Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

Module 5 Title: Stresses in Beams

Module Introduction/Rationale:

In this module, we will study on how to determine the stresses in beams due to the shear force
and bending moment, the economical section of a rectangular beam, and other parameters using the
flexural stress and shear stress.

Module Outcomes:
CO2: Calculate stresses due to bending, shear, and torsion under plain and combined loading.
CO3: Analyze statically determinate and indeterminate structures.

Lesson 1 Title: Shear and Bending Moment in Beams

Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this topic the learner should be able to:
1. solve the flexural stress and shear stress of a beam
2. solve the safe load that the beam could carry using the flexural stress and shear stress
3. solve the cross-section of a rectangular beam using the flexural and shear stresses

FLEXURAL STRESS (Bending Stress)

The stress caused by the bending moment is known as flexural stress or bending stress.

moment moment
compression

tension

Flexural Formula

Mc
f
I

Where: f = flexural stress (MPa, KPa, Pa, psi, psf)

M = bending moment (N-mm, KN-m, N-m, lbs-in, lbs-ft)
C = is the distance from the neutral axis to the top or bottom of the cross section
I = moment of inertia (mm4, m4, in4, ft4)
1
 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

Secction Modulus

I
S
C

Flexural Formula using section modulus

M
f
S

For Rectangular Beam

d d
C= C=
2 2

d = depth n.a. = neutral axis

d
Y=
2

b = base

Moment of Inertia for Rectangular Section

bd 3
I
12

Flexural Formula

d 1
M  M 
MC 2 2 M 6M
f  3
 2
 2
 2
I bd bd bd bd
12 12 6

Flexural Stress for Rectangular Beam

6M
f
bd 2

2
 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

SHEAR STRESS

The stress due to shear force is known as shear stress.

shear force shear force

Shear Stress Formula

VQ
v
Ib

Where: v = shear stress (MPa, KPa, Pa, psi, psf)

V = shear force (N, KN, lbs)
Q = first moment of the cross-sectional area with respect to the neutral axis
I = moment of inertia (mm4, m4, in4, ft4)
b = the width of the cross-section at the horizontal line where the shear stress is
being calculated

For Rectangular Beam

b

d
C=
2 C
2 n.a. = neutral axis
d = depth

d
Y=
2

b = base

Moment of Inertia for Rectangular Section

bd 3
I
12

3
 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

First Moment of the Cross-Sectional Area for Rectangula Section

C  d C d
Q  bC   but C = and 
2 2 2 4

2
 d  d  bd
Q  b   
 2  4  8

Shear Stress Formula

 bd 2   bd 2  1 1
V   V
  8

 V  V 
VQ  8    8  2  3V
v     
Ib  bd 3  b2d 3 bd bd 2bd
 b
 12  12 12 3
 

Shear Stress for Rectangular Beam

3V
v
2bd

ECONOMICAL SECTION

In designing a rectanglar beam, mostly it is assumed that d = 2b.

From the Flexural Stress

6M 6M 6M 6M
f 2
= 2
= 2
=
bd b(2b) b(4b ) 4b 3
4b 3 f  6M
6M
b3 
4f
6M
b3
4f

From the Shear Stress

3V 3V 3V
v = =
2bd 2b(2b) 4 b 2
4b 2 v  3V
3V
b2 
4v
3V
b
4v

4
 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

Beam Diagrams and Formulas for Various Static Loading Conditions

Figure 1: Simple Beam – Figure 2: Simple Beam – Uniformly

Concentrated Load at the Center Distributed Load

P
w

P P
½L ½L wL wL
2 2 L
2 2
P wL
2 P 2
Vmax = wL
2 Vmax =
2
P
 wL2 wL
2 
PL 8 2
4
Mmax =
PL wL2
Mmax =
4 8

Figure 3: Simple Beam – Two Equal Figure 4: Simple Beam – Three Equal
Concentrated Loads Symmetrically Concentrated Loads Symmetrically
Placed Placed
P P P P P

P ⅓L ⅓L ⅓L P 3/2 P 1/4 L 1/4 L 1/4 L 1/4 L 3/2 P

P 3/2 P
1/2 P
Vmax = P 3P
Vmax =
2
– 1/2 P
P – 3/2 P
PL PL
3 3PL 2 3PL
PL 8 8 PL
Mmax = Mmax =
3 2

5
 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

Figure 5: Cantilever Beam – Figure 6: Cantilever Beam – Uniformly

Concentrated Load at Free End Distributed Load

P w

– PL  wL2
2
P L wL L

P wL
P
Vmax = P Vmax = wL

wL2
Mmax =
Mmax = PL 2
 wL2
– PL
2

Figure 7: Cantilever Beam – Uniformly

Varying Load

 wL2
6
wL
L
2
wL
2
wL
Vmax =
2

wL2
Mmax =
6
 wL2
6

6
 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

Sample Problem
1. Determine the flexural stress and shear stress of a rectangular beam loaded as shown in the figure.

15 KN/m 12 KN

450 mm

8m 2m

200 mm

Solution:
Solve for the reactions
Take a moment at R1
ΣMR1 = 0
15 KN/m 12 KN
0 = (15KN/m)(8 m)(4 m) + (12KN)(10 m) – R2 (8 m)
0 = 480 + 120 – R2(8) B
R2 = 75 KN A
C
Take a moment at R2 8m 2m
0 = R1(8 m) – (15KN/m)(8 m)( 4 m) + (12 KN)(2 m)
0 = R1(8 m) – 480 + 24 R1 = 57 KN R2 = 75 KN
R1 = 57 KN

Shear Force 57 8–x

VA = 0 + 57 KN = 57 KN 12
VB = + 57 – 15KN/m (8 m) = – 63 KN + +
VB’ = – 63 KN + 75 KN = + 12 KN V Diag. 0 0
VC = + 12 KN – 12 KN = 0 –
x
Solve for distance X
X 8X

57 63 – 63
108.30
63X = 456 – 57X
456
X= =3.80 m
63  57
8 – X = 4.20 m
M Diag. 0 0
Bending Moment
MA = 0 – 24
MX = 0 + ½ (57)(3.80 m) = 108.30 KN-m
MB = 108.30 – ½ (63) (4.20 m) = – 24 KN-m
MC = – 24 + (12) (2 m) = 0

3
Vmax = – 63 KN = – 63x10 N
6
Mmax = 108.30 KN-m = 108.30x10 N-mm

7
 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

Compute the Flexural Stress

Mc
f
I
d 450
C  = 225 mm
2 2
bd 3 200(450) 3 9 4
I  = 1.52X10 mm
12 12
6
Mmax = 108.30 KN-m = 108.30x10 N-mm

Mc 108.30 x10 6 (225)

f =
I 1.52 x10 9
f = 16.03 MPa answer

Other solution
6M 6(108.30x10 6 )
f =
bd2 200(450)2
f = 16.04 MPa answer

Compute the Shear Stress

VQ
v
Ib
C  225  6 3
Q  bC   200(225)  = 5.0625x10 mm
2  2 
3
Vmax = 63 KN = 63x10 N

VQ 63x10 3 (5.0625x10 6 )
v =
Ib (1.52 x10 9 )(200)
v = 1.05 MPa answer

Other Solution
3V 3(63x10 3 )
v =
2bd 2(200)(450)
v = 1.05 MPa answer

8
 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

2. Determine the flexural stress and shear stress of the loaded I-beam shown in the figure.

225 mm 150 mm 225 mm

125 mm 80 KN

25 KN/m

650 mm

2m 6m 2m

125 mm

80 KN
500 mm

25 KN/m
Solution:
Solve for the reactions D
Take a moment at R1 A B C
ΣMR1 = 0
R2 = 110 KN 2m 6m 2m

Take a moment at R2 R1 = 170 KN R2 = 110 KN

R1 = 170 KN

Shear Force 120

VA = 0
VB = 0 – 25 KN/m (2 m) = – 50 KN
+ 6 – X = 1.20
VB’ = – 50 + 170 KN = + 120 KN
VC = + 120 – 25 KN/m (6 m) = – 30 KN V Diag. 0 0
– –
VC’ = – 30 – 80 KN= – 110 KN X = 4.80
VD = – 110 + 110 KN = 0 – 30
– 50 –
Solve for distance X
X 6X
 – 110
120 30
30X = 720 – 120X
X = 4.80 m
6 – X = 1.20 m 238
220
Bending Moment
MA = 0
MB = 0 – ½ (50) (2 m) = – 50 KN-m M Diag. 0 0
MX = – 50 + ½ (120) (4.80 m) = 238 KN-m
MC = 238 – ½ (30) (1.20 m) = 220 KN-m
MD = 220 – (110) (2 m) = 0
– 50
3
Vmax = 120 KN = 120x10 N
6
Mmax = 238 KN-m = 238x10 N-mm

9
 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

Solve for the centroids of the beam 225 mm 150 mm 225 mm

Area of the shaded part

2
A1 = (600) (125) = 75,000 mm
2 A1 125 mm
A2 = (150) (650) = 97,500 mm
2
A3 = (500) (125) = 62,500 mm
2
AT = 235,000 mm

Y1 = ½ (125 mm) + 650 + 125 = 837.50 mm 650 mm

A2
Y2 = ½ (650 mm) + 125 = 450 mm
Y3 = ½ (125 mm) = 62.50 mm

A T Y = ∑ AY A3 125 mm
(235,000) Y = (75,000) (837.50) + (97,500) (450)
+ (62,500) (62.50)
500 mm
Y = 470.61 mm

Solve for moment of inertia

Solve for IXO
d =Y –Y d1 = 837.50 – 470.61 = 366.89
d2 = 470.61 – 450 = 20.61
d3 = 470.61 – 62.50 = 408.11
2
IXO = Σ ĪX + Ad
 600(125)3 
IXO =   75000(366.89)2 
 12  A1
 150(650) 3  225 mm 150 mm 225 mm
+   97500(20.61)2 
 12  A2
 500(125) 3 
+   62500(408.11)2  A1 125 mm
 12  A3 C
neutral axis
IXO = 10.19x109 + 3.47x109 + 10.49x109
IXO = 24.15x109 mm4 650 mm
A2

Y = 470.61 mm
Compute the Flexural Stress
6 A3 125 mm
Mmax = 238 KN-m = 238x10 N-mm
C = (125 + 650 + 125) – 470 .61 = 429.39 mm
500 mm
Mc 238x10 6 (429.39)
f =
I 24.15x10 9
f = 4.23 MPa answer

10
 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

Compute the Shear Stress

Analyze the upper part of the section:

VQ
v Value of Q at the upper area with respect to the
Ib
neutral axis (N.A.)
3
Vmax = 120 KN = 120x10 N
600 mm
Moment of Area with respect to the neutral axis:
 125   304.39 
QU = 600(125)   304.39  + 150(304.39)  
 2   2  A1 125 mm
6 3
QU = 34.47x10 mm C = 429.39 mm
IXO = 24.15x109 mm4 A2 304.39 mm
neutral axis
b = 150 mm (the length where the N.A. passes through) N.A.
150 mm
VQ 120x10 3 (34.47x10 6 )
v =
Ib (24.15x10 9 )(150) b = 150 mm
v = 1.14 MPa answer

Other solution Value of Q at the lower area with respect to the

neutral axis (N.A.)
Analyze the lower part of the section:

VQ b = 150 mm
v
Ib
150 mm
3
Vmax = 120 KN = 120x10 N neutral axis
N.A.
Moment of Area with respect to the neutral axis:
 345.61   125  A1
QL = 150(345.61)   + 500(125)   345.61 
 2   2  345.61 mm
6 3 Y = 470.61 mm
QL = 34.47x10 mm
IXO = 24.15x109 mm4
b = 150 mm (the length where the N.A. passes through) A2 125 mm

VQ 120x10 3 (34.47x10 6 )
v = 500 mm
Ib (24.15x10 9 )(150)
v = 1.14 MPa answer

11
 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

3. Determine the cross-section of a rectangular beam loaded as shown in the figure if the allowable
flexural stress is 17.50 MPa and the shear stress is 1.20 MPa.
15 KN
20 KN/m

3m 3m 2m 2m

Solution:
Solve for the reactions
Take a moment at R1
ΣMR1 = 0
0 = (20KN/m)(5 m)(2.5 m) + (15KN)(3 m) – (20KN/m)(3 m)(1.50m) – R2 (7 m)
0 = 250 + 45 – 90 – R2(7)
R2 = 29.29 KN
15 KN
Take a moment at R2 20 KN/m
0 = R1(7 m) – (20KN/m)(8 m)( 4 m + 2 m) – (15 KN)(4 m)
0 = R1(7 m) – 960 – 60
R1 = 145.71 KN B E
A C D
Shear Force
VA = 0 3m 3m 2m 2m
VB = 0 – 20KN/m (3 m) = – 60 KN
R1 = 145.71 KN R2 = 29.29 KN
VB’ = – 60 KN + 145.71 KN = + 85.71 KN
VC = + 85.71 KN – 20KN/m (3 m) = 25.71 KN
VC’ = 25.71 KN – 15 KN = + 10.71 KN 2–x
VD = + 10.71 KN – 20KN/m (2 m) = – 29.29 KN 85.71
VE = – 29.29 KN + 29.29 KN = 0 25.71
+
Solve for distance X 10.71
X 2 X +
 V Diag. 0 0
– – –
10.71 29.29

– 60 – 29.29
29.29X = 21.42 – 10.71X
21.42 x
X= = 0.54 m
10.71  29.29
2 – X = 1.46 m 80.02
77.13 58.64
Bending Moment
MA = 0
MB = 0 – ½ (60)(3 m) = – 90 KN-m M Diag. 0 0
85.71  25.71
MC = – 90 + (3m) = + 77.13 KN-m
2
MX = + 77.13 + ½ (10.71) (0.54 m) = + 80.02 KN-m – 90
MD = + 80.02 – ½ (29.29) (1.46 m) = + 58.64 KN-m
ME = + 58.64 – 29.29 (2 m) = 0.06 say 0

12
 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

3
Vmax = 85.71 KN = 85.71x10 N
6
Mmax = – 90 KN-m = – 90x10 N-mm

Compute the value of b and d from the Flexural Stress

6M
b3
4f

6(90x10 6 )
b3
4(17.50)
b = 197.59 mm
d = 2b = 2(197.59)
d = 395.18 mm

Compute the value of b and d from the Shear Stress

3V
b
4v

3(85.71x10 3 )
b
4(1.30)
b = 222.37 mm
d = 2b = 2(222.37)
d = 444.74 mm

Therefore the safe dimension of the beam is

b = 222.37 mm answer
d = 444.74 mm answer

Note: if you use the smaller value of b and d, the beam will fail on
shear stress.

13
 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

4. Determine the safe uniform load that the 175 mm x 325 mm simple beam could carry over a length of
6.0 meters if the allowable flexural stress is 16.20 MPa and the shear stress is 0.75 MPa.

5 KN 5 KN

w
325 mm

2m 2m 2m
175 mm

Solution:
From Flexural Stress Formula for Vmax is a combination of Figure 2 & 3
6M wL
f Vmax = +P
bd2 2
6M w(6m)
16.20  28.44 = + 5 KN
2
(175)(325) 2
28.44 = 3w + 5
16.20(175)(325)2 23.44
M= w=
6 3
6
M = 49.91x10 N-mm = 49.91 KN-m w = 7.81 KN/m

Formula for Mmax is a combination of Figure 2 & 3

wL2 PL Safe uniform load is the least value
Mmax = + w = 7.81 KN/m answer
8 3
w(6m) 2 (5KN)(6m)
49.91 = +
8 3
49.91 = 4.5w + 10
4.5w = 49.91 – 10
39.91
w=
4.5
w = 8.87 KN/m

From Shear Stress

3V
v
2bd
3V
0.75 
2(175)(325)
3
V = 28.44x10 N = 28.44 KN

Formula for Vmax is a combination of Figure 2 & 3

wL
Vmax = +P
2

14
 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

Problem Set No: 1 (Module 5)

Determine the flexural stress and shear stress of a rectangular beam loaded as shown in the figure.

1.
16 KN

12 KN/m
350 mm

5m 5m
175 mm

2.

10 KN

18 KN/m
300 mm

125 mm 2m 7m

3.

10 KN

14 KN 20 KN/m
425 mm

1m 3m 6m
200 mm
4.

24 KN/m 8 KN
350 mm

150 mm 2m 5m 2m

15
 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

Determine the flexural stress and shear stress of the beam loaded as shown in the figure.

5.

125 mm 20 KN

35 KN/m

125 mm 2m 5m 3m

125 mm 150 mm 125 mm

6.

200 mm 200 mm 200 mm

30 KN 15 KN
175 mm
20 KN/m

525 mm
5m 2m 3m

7.

40 KN

300 mm 18 KN/m

125 mm
5m 3m 2m

100 mm 150 mm 100 mm

16
 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

8. Determine the cross-section of a rectangular beam loaded as shown in the figure if the allowable
flexural stress is 15.80 MPa and the shear stress is 0.92 MPa.

10 KN

14 KN/m

2m 2m 6m

9. Determine the cross-section of a rectangular beam loaded as shown in the figure if the allowable
flexural stress is 16.40 MPa and the shear stress is 1.13 MPa.

5 KN

20 KN/m 10 KN

5m 2m 2m

10. Determine the cross-section of a rectangular beam loaded as shown in the figure if the allowable
flexural stress is 20.10 MPa and the shear stress is 1.40 MPa.
20 KN
5 KN 10 KN/m

2m 4m 4m

11. Determine the cross-section of a rectangular beam loaded as shown in the figure if the allowable
flexural stress is 18.60 MPa and the shear stress is 1.25 MPa.

20 KN/m

2m 6m 2m

17
 Notes in Fundamentals of Deformable Bodies

12. Determine the safe concentrated load that the 150 mm x 350 mm cantilever beam could carry located
at the free end if the allowable flexural stress is 11.70 MPa and the shear stress is 0.92 MPa.
P

10 KN/m
350 mm

1.75 m
150 mm

13. Determine the safe concentrated load that the 175 mm x 375 mm simple beam could carry over a
length of 8.0 meters if the allowable flexural stress is 19.34 MPa and the shear stress is 0.65 MPa.

P P P

375 mm

2m 2m 2m 2m

175 mm

14. Determine the safe uniform load that the 200 mm x 400 mm simple beam could carry over a length of
5.0 meters if the allowable flexural stress is 14.30 MPa and the shear stress is 0.82 MPa.
10 KN

w
400 mm

2.50 m 2.50 m
200 mm

15. Determine the required length of 175 mm x 325 mm cantilever beam that could carry a varying load of
20 KN/m if the allowable flexural stress is 4.80 MPa and the shear stress is 0.75 MPa.

20 KN/m

300 mm

150 mm

18