SEMINAR PRESENTATION

ON
NURSING AS A PROFESSION

Subject: Advanced Nursing Practice

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MRS. SMITHA JOSHUA JOLLY RAJU R
H.O.D. OF MEDICAL SURGICAL Ist YEAR MSC NURSING
NURSING DEPT. OF MEDICAL SURGICAL
VINS&RC NURSING
VINS&RC
 Index

Sl. No. Content Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. PRE-HISTORIC NURSING 1
3. HISTORY OF NURSING IN INDIA 2
4. PROFESSION 3
5. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROFESSION 3
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROFRESSION AND
6. 5
OCCUPATION
7. CRITERIA OF PROFESSION 5
8. PERSPECTIVE OF NURSING PROFESSION 7
9. ESTABLISHMENT OF NURSING COUNCIL 8
10. DVEELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN INDIA 8
11. UNIVERSITY LEVEL PROGRAM 9
12. AT GLOBAL LEVEL 10
13. LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES 11
14. MAJOR PRINCIPLES OF NURSING ETHICS 15
15. JOB RESPONSIBILITY 16
16. BIBLIOGRAPHY 18
INTRODUCTION

Nursing is one of the oldest arts and is an essential modern occupation. It began with the need to
provide care and comfort to those suffering from illness and injury. Knowledge of general history is
necessary as a basis to understand and interpret the changes which have been taken place in nursing.
Knowledge of the profession’s history increases the nurse’s awareness and promotes an understanding
of the social and intellectual origins of the discipline from its earliest history, the nursing was a form of
community service to protect and preserve the family.

A nurse is a healthcare professional who, in collaboration with other members of the healthcare
team is responsible for the treatment, safety and recovery of acutely ill or chronically ill individuals;
health promotion and maintenance within families, communities and populations and treatment of life
threating emergencies in a wide range of healthcare settings. Nurses perform a wide range of clinical and
non-clinical function necessary to the delivery of healthcare, and may also be involved in medical and
nursing research.

Nursing has been called the oldest of arts and youngest of profession. The word “nurse” and
“nursing” has many meanings. The word nursing itself is derived from the Latin word nutrire ‘to nourish’.
The word “nurse” has its root in the Latin noun nutrix which means “nursing mother” often referring to
a ‘wet nurse’ (a woman who breastfeed the babies of others). The French term “nourrice” also refers to
a woman who suckled a child.

PRE-HISTORIC NURSING

Myths, songs and other findings of the archeologists throw light on pre-historic man’s care for
the sick. It was believed that ‘evil spirits cause illness within the body’. Body was ill-treated by starving,
beating, administering nauseous substance, beating of drums, magic rites and ceremonies and by causing
sudden fright to get rid of evil spirit. Doctor cum nurse was the magic man.

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HISTORY OF NURSING IN INDIA

 1664 – Military Nursing was started by East India Company in St. George Military Hospital in
Madras.
 1854 – Govt. sanctioned training school for midwives.
 1861 – Public Health Nursing school was started
 1867 – St. Stephens Hospital at Delhi was first one to begin training of Indian girl as nurses.
 1871 – First school of nursing started in Govt. General Hospital, Madras with 6 months diploma
midwifery program
 1890 – 1900 – Many schools under mission or Govt. were started in various parts of India.
 1897 – Dr. B.C Roy did great work, raising standards of nursing and that of male and female nurses.
 1908 – TNAI formed to uphold dignity and honor of nursing profession
 1918 – Training schools were started for health visitors and dais at Delhi and Karachi.
 1926 – Madras state formed the first registration council to provide basic standards in education and
training
 1946 – First 4 years basic Bachelor degree was established at RAK College of Nursing in Delhi and
CMC, Vellore.
 1947 – After independence, Community development program and expansion of hospital service
created a large demand for nurses, ANM, health visitors, midwives, nursing tutors and nursing
administrators.
 1949 – INC was constituted.
 1959 – The first Master’s program in nursing was started in RAK College of Nursing, New Delhi.
 1963 – School of Nursing in Trivandrum instituted the first 2 years post-certificate Bachelor degree
program.
 1986 – M.Phil. at RAK College of Nursing, New Delhi was started
 1991 – The first doctoral program in nursing was established in institute of nursing science. M.V.
Shetty Memorial College, Mangalore.
 2002 onwards – Nursing education flourished in an unprecedented manner throughout India.
 2005-06 – INC Started PhD program (INC Consortium) with the collaboration of Rajiv Gandhi
University with 25 seats.
 2010 – BFUHS, Faridkot, started PhD program

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PROFESSION

A profession is an occupation with ethical components, i.e. devoted to the promotion of human
and society welfare. The service and knowledge by a profession are based on specialized skills.
Profession are those occupations possessing a particular combination of characteristics.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PROFESSION

Although nursing has been called profession for many years, an assessment of characteristics
of a profession indicates that it should more accurately be considered emerging profession.
Characteristics of a profession have been defined as:

o Authority to control its own work

o Exclusive body of specialized knowledge
o Extensive period of formal training
o Specialized Competence
o Service to Society
o Self-regulation
o Credentialing system to certify competence
o Legal reinforcement of professional standards
o Ethical practice
o Creation of collegial subculture
o Intrinsic rewards
o Public acceptance

Apart from this the characteristics of a profession can be categorized as following:

o INTELLECTUAL
This character is reflecting the commitment to serve society. This category has three
components:
- BODY OF KNOWLEDGE: Professional practice is based on body of knowledge
derived from experience and research. This knowledge base contributes to judgement
and rationale for modifying actions according to specific situation. However, the
education has often emphasized proven methods for responding to particular kinds of

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 situations, e.g. clients may be discharged without self-care teaching because doctors
don’t write an order.
- SPECILAIZED EDUCATION: Nursing transmits knowledge through specialized
education. However, there are five level of basic education for registered nurses, all
of which prepare for one licensure examination. Three of the five levels (Diploma
Associate Degree and Baccalaureate degree) accept high school graduation where as
other two (Master’s degree and doctoral degree) accept college with liberal arts
majors.
- CRITICAL AND CREATIVE THINKING: A logical and critical thinking process is
an essential component of professional practice. The nursing process is a problem-
solving approach, it includes:
 Collect and organize information derived from multiple sources.
 Decide what is needed, based on that information
 Select and implement one approach from among many possible approach
 Evaluate the results of the process

o PERSONAL
This category emphasizes on autonomy. Autonomy means the practitioner have control
over their own function in a work setting. Autonomy involves independence, a willingness to
take risk and responsibility and accountability for one’s own action as well as self-
determination and self-regulation. The autonomous practitioners are also obligated to
collaborate with others for the benefit of the patients.

o INTERPERSONAL
Nursing is a significant therapeutic interpersonal process. It functions co-operatively with
other human process that make health possible for individuals in the communities. The nurse
collaborates with the patient, significant other and healthcare providers in formulation of
overall goals and plan of care and in the decisions related to care and delivery of services.

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DIFFERNCE BETWEEN OCCUPATION AND PROFESSION

OCCUPATION PROFESSION

 Training may occur in the job  Education takes place in a college

 Length of training varies
 Values, Belief and Ethics are not prominent 
factor of preparation
 Commitment and personal identification vary
 People often change jobs
 Accountability rests with the employer
 Education is prolong
Values, Ethics, belief are an integral part of
preparation
 Commitment and personal identification is
strong
 People unlikely to change jobs.
 Accountability rests with an individual.

CRITERIA OF PROFESSION
Bixler and Bixler Criteria for Profession:

Genevieve and Roy Bixler who were against the status of nursing as a profession in 145, appraised
nursing according to their original seven criteria as follow:

1) A profession utilizes in its practice as well as defined and well-organized body of knowledge,
which is on the intellectual level of the higher training.
2) A profession constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and improves its techniques of
education and service by the use of scientific methods.
3) A profession entrusts the education of its practitioners of institutions of higher education
4) A profession applies its body of knowledge in practical service, which is vital to human beings
and social welfare.
5) A profession functions autonomous in the formulation of professional policy and in control of
professional activities there by.
6) A profession attracts individual intellectual and personal qualities who exalt service above
personal gain and who can recognize their chosen profession as life long
7) A profession strives to compensate practitioners by providing freedom of action, opportunity for
continuous professional growth and economic security.

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Abraham Flexner’s Criteria for Profession:

Flexner believed that profession work:

1) Is basically intellectual (as opposed to physical) and is accompanied by a high degree of

individual responsibility
2) Is based on a body of knowledge that can be learned and is refreshed and refined through research.
3) Is practical in addition to being theoretical
4) Can be taught through highly specialized professional education
5) Has a strong internal organization of members and a well-developed group consciousness
6) Has practitioners who are motivated by altruism (the desire to help others) and who are responsive
to human interests.

Kelly’s Criteria

Kelly (1981) reiterated and expanded Flexner’s criteria in her 1981 listing of characteristics of a
profession:

1) The services provided are vital to humanity and the welfare of the society
2) There is a special body of knowledge that is continually enlarged through research
3) The service involves intellectual activities; individual responsibilities (accountability) is strong
feature
4) Practitioners are educated in institutions of higher learning
5) Practitioners are relatively independent and control their own policies and activities
6) Practitioners are motivated by service and consider their work as an important component of their
lives
7) There is a code of ethics to guide the decision and conduct of practitioners
8) There is an organization (association) that encourages and supports high standards of practice.

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PRESPECTIVE OF NURSING PROFESSION

At National Level

During the post-independence period there has been enormous change and development in the
field of medicine, medical technology, healthcare and nursing. Some vital recommendations to the Bhore
Committee relevant to nursing profession are given below:

1. Stipends to the nursing students: In order to prevent economic barriers in the way of a suitable
persons entering the nursing profession, the committee suggested the provision of Rs. 60 per
month for pupil nurses.
2. Nurses, Midwives and Dais: The committee suggested that by 1971, the number of trained
nurses available in country should be raised to 7,40,000. An essential step towards the
achievement of this objective was removal of the existing unsatisfactory conditions of training
and service. The committee made proposal to improve the situations
3. Training of Nurses and Midwives: In view of the extreme shortage of nursing personnel the
committee recommended that the first group of 100 training centers, each taking 50 pupils, should
be started to years before the Health Organization began to be established, then another set of 100
training centers be created during the first two years of that scheme and a third group of the same
number of training centers should be established before the third year of the second scheme.
4. Male Nurses: Male nurses should be trained and employed in large numbers in the male wards
and male outpatient departments of public hospitals, thus releasing women works for other work
5. Public Health Nurses: The committee also made specific proposal with regard to the training of
public health nurses. These should be fully qualified nurses with training in midwifery as well.
6. Midwives: The number of midwives actually available for midwifery duties in the country was
probably 5000. The committee laid down certain fundamental requirements which should be met
before an institution could be organized as training center for Midwives.
7. Dais: The continued employment of women as dais was inevitable. The committee advocated the
training of dais as a interim measure until an adequate number of midwives would become
available.
8. Nursing Stagg: The report recommended to produce another category of Nursing Health
personnel called Auxiliary Personnel. Auxiliary Nurse midwife training was started to meet the
health needs of the country.

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ESTABLISHMENT OF INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL

As a result of Bhore Committee recommendations, Indian Nursing Council was established in

1947 to regulate the standards of Nursing education. Nursing council made three important decisions:

a) These should be only two standards of training of General Nursing and Midwifery
i. The full course of General nursing to be for three years followed by minimum of nine month
of midwifery
ii. A course of Auxiliary Nurse Midwifery for two years.
b) The minimum entrance requirement of General nursing course to be Matriculation and for Auxiliary
Nurse to be 7th or 8th standard of education.
c) The Auxiliary Nurse midwifery course to replace various course like junior grade Nursing Certificate
and course other than for nurses.

DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN INDIA

The Auxiliary Nurse Midwife/General Nurse Midwife program. The Indian Nursing Council at
its meeting in 1950 came out with some important decisions relating to future patterns of Nursing training
in India. One of the important decisions was that there should be two standards of training of Nursing
and Midwifery.

o A full course of 3 years in Nursing and minimum of 6 months of midwifery.

o A course of Auxiliary Nurse Midwives of 2 years which would replace various course for
junior grade certificate.

The first course of A.N.M was started at St. Mary’s Hospital Taran, Punjab in 1951. Initially a very few
training centers undertook to give this course but then financial aid was given by Govt. of India under
the scheme for preparing personnel for primary Health centers gave a great impetus to the training
program. The entrance qualification was raised from 7th class passed to Matriculation.

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UNIVERSITY LEVEL PROGRAM

Basic B.Sc. Nursing: The need for providing basic training in University level was felt by the members
of TNAI from 1940 onwards. B.Sc. Nursing (Hons) was started at Delhi in July 1946 in school of
Hospital. Administration which was started in 1943. This school was renamed as college of Nursing in
1972. This college is located at Lajpat Nagar, New Delhi. A similar course in BSc. Nursing was started
at CMC Vellore, Madras University, Tamilnadu in 1946 by the joint church society of England, USA
and Canada.

Post Basic/Post Certificate B.Sc. Nursing: The need for higher training for certificate nurses was
also stressed by the Mudalliar Committee in 1962. For upgradation of professional standard two year
post basic certificate B.Sc. Degree program for nurses with Diploma in general nursing and Midwifery
was standard in Dec 1962 by the school of Nursing, University of Thiruvananthapuram.

POST-GRADUATION EDUCATION

M.Sc. Nursing Education: Two years course in Master of Nursing was started at Rajkumari Amrit
Kaur College of Nursing Delhi in 1959. In 1969 M.Sc. Nursing was started at CMC Vellore affiliated to
Madras University. The M.Sc. Nursing curriculum was prepared and prescribed by Indian Nursing
council in 1986 which is implemented by all the colleges M.Sc. in psychiatric nursing was also started in
Sept. 1983 at NIMHANS, Bangalore. This college is affiliated to Bangalore University.

M.Phil. Program: The inspection committee by INC under statue 30(4) for the inspection of the
college, visited RAK College of Nursing New Delhi on Sept 13, 1977 and advised the principal to form
a M.Phil. committee to assess all the requirement for the said program. But due to some administrative
reason the M.Phil. program could be started only on Oct 15, 1986, after due approval of the M.Phil.
committee members. The program is of one year for regular candidate and 2 years for part tie candidates.

Ph.D. Program: Ph.D. program was started in few colleges of nursing like College of Nursing PGI,
College of Nursing CMC Vellore and College of Nursing affiliated to Mangalore University and at RAK
College of Nursing, Delhi University etc. from 1990 onwards. Ph.D. program in psychiatric Nursing was
also then in NIHMANS, Bangalore, for their own faculty.

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AT GLOBAL LEVEL

There are various educational routes for becoming a professional Registered Nurse. Initially
hospital schools of nursing were developed to educate nurses to within those institutions.

Associate Degree Program: The associate degree program in the United States is a 2-year program
that is usually offered by a University or Junior college. This program focuses on the basic science,
theoretical and clinical courses related to the practice of nurse.

Diploma Education: The diploma program in the United States is a 2-3-year hospital-based program.
Diploma program focus on the sciences and on theoretical and clinical courses related to nursing practice,
usually with a substantial clinical component. In U.S diploma programs are offered in community
colleges or hospitals and are 2 years programs.

Baccalaureate Education: The baccalaureate degree program usually encompasses 4 year of study in
a college or University. The program focuses on basic sciences and on theoretical and clinical courses,
as well as courses in Social Science arts and humanities to support nursing theory. In Canada, the degree
of Bachelor of Science in Nursing (B.Sc. Nursing) or Bachelor of Nursing (BN) is equivalent to the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) in United States. RN Completion programs are available
at many colleges and Universities. These programs are designed to assist the practicing RN in obtaining
a Baccalaureate degree in nursing.

Accreditation: To be accredited, nursing programs must meet certain criteria established by the
National League for Nursing Accrediting (NILNAC). This voluntary accreditation is available for basic
nursing education programs and master’s degree program in Nursing.

Licensure: In the U.S, RN candidates must pass the National Council Licensure Examination for
Registered Nurse (NCLEX-RN), which is administered by individual state Board of Nursing. Regardless
of Educational preparation, the examination for RN licensure is exactly the same in every state in United
States.

Certification: Beyond the NCLEX-RN, National Nursing Organizations such as ANA, have many
types of certification that the nurses can work towards. After passing initial examination, the nurse
maintains certification by continuing education and clinical administrative practice.

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MASTER DEGREE PREPARATION:

A person completing a graduate program can receive the Degree of Masters in Arts (MA) in
nursing or Masters in Science in Nursing. This provides the advanced clinician with strong skills in
nursing science and research based clinical practice. A master degree in nursing can be valuable for nurse
specialist, nurse administrator or nurse practitioners.

DOCTORAL PREPARATION:
The first nursing doctorate program was opened in 1953 at University of Pittsburgh. Other
programs emphasized on basic research and theory and award the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.).

CONTINUING AND IN-SERVICE EDUCATION:

Continuing Education involves formal organized and educational programs preferred by state
Nurse Association and Educational and Healthcare Institution. Other goals include helping nurses
become specialized in a particular area of practice and teaching nurse new skills and techniques.

LICENSED PRACTICAL NURSE EDUCATION:

A licensed practical or vocational nurse is trained in basic nursing techniques and direct client
care. The Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) or Licensed Vocational Nurse (LVN) practices under the
supervision of Registered Nurse (RN) in a hospital of community health practice setting.

LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES

Legal Issues: Nurses should be in a position to understand existing law of the country to sustain her
stay as professional nurse in the society; be it in a nursing college, in a hospital, in a health center or in
community. Safe and efficient nursing care is possible by a nurse if she is aware of the health law, public
health law, common law, statutory law and accountability as a nurse, her legal liability and malpractices,
negligence and clinical offenses.

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 Nursing care is regulated by different systems of principles called Law and Bioethics. Acceptable
behavior is made possible by the nurse through existing laws of the country, because it imposes fine,
penalties for violation of derivations.
To control certain human behaviors laws will put a visible marking call “must” and “shall” and
are on the interest of the society and people. Bioethics on the other hand addresses human behavior with
specification of “should” and “may” from sociological context.

COMMON LAW
Through written opinion judge made laws regarding nursing practice, accumulated which
establish the current standards of nursing practice. Some of the common laws made can be accumulated
below as:
o To make independent judgement, nurse needs valid license.
o A nurse cannot attend to mercy killing in spite of urge on the part of dying patient
o Nurse are specialist in a hospital and are skilled professional
o Nurse should fulfill their obligations
o Nurse affirmative duty is to prevent harm to a patient
o Cannot practice without license
o Wrongful termination of pregnancy
o Certain bargaining
o Malpractice by nurses

STATUTORY LAW
They are written laws by legislative bodies and are enacted as statutes. Violation of these law is
punishable by fine, suspension and or imprisonment. Prosecution is by government authorities. In the
context of statutory law, Indian laws are grouped under Local, Municipal, State and Central in their
promulgation or enactment.
Medical termination of pregnancy is a statutory law. This takes care of wrongful termination of
pregnancy through MTP act which is Central statutory law.

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 Nursing council of India has the power to take disciplinary action on complaints by the state
council. These can include:
- Mediclaim fraud
- Inappropriate behavior
- Failure to document the procedure and actions
- Falsification of patient’s records
- Guilt of felony
- Practicing without a valid license.

CIVIL LAW
Major portion of civil law is tort which is a civil wrong or injury committed by one person against
another person over a property. Based on fault, civil suits are filed by one individual against another
Usual damages are financial reimbursement for treatment if injuries, monetary compensation for pain
and suffering, compensation for mental agony. Common intentional torts are negligence and malpractice:

Negligence: Failure to act in a reasonable and prudent manner. This also is the failure of a nurse to use
the nursing care that a reasonably prudent and careful nurse would use under similar circumstances. It
does not involve and act intentionally.

Malpractice: Failure of a professional who has specialized education and training and who do not act
in a reasonable manner. It involves an act which is intentional.

Simple negligence does not need expert testimony and even lay person can testify. In case of malpractice,
expert testimony is needed. These are considered when following criteria is fulfilled:
o Nurse has the contract with the patient and is duty bound
o When a nurse has breached her duty to the patient
o Actual harm has occurred to patient
o There is relation between nursing care and patient injury.

Criminal Negligence: When nurses action result in serious harm or death of the patient because of
reckless conduct, it represents criminal negligence. Here a negligent act of the nurse is identified.

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Liability: These asserts that every nurse is responsible for the injury done to another which results from
carelessness. When a nurse is accountable for the outcome of her action it is personal liability.
Common and frequent allegations:
o Errors in drug administration
o Failure to monitor patient’s condition
o Failure to report significant observation of emergency patients
o Improper treatment
o Do not follow hospital policy
o Do not follow hospital procedures

OTHER TORTS IN NURSING ACT:

1) Touching the patient without consent amount to assault
2) Offensive touching of patient at nursing amounts to battery
3) Subjective comments like drug seeker, addict can amount to defamation
4) Even if it is injurious to stop treatment, patient may not wan to be continued. On treatment of
this junction if unlawful detention for treatment is insisted it amounts to falseful
imprisonment.
5) Nurse’s outrageous behavior can produce emotional shock to patient which amount to
intentional infliction of emotional distress.
6) When nurses disclose health history that should have been confidential it amounts to invasion
of privacy.

ETHICAL ISSUES
They are the codes of moral behavior and rules of conduct related to nursing. Compassion,
Sympathy, pleasant manners are required for the successful management of a case. Loyalty and obedience
to authorities, recognition of experience of senior staff, maintaining confidentiality on affairs of patients
are other aspects of ethical issues.
Trustworthiness and reliability are essential if the nurse is to develop a sense of responsibility as
a member of nursing team. It is the moral and ethical obligation of a nursing profession to offer ones
service to a patient irrespective of social distraction, race, creed or caste.

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Professional Etiquette: Certain rules of behavior for maintain discipline which are necessary for safety
and welfare of patient are of prime importance. While nursing staff are addressed with a title of matron,
sister nurse etc., patients should be identified by their name and not by number or disease. Courtesy to
visitors who visit their patients improve patient nurse relationship and this extend to the good hospital
environment. Courtesy shown to seniors matters much in nursing professional etiquette.

MAJOR PRINCIPLES OF NURSING ETHICS

1) Principle of doing good called Beneficence
2) Serving the ill with fairness, equality and impartially called Justice
3) Patient can choose his choice of treatment called Respect of autonomy
4) Principles of not harming patient called Non-malfeasance

Guiding Principles in Nursing Care:

Following are the guiding principles of nursing profession:
o Compassion
o Confidentiality
o Element of Informed consent
o Obligation to treat
o Respect for persons
o Solidarity
o Wellbeing or beneficence

Essential Values in Nursing:

To have the same rights, privileges or status is called “equality” and is possible by fairness and
acceptance for the care in a non-discriminatory manner.
The capacity to exercise choice which is called “freedom” comes from hope, openness and self-
discipline. This honors individual’s right and encourages open discussion. Upholding moral and legal
principles which is called “Justice” comes from integrity, courage. This helps in allocation of resources
fairly.

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 Faithfulness to the reality is called “Truth” which comes from honesty, rationality and
accountability. This is helpful to get sufficient data for a sound judgement in nursing care.
Inherent Uniqueness or a person which called “Human dignity” comes from humanism, kindness
and considerations. This safeguards the individuals right to privacy.
The concern for the welfare of others which is called “Altruism” comes from commitment,
generosity and perseverance. This give full attention to the patient from giving care.
A quality of person that provides appreciation of artistic beauty is called “Aesthetics” comes from
appreciation and creativity. This helps in adaptation to the environment and is pleasing to the patient.

ETHICAL CODE FOR NURSES

The international council of nurses has identified ethical concepts applied to nursing which are
called International Council of Nurse Code for nurses. The fundamental responsibility of the nurses is
four-fold and they being:
1) To promote health
2) To restore health
3) To prevent illness and
4) To alleviate suffering.

The need for nursing is Universal, inherent in nursing is respect for life, dignity, and right for humans. It
is unrestricted by considerations of nationality, race, creed, color, age, sex, politics or social status.

JOB RESPONSIBILITIES

Daily Nursing Routine:

The nursing care of each patients would be planned to meet the needs of individual patient
physically, mentally and spiritually in the best possible way. His likes, dislikes are habits are to be
respected. A check over instructions before ward rounds is routine. Recording of vital rates like pulses,
BP, respiration is common added routine in the sick.

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Special Routine:
In hospital procedures following are special routines that are to be attended in nursing care
service:
i. Employing techniques for infection prevention and control
ii. Using proper positioning, mobilization and transferring technique
iii. Managing female reproductive procedures and immediate care of the new born.
iv. Managing GI procedures.
v. Managing respiratory procedures
vi. Managing cardio-vascular procedures
vii. Managing Renal-Urinary procedures
viii. Managing musculoskeletal procedures
ix. Managing Neurosensory procedures

Additional Routine:
o Family Health counselling
o Inspection, survey of home, school, Industry
o Managerial Responsibility
o Participation in Research Activity.

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BIBILOGRAPHY

 Brar N.K, Rawat H.C.; Textbook of Advanced Nursing Practice; Jaypee brothers;
Medical publishers; 8-12

 Blais K.K; Hayes J.S; Kozier B, Erb G A; Professional Nursing Practice Concepts
and Perspective; 5 (16-17)

 Ellis J.R; Harfley C.L; Nursing in Today’s world; Trends issues and management; 9
(151-152)

 Shabeer P.B; Khan S.Y; A Concise Textbook of Advanced Nursing Practice; Emess
Medical Publishers; 2-19, 41-42

 Prabhakara G N, Trends, Issues and Management in Nursing; Jaypee bothers; 94-100,

229

 Basavanthappa B.T; Textbook of Nursing Education; Jaypee borthers; New Delhi;

21-22, 71-76.

 Shafeah Makdour Aljedaani; Nurse’s Perception of Nursing as a Profession; IOSR

Journal of Nursing and Health Science; e-ISSN: 2320–1959.p- ISSN: 2320–1940
Volume 6, Issue 2 Ver. IV (Mar. - Apr. 2017), PP 13-23; Available on
www.iosrjournals.org

 Sowjanya P and Subashini D; Nursing a Profession or an Occupation; Journal of

Nursing and Health Sciences available on :
http://www.rroij.com/open-access/nursing-a-profession-or-an-occupation.php?aid=51839

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