II.

Summary of Formulas

Fundamental Concepts

Static Equilibrium

Laws of Statics
 Fx  0  Fy  0 M  0
- Coplanar forces :
 Fx  0  Fy  0  Fz  0
- Non –coplanar:
M  0

Stress and Strain

1. Stress

a. Normal Stress
P

Tensile & Compressive Stress A
Mc
B 
Bending Stress (tensile or compressive) I

b. Shear stress

V

(1) Shear stress As

(2) Torsional shear stress

a) Torque tubes
Tr

Shafts J
 R4  D4
J 
Where: 2 32 for solid circular section

  Ro4  Ri4    Do4  Di4 

J 
2 32 for hollow circular section

q
 max 
b) Thin-walled closed sections or Torque box t

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 2. Strain



L

y

Poisson’s ratio x

3. Stress – Strain Relationship

a. Hooke’s law

1.     E
2.      G

Where: Constant = E for Tension or Compression and G for shear

b. Modulus of Elasticity in Tension or Compression

E = 30 x 106 lb/in2 for steels

E = 10 x 106 lb /in 2 for all Aluminum alloys

c. Modulus of Elasticity in shear/modulus of Rigidity

G = 12 x 106 lb/in2 for steels

G = 3.8 to 4 x 106 lb /in 2 for all Al alloys

d. Relation between E and G

E
G
2  1 

where:  = 0.25 to 0.33 for and steels and Al alloys

4. Factor of Safety
σ allowable
F . S .=
σ working

5. Sine Law
sinA sinB sinC
= =
a b c

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 6. Cosine Law

c 2=a2+ b2−2 ab cos ⁡(C)

b 2=c 2+ a2−2 ab cos ⁡( B)

a 2=b2 +c 2−2 ab cos ⁡( A)

7. Pythagorean Theorem
c 2=a2+ b2

Important Section Properties

1. Area and Centroid(with respect to x and y axes)

A   ydx   xdy   A
bx by

ax ay

Centroid

x
 xdA    xA y
 ydA    yA
A A and A A

2. Moment of Inertia

I x   y 2 dA I y   x 2 dA
and

I xx  I o  Ay 2

Where Ixx = Moment of inertia through any axis parallel to x – axis

Io = Moment of Inertia through centroid parallel to x – axis

Common Sections:
bh3
Io 
Rectangular (through the Centroid): 12

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 Circular (through the Axis)

 r4  d 4
Io  
Solid : 2 64

  ro4  ri4    d o4  di4 

Io  
Hollow: 2 64

3. Polar Moment of Inertia

I p   r 2 dA   y 2 dA   x 2 dA  I x  I y

Common Sections:
bh3 hb 3
Io  
Rectangular (through the Centroid) 12 12

Circular (through the Axis):

 r4  d 4
Io  
Solid : 4 32

  ro4  ri4    d o4  di4 

Io  
Hollow: 4 32

4. Radius of Gyration

Ip Ix Iy
r y  dx  x  dy 
A ; A and A

Space Structures

1. Resultant Force

R=√ Fx 2+ Fy 2 + Fz2

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 2. Scalar Vector Notation Form

F=F i+ F j + F k

3. Direction Cosines
F x =Fcosα

F y =Fcosβ

F z =Fcosγ

4. Resultant Distance

r =√ x 2 + y 2 + z 2

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