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ/ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ ،ﺍﻝﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ،
.1990
-3ﻤﺭﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻤﺭﻱ :ﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﻤﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻐـﺎﺒﺭ ،ﺘﺭﺠﻤـﺔ :ﻤﺤـﺭﻡ ﻜﻤـﺎل،
ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ :ﺩ.ﻨﺠﻴﺏ ﻤﻴﺨﺎﺌﻴل ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ.1997 ،
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: ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ:ﺜﺎﻝﺜﹰﺎ
1- A. R. David; The Two Brothers: Death and The
Afterlife in Middle Kingdom Egypt, Bolton,
Rutherford Press, 2007.
2- A. Endruweit; Städtischer Wohnbau im Ägypten,
Berlin, 1988.
3- Eberhard Kusber ; "Der altägyptische Ka-Seele oder
Personlichkeit ?" Zur Erlangung des akademischen
Grades, Doktor der philosophie , Der Fakultät für
Kulturwissenschaften, universität Tübingen, aus Kelheim
2005.
4- F. Lefebvre et B. Van Rinsveld; L'Égypte. Des
Pharaons aux Coptes, Bruxelles, 1990.
5- J. Hugonot; Le jardin dans l'Égypte ancienne,
Francfort-Bern-New York 1989.
6- Niwinski A. in: LÄ V, s.v. Seelenhaus, sp. , 1984.
7- Petrie; Excavation report, SACHM,1907.
8-W.M. Flinders Petrie; Gizeh and Rifeh, London, British
School of Archaeology in Egypt; XIII, London, 1907.
9- S. Aufrère e.a.; Portes pour l'au-delà (Exposition),
Lattes, 1992.
10- S. Seidlmayer; (on the chronology and pottery
sequence of the First Intermediate Period and Middle
Kingdom), 1990.
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