ME213 Mechanics of Materials Formula Sheet

Materials
 E
Young’s modulus E  , Shear modulus G  where ν is Poissons ratio
 2(1  )
Thermal expansion:    L = Lo  1 + T

Composite Materials
E composite  E f a f  E m (1  a f ) (when loaded parallel to fibres)
1
E composite 
a f / E f  1  a f  / E m
(when loaded perpendicular to fibres)

Viscoelastic Materials
Stress at time t (t) in a viscoelastic material under constant strain
E
t = ce- Et/h , where c is stress at time t = 0, and η is a constant (known as the time constant).

Bending and Torsion

F   FLo
Axial loading:     ,   , E  ,  
A Lo  EA
Lateral strain:    lateral     axial
M E 
Beam bending:   I  R   y

Second moment of area:   I  
A
y 2 dA
bd 3
Rectangle about N.A.: I 
12
 r4
Circle about diameter: I
4

Parallel Axis Theorem: I x '  I x  Aa 2
 G T
Shear and torsion:          where τ is the shear stress produced by a torque T  
r L J
τ = Gγ  where γ is the shear strain
 R4
Polar second moment of area: Solid circular shaft:        J 
2
 4

Hollow circular shaft:    J  Ro  Ri
2
4

Power in shaft = torque  angular velocity (rad/sec) = 2πnT where n is the revolutions per second

 2 EI
Euler’s formula for the buckling of slender axially loaded pin­ended columns:   Fc  2
L

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Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
pr pr
Cylindrical : hoop stress 1  , longitudinal stress  2 
t 2t
pr
Spherical :  1   2 
2t

Biaxial Stress (Plane Stress)

  x   y     x   y  cos 2  
x  xy sin 2
2 2
  x   y     x   y  cos 2  
y  xy sin 2
2 2
  x   y  sin 2  
 x y    xy cos 2
2

Principal Stresses
2
 x   +   y  x  y 
1,2   =          +   xy 2
2  2 
2  xy
tan 2 p   =  
 x   ­   y  
2
 x  y   1   2 
 max,min   =          xy 2   = 
 2  2
( x   ­   y )
tan 2s   = , s   p  45
2  xy

Mohr’s Circle For Stress

Centre   x   y ,0
1 
2 
1
 2 2
Radius  
=  1  x   y    xy
2 

 
 2 


Biaxial Strain
( x   +   y ) ( x   ­   y )  xy
 x'   =    +   cos 2 +    sin 2
2 2 2
( x   +   y ) ( x   ­   y )  xy
 y'   =    ­    cos 2 ­    sin 2
2 2 2
 x' y' ( x   ­   y )  xy
  =   ­     sin 2  +    cos 2
2 2 2
2 2
 x   +   y  x  y    xy 
1,2   =          +      
2  2   2 

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  xy
Tan 2p =
 x   ­   y

 max,min   =    ( x   ­   y ) 2   +   xy 2   =     (1  ­   2 )

45 Strain Gauge Rosette

 xy  2  b   a   c (  b at 45)

Stress/Strain Transformation

  y y  x
x  =   x   ­   , y  =    ­ 
E E E E
E E
x  =    ( x   +   y ) , y  =    ( y   +   x )
(1   2 ) (1   2 )
E
  =  G  =  
2(1 + )
   
1  =   1   ­   2 , 2   =   2   ­   1
E E E E
E E
1  =    (1  +   2 ) , 2   =    ( 2   +  1 )
(1   2 ) (1   2 )

Von Mises Equivalent Stress

 e  12   22  1 2

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