QUESTION BANK FOR STRENGHT OF MATERIALS

SEMESTER - 4

Fill in the Blanks :

1. For a Canti lever of length L, and the point load W act at the end, then
Bending moment, M= Wl

2. Bending Stress is expressed in N/mm2

3. An example of bending spring is Leaf Spring
4. The stresses introduced by bending moment are known as Bending Stress
5. The unit of strain is No Unit
6. The bending stress is inversely proportional to
π 4
7. In a circular section of diameter d, the polar moment of inertia is I D
32
8. The formula for Young Modulus is N/mm2
9. Hook’s law holds good up to Elastic limit.
10. Unit of twisting moment is Nmm

11. The unit of Polar Modulus is mm3

π 4
12. In a circular section of diameter d, the Moment of inertia, I D
64
13. Unit of stiffness is N/mm
2NT
14. The power transmitted by the shaft P , KW
60000

15. Moment of Inertia of Hollow shaft is I

64

π 4
D  d4 
16. The beam which is fixed at one end and free at the other end is known as

 
Cantilever beam
 x d14  d 2 4
17. Polar Moment of Inertia of Hollow shaft is IP 
32
18. An example of Torsion Springs is Helical Spring
19. The Unit for the power transmitted by the shaft is KW or Nm/s
20. Section modulus I
Z
Ymax

Ip
20. Polar Modulus ZP 
R
 21. Unit for the Strain Energy is Nmm
π 3
22. Section Modulus formula for circle Z d
32
π

23 . Section Modulus formula for Hollow circle Z  32D D  d
4 4

bd2
24 Section Modulus formula for rectangle Z 
6
25 Section Modulus formula for Hollow rectangle Z
1
6D

BD3  bd3 
26. Torsional rigidity is given by Ip* C

Choose the Correct Answer

1. 2° =__________ radians

0.0348 0.067 0.09 0.123

2. The width of abeam is 60 mm and thickness is 60 mm Then the Moment of

inertia is

1080000
72000 mm3 36000 mm3 24000 mm3
mm4

3. Unit of Shear Modulus is

N/m N/mm2 N-m N-mm2

4. Section modulus is given by

Y/I MI/Y I/Y f/y

5. 1° = ___________ radians

π /180 π / 90 π / 360 1/ π

6. For a
bd3/12 bd3 / 36 bd3 / 6 bd3 / 8

rectangular beam width b and depth d, Moment of inertia, I =

7. When a helical compression spring is subjected to an axial compressive load,
the stress induced is

Tensile Compressive Bending Shear

8. The maximum bending moment of a cantilever beam of length L and a load W

at its free end is given by

WL WL/2 WL/4 none of these

9. The stress developed at the centre of the shaft subjected to pure torsion is

Maximum Minimum Zero Unpredictable

10. Polar Modulus =

Polar Polar
Maximum
Moment of Moment of
radius / Polar none of
Intertia / Inertia X
Moment of these
Maximum Maximum
Inertia
radius radius

11. Power, P = 2πNT/ 60000 , the unit of T is ______

N/m Nm N/m2 N/m3

12. M=
Z+F f/ Z Z/f FxZ

13. The ratio of direct stress to volumetric strain is known as

Young’s Rigidity Bulk

none of these
modulus modulus modulus
 Match The Following :
Question
A Questions B Question
No.
1
Bending Moment Nm
2
Shear stress N/mm2
3 Stiffness N/mm
4 Strain No Unit
5
Young’s Modulus N/mm2
6
Polar Moment of inertia mm4

7
Moment of inertia mm4
8 Load N
9 Section Modulus mm3
10 Power KW
11 Torque Nm

UNIT – BENDING STRESS

TWO MARKS :
1. What is beam ?
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load
primarily by resisting against bending.
It is typically used for resisting vertical loads, shear force and
bending moment
2. What are the types of beams and explain .
Based on Type of support :
 Simply supported beam
 Cantilever beam
 Overhanging Beam
 Continuous beam
 Fixed beam
3. Define Neutral layer.
At a level between the top and bottom of the beam, there will be a
layer, which is neither shortened nor elongated. This layer is known
as neutral layer or neutral surface.

4. Define bending Stress .

The stresses introduced by bending moment are known as bending
stresses.
or

When some external load acts on a beam, the shear force and
bending moments are set up at all sections of the beam. Due to the
shear force and bending moment, the beam undergoes certain
deformation. The material of the beam will offer resistance or
stresses against these deformations

5. Write bending equation and express its terms.

M f E
 
I y R
M is bending moment and expressed in N mm; I is moment of innertia
in mm4, f is bending stress and it is expressed in N / mm2; y distance
from nuetral axis to outermost layer in mm and E is youngs modulus
expressed N / mm2; R is radius of curvature in mm.

6. Define Section Modulus.

Section modulus is defined as the ratio of moment of inertia of a
section about the neutral axis to the distance of the outermost layer
from the neutral axis. It is denoted by the symbol Z. Unit is mm3
I
Z
Ymax

7. Write the formula of Moment of inertia for the following

a. Circle and Hollow Circle b. Rectangle and Hollow rectangle.
a. Circle : π 4 Hollow Circle : I  π D4  d4 
I D 64
64

b. Rectangle : bd3 Hollow Rectangle : I

1

BD 3  bd 3 
I 12
12
THREE MARKS :
1. Write the assumptions made in bending.
The material of the beam is homogeneous and isotropic.
The value of Young’s modulus of elasticity is the same in tension
and compression.
The transverse sections, which were plane before bending, remain
plain after bending also.
The beam is initially straight and all longitudinal filaments bend into
circular arcs with a common centre of curvature.
The radius of curvature is large compared with the dimensions of the
cross-section.
Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contrast, independently
of the layer, above or below it.

2. Derive the sections modulus formula for the following

a.Circle b. Hollow Circle c. Rectangle d. Hollow rectangle.
a. Circle : b. Hollow Circle :
I
I Z
Z Ymax
Ymax


d4
π 4
64

D  d4 
Z  64 Z
d D/2
2

Z
π 3
32
d Z
π
32D

D 4  d4 

I I
c. Rectangle : Z d. Hollow Rectangle : Z 
Ymax Ymax

bd3 1

BD3  bd3 
Z  12 Z  12
 d D
   
2 2

Z
bd2 Z
1
6D

BD3  bd3 
6
 3. A steel plate of width 120mm and of thickness 20mm is bent into a
circular arc of radius 10m. Determine the maximum stress induced and the
bending moment, which will produce the maximum stress.

Take E = 2 × 105 N/mm2.

Given Data : Width of the plate, b = 120 mm

Thickness of the plate, d = 20 m

Radius of curvature, R = 10 m = 10 x 1000 mm
R= 10000 mm
Young’s modulus, E =2 x105 N/mm2

Solution : f max E

ymax R

E
f max   ymax
R

d
y
2

20
y  10mm
2

E
f max   ymax
R

2 105
f max  10
10000

f max  200 N / mm2

 M E

I R

E
M I
R

bd3
I
12

120  203
I  8 104 mm4
12

E
M I
R

2 105
M  8 104
10000

M  16105 Nmm

M  16 105 103 Nm

M  1600 Nm

Result :
Bending Stress : f max  200 N / mm2

Bending Moment :
M  1.6KNm
 3. Calculate the maximum stress induced in cast iron pipe of
external diameter 40 mm, of internal diameter 20 mm and of
length 4 meter when the pipe is supported at its ends and carries a
point load of 80 N at its center.
GIVEN DATA :

External diameter D = 40 mm
Internal diameter d = 20 mm
length l = 4 m = 4 x 1000 = 4000mm
load W = 80N
TO FIND : Bending Stress f
Solution : M f

I y

M
f  y
I
SSB with Point Load : M
Wl
4

80 4000
M
4

M  80000 Nmm

I
π 4
64

D  d4 

I
3.14
64

 404  204 

I  117750mm4

D 40
y y  20mm
2 2
M
f  y
I
80000
f   20
117750
 f  13.58N / mm2
Result :
Bendingstr essf  13.58N / mm2
FOUR MARKS :

1. Explain about the theory of Simple bending with neat sketch .

Fig 1. a Fig 1. b

• Consider two sections AB and CD which are normal to the axis

of the beam N – N. Due to the action of the bending moment, the
part of length δ x will be deformed as shown in Figure1(b).

• From this figure, it is clear that all the layers of the beam, which
were originally of the same length, do not remain of the same
length any more.
• The top layer such as AC has deformed to the shape A’C’. This
layer has been shortened in its length. The bottom layer BD has
deformed to the shape B’D’. This layer has been elongated.
• It is clear that some of the layers have been shortened while some
of them are elongated.
Neutral Layer :
• At a level between the top and bottom of the beam, there will be a
layer, which is neither shortened nor elongated. This layer is
known as neutral layer or neutral surface.
This layer in Figure1(b) is shown by N’– N’ and in figure1 (a) by N –
N
1.A cantilever of length 2 meter fails when a load of 2 kN is applied at
the free end. If the section of the beam is 40 mm × 60mm, find the
stress at the failure.
GIVEN DATA : Length, L = 2 m
Load, W = 2 kN = 2000 N
Section of the beam is = 40 mm × 60 mm
Width of the beam, b = 40 mm
Depth of the beam, d = 60 mm
M  4106 Nmm
TO FIND :
MAX.STRESS , fmax
SOLUTION : M  f max  Z

M
f max 
Z

Bending Moment :
M=W × L
= 2000 × 2 N m
= 4000 Nm
3
= 4000 x 10 Nmm

bd2 40  602
Z Z
6 6
Z  24000mm3

M
f max 
Z
4 X 106
f max 
24000
f max  166.67 N / mm2

RESULT :
Max.Stress, f max  166.67 N / mm2
2.A rectangular beam 200 mm deep and 300 mm wide is simply
supported over a span of 8 m. What uniformly distributed load per
meter the beam may carry, if the bending stress is not to exceed 120
N/mm2.
GIVEN DATA : Length, L = 8m
Maximum bending stress, f max = 120 N/mm2
Width of the beam, b = 300 mm
Depth of the beam, d = 200 mm
TO FIND : Uniformly distributed load per meter, w
SOLUTION :
M  f max  Z
bd2
Z
6
300 x 2002
Z
6
Z  2 106 mm3
• Max. B.M. for a simply supported beam carrying uniformly
distributed load . wL2
M
8
w x 82
M
8
M  8w, Nm

M  8w 1000, Nmm

M  8000w, Nmm
M  f max  Z

8000w  120  2 106

120  2 106
w
8000
w  30000 N / mm

30000
w N / mm
10 3
w  30000 103 N / m
RESULT : w  30000KN / m

Uniformly distributed load per meter, w = 30000 KN/m

FIVE MARKS :

1.A beam is simply supported and carries a uniformly distributed load

40 kN/m run over the whole span. The section of the beam is rectangular
having depth as 500 mm. If the maximum stress in the material of the
beam is 120 N/mm2 and moment of inertia of the section is 7 × 108 mm4,
find the span of the beam.
GIVEN DATA :
U.D.L., w = 40 kN/m = 40 × 1000 N/m
Depth, d = 500 mm
Max. stress, fmax = 120 N/mm2
M.O.I of section, I = 7 × 108mm4
SOLUTION : Let L =Span of simply supported beam.

Section modulus of the section is given by equation (5.5), as

1
Z =
Y max

d
Where ymax =
2
500
= = 250 mm
2

7 ×10 8
∴Z =
250
 = 28 × 105 mm3
The maximum B.M. for a simple supported beam, carrying a U.D.L. over the whole span
is at the center of the beam and is equal to .

wL2
M
8

40000 L2
M , Nm
8

M  5000L2 , Nm

M  5000L2 103 , Nmm

M  5 106 L2 , Nmm

M  f max  Z

5 106 L2  120  28 105

3360 105
L2 
5 106

L2  67.2

L  8.19mm

RESULT : SPAN OF THE BEAM L = 8.20 MM

2.A timber beam of rectangular section is to support a load of 20 kN
uniformly distributed over a span of 3.6 m when beam is simply
supported. If the depth of section is to be twice the breadth, and the stress
in the timber is not to exceed 7 N/mm2, find the dimensions of the cross-
section. How would you modify the cross-section of the beam, if it carries
a concentrated load of 20 kN placed at the center with the same ratio of
breadth to depth.
GIVEN DATA : Total load, W = 20 kN = 20 × 1000 N Span,
L = 3.6 m
Max. stress, fmax = 7 N/mm2

TO FIND : Dimension Of Cross section :

SOLUTION: M  f max  Z

2
Section modulus of rectangular Z  bd
6
b (2b)2
Z
6

b  4b 2
Z
6
2b3
Z mm3
3

• Maximum B.M., when the simply supported

beam carries a U.D.L. over the entire span .
WL
M
8
20000X3.6
M , Nm
8
M  9000, Nm

M  9000 103 , Nmm

 M  f max  Z

2b3
9 106  7 
3
3  9 106
b3 
72

b3  1.928 106
b  124.5mm

d  124.5  2mm
d  249mm

M  f max  Z

• Dimension of the section when the beam carries a

point load at the center. B.M is maximum at the
center and it is equal to load at the center.
WL
M
4
60KN
20000X3.6
M
3.6
4
M  18000, Nm
M  18000 103 , Nmm
M  18 106 , Nmm

M  f max  Z

2b3
18 106  7 
3

18 106  3
b3 
72
b3  3.85 106
b  156.82mm
d  313.64mm
d  2156.82mm
 RESULT

• simply supported beam carries a U.D.L. over

the entire span,
b = 124.5 mm
d = 249 mm

• when the beam carries a point load at the

center. B.M is maximum at the center.
b = 156.82 mm
d = 313.64 mm

3.A square beam 20 mm × 20 mm in section and 2 m long is supported at

the ends. The beam fails when a point load of 400 N is applied at the center
of the beam. What uniformly distributed load per meter length will
break a cantilever of the same material 40 mm wide, 60 mm deep and 3
m long?
Given Data :
Simply Supported Beam
Depth of beam, d =20 mm
Width of beam, b =20 mm
Length of beam, L = 2 m = 2000 mm
Point Load, W = 400 N
TO FIND :
What uniformly distributed load per meter length will break
a cantilever of the same material 40 mm wide, 60 mm deep and 3 m
long.
Depth of beam, b=40 mm

Width of beam, d=60 mm

Length of beam, L=3 m L=3000 mm
SOLUTION:

M  f max  Z

bd2
Z
6

20 x 202
Z
6

Z  1333.33mm3

• Max. B.M. for a simply supported beam carrying a

point load at the center (as shown in Figure ).
WL
M
4
400 2
M
4
M  200, Nm

M  2001000, Nmm

M  2 105 , Nmm

M  f max  Z

M
f max 
Z
2x10 5
f max 
1333.33

f max  150 N / mm2

Now let us consider the cantilever as shown in
Figure.

Let w = Uniformly distributed load per m run.

Maximum stress will be same as in case of simply
supported beam.

fmax = 150 N/mm2

Width of cantilever, b = 40 mm
Depth of cantilever, d = 60 mm
Length of cantilever, L = 3 m

M  f max  Z

bd2
Z
6
40X602
Z
6

Z  24000mm3
 Maximum B.M. for a cantilever beam
subjected to UDL :

wL2
M
2

wx3 2
M
2

M  4.5w, Nm

M  4.5w 1000, Nmm

M  4500w, Nmm

M  f max  Z

4500w  150  24000

150X24000
w
4500
w  800 N / mm 1 m = 1000 mm
1 mm = 10-3 m
800
w N /m
103
w  800 103 N / m

w  800KN / m

RESULT:
Uniformly distributed load per meter length will
break a cantilever
w = 800 KN/m
 UNIT – TORSION OF SHAFT
TWO MARKS :
1. Define torque and torsion
Torque : Torque is a moment that twists a member about its
longitudinal axis .

Torsion : Torsion is the twisting of a straight bar when it is loaded

by moments (or torques) that tend to produce rotation about the
longitudinal axis of the bar.

2. What is pure torsion ?

A shaft of circular section is said to be in pure torsion when it is
subjected to equal and opposite end couples whose axes coincide
with the axis of the shaft.
or
A member is said to be in ‘Pure torsion’, when its cross sections
are subjected to only torsional moments (or torque) and not
accompanied by axial forces and bending moment.

3. Define polar modulus

Thus polar modulus is the ratio of polar moment of inertia to
extreme radial distance of the fibre from the centre.
Unit : mm3 Z 
Ip
P
R

4. Write Torsional equation and express its terms.

T f C
 s 
Ip R l
T = Torsional moment in N mm
Ip = Polar moment of inertia mm4
fs = Shear stress induced in N/ mm2
R = Radius of the shaft in mm
C = Modulus of rigidity in N/ mm2
θ = Angle of twist , radian
l = Length of the shaft , mm
 5. Write the formula of Polar Moment of inertia for the following
a. Circle and b. Hollow Circle
a. Circle :
 x d4
IP 
32
b. Hollow Circle :

IP 

 x d14  d 2 4 
32

6. Define shear stress

The shear force per unit area of the section over which it acts, is
called the shear stress or shearing stress and is denoted by .
ShearLoad
ShearStress 
Area

7. Explain Torsional Rigidity .

The quantity CIp is called Torsional rigidity.
The quantity CIp stands for the torque required to produce a
twist of 1 radian per unit length of the shaft.
T C

Ip L

TL

CI p

8. Write the formula for the POWER with its units .

Power transmitted = P T = Torque , Nm

2NT N = No of turns , rpm

P
60000
UNIT : KW OR Nm/s

THREE MARKS :
1. Write the assumptions made in theory of torsion.
 The material of the shaft is uniform throughout.
 The twist along the shaft is uniform.
 The shaft is of uniform circular section throughout.
 Radial lines remain radial even after applying torque, i.e.,
circular sections remain circular.
  Cross-sections of the shaft, which are plane before twist
remain plane after twist.
 Shaft is subjected to pure torsion.

2. A 60 mm diameter shaft is subjected to a torque of 4 kNm. Find

the maximum shear stress induced in the shaft.Take
C = 8 x 104 N/mm2.

Given data:
Diameter d = 60 mm
Torque T = 4 KNm = 4 x 103 Nm
= 4 x 103 x 103 Nmm
= 4 x 106 Nmm
C =8 x 105 N/mm2
To find :
Max shear stress fs

Solution :

• Shear Stress : d 3
T  fs
16
16T
fs 
d 3
16  4 106
fs 
  603

fs  94.31N / mm2
3. A hollow steel shaft of external diameter 150 mm and internal
diameter 100 mm is 1.5 m long. Find the maximum torque required
to produce a twist of 0.5o over the length of the shaft. Take
C = 8 x 104 N/mm2
Given data :
C = 8 × 104 N/ mm2
External diameter, d₁ = 150 mm
Internal diameter, d₂ = 100 mm
Length , L = 1.5 m
Angle of twist θ =
To find: Torque , T

Solution :

T C

Ip l

C
T  IP
l

• Moment of inertia:

Ip 

32

d 41  d 2
4



Ip 
32
150 4
 1004 
I p  39883500, mm4


  0.50 
180

  8.7266 103 radian

 8 104  8.7226 103  39883500
T
1.5 103

T  18.562 106 , Nmm

1m  103 mm
T  18.562KNm

Result :
Torque, T = 18.56 kNm

4. Find the power that can be transmitted by a shaft 60 mm diameter, at

180 r.p.m. if the permissible shear stress is 85 N/ mm2.

Given data:
Diameter d = 60 mm
speed N = 180 rpm
shear stress fs = 85 N/mm2
To find:
Power , P

Solution :
2NT
P
60000
d 3 * fs
Torque : T
16

 * 603 * 85
T
16
T  3603150Nmm

T  3603.15Nm
 2NT
P
60000
2 *180 * 3603.15
P
60000

P  67.88 Kw or Nm-s

Result : Power P = 67.88 kw

FOUR MARKS :

1. A solid shaft is 100 mm in diameter. It transmits 120 kW at 200

rpm. Find the maximum intensity of shear stress induced and the
angle of twist for a length of 6 m. Take C = 8 x 104 N/mm2.
Given Data : Diameter d = 100 mm
Power P = 120 KW
Speed N = 200 rpm
Length l = 6 m = 6000 mm
C = 8 x 10⁴ N/mm2
To Find :
Shear Stress fs and Angle of Twist θ
Solution : 2NT
P
60000

P  60000
T
2N

120  60000
T
2  3.14  200

T  5732.48Nm

T  5732.48 103 Nmm

Shear Stress: d 3  fs
T
16

16T
fs 
d 3

16  5732.48 103
fs 
3.14 1003

f s  29.21N / mm2

Angle Of Twist : T C

Ip l

T l

CIp

 
Ip  d4  1004
32 32

Ip  98.12 105 mm4

 5732.48 103  6000

8 104  98.12 105

  0.0438, radian Radian to Degree :

180
180   1
  0.0438  

  2.5

Result :
Shear Stress : f s  29.21N / mm2
Angle of Twist θ :
  2.5

1. A steel shaft transmits 105 kW at 160 rpm. If the shaft is 100 mm

in diameter, find the torque on the shaft and the maximum shearing
stress induced. Find also the twist of the shaft in a length of
6m.Take C = 8 x 104 N/mm2.
Given data:
Power P = 105 kw
speed N = 160 rpm
shear stress fs = 65 N/mm2
length l = 3.5 m = 3500 mm
Angle of twist θ = 1⁰ = 0.0174 radian.
C = 8 x 104 N/mm2.
To find: diameter , d
Solution :

2NT
P
60000
P  60000
T
2N
105  60000
T
2  3.14 160

T  6269.9 Nm
T  6269.9 103 Nmm

Shear stress consideration:

d 3  fs
T
16

16  6269.9 103
d3 
3.14  65
d 3  491516.27

d  78.9mm

T C

Twist consideration: I p l

 d4 
Ip    10 
32 180
I p  0.0981d 4   0.0174rad

6266 103 8 104  0.0174


0.0981d 4 3500
6266 103  3500
 d4
0.0981 8 104  0.0174
 d 4  160560802.4
1
d  (160560802.4) 4

d  112.5mm
Result:
case 1. d  78.9mm

case 2. Twist Consideration

d  112.5mm

2. A solid shaft is subjected to a torque of 15 kNm. Find the

necessary diameter of the shaft if the allowable shearing stress is
60 N/mm2 and the allowable twist is 1⁰ in a length of 20
diameters of the shaft.
Take C = 8 x 104 N/ mm2.

Given data :
Torque = 15 kNm = 15 x 106 Nmm.
Shear stress fs = 60 N/mm2
Angle of twist θ =
length l = 20 d
C = 8 x 104 N/mm2.

To find: Diameter , d
 Solution: shear stress consideration

Case 1. d 3  fs
T
16
16T
d3 
  fs

16 15 106
d3 
3.14  60
d 3  1273885.35

d  108.4mm

Twist consideration :
T C
Case 2. 
Ip l
 d4
Ip 
32
I p  0.0981d 4


  10 
180
  0.0174rad

15 106 8 104  0.0174


0.0982d 4 20d

20 15 106 d4

8 10  0.0174  0.0982 d
4

d 3 2194676.592

d  129.8mm

Result: case 2) Twist consideration :

d  129.8mm
FIVE MARKS :

1. Find the diameter of the shaft required to transmit 60 kW at 150

r.p.m. if the maximum torque is likely to exceed the mean torque
by 25% for a maximum permissible shear stress of 60 N/mm2.
Find also the angle of twist of a length of 2.5 m. Take
C = 8 x 104 N/mm2.
Given Data :
Power = 60 Kw
speed N = 150 rpm
fs = 60 N/mm2
length = 2.5 m
C = 8 x 104 N/mm2
Tmax = Tmean + 25 % of Tmean
= Tmean + 0.25 of Tmean
= (1+0.25) Tmean
= 1.25 Tmean

To Find :
1. diameter of Shaft , d 2. Angle Of Twist , θ

Solution :
2NT
P
60000
P  60000
Tmean 
2N
60  60000
Tmean 
2  3.14 150

Tmean  3821.65Nm

Tmean  3821.5 103 Nmm

 Tmax = 1.25 Tmean
= 1.25 x 3821.5 x 103
= 4777.07x 103
d 3  fs
T
16
16  T
d3 
  fs
16  4777.07 103
d3 
3.14  60
d 3  405695.966
d  74mm

Angle of Twist :
T C

Ip l
T l

C  Ip

 d4 3.14  744

IP  
32 32

I P  29.42 105 mm4

4777.07 103  2.5 103


8 10 4  29.42 105
  0.0507, radian
180
  0.0507 

180
  0.0507 

  2.9o
 Result :

1. diameter of Shaft , d
d  73.8mm
2. Angle Of Twist , θ
  2.907o

2. Determine the diameter of a solid shaft which will transmit 90 kW

at 160 rpm if the shear stress in the shaft is limited to 60 N/mm2.
Find also the length of the shaft, if the twist must not exceed 1
degree over the entire length. Take C = 8 x 10⁴ N/mm2.

Given data:
Power P = 90 KW
Speed N= 160 rpm
Shear stress fs = 60 N/mm2
angle of Twist θ = 1⁰
C= 8 X104 N/mm2
To find :
Diameter d and length of shaft l
Solution: 2NT
P
60000

P  60000
T
2N

90  60000
T
2  3.14 160

T  5374.2 Nm

T  5374.2 103 Nmm

Diameter,d d 3  fs
T
16
T 16
d3 
  fs

5374.2 103 16

d3 
3.14  60

d 3  456407.96

d  76.99mm
d  77mm

T C
Lenghth, l 
Ip l

CIp
l
T

  1  0.0174rad
180

 
Ip  d4   77 4
32 32

Ip  34.49 105 mm4

 CIp
l
T

8 104  0.0174  34.49 105

l
5374.2 103

l  893.44mm

Result: Diameter d  77mm

length l  893.44mm

UNIT – TORSION OF SPRING :

TWO MARKS :

1. Define Stiffness .
It is defined as the ratio of Load to the deflection of Spring
or
The load required to produce unit deflection in a spring is called
spring stiffness or Stiffness of Spring.
W
S
 W = load , N
Unit : N / mm  = Deflection , mm

2. What is Spring ?
A spring is used to absorb energy due to resilience, which may be
restored as and when required.

3. Define bending spring .

A spring, which is subjected to bending only, and the resilience is also
due to it is known as bending spring.

Example : Leaf springs

 4. Define Torsion spring.
A spring, which is subjected to torsion or twisting moment only and
the resilience is also due to it is known as a torsion spring.
Example : Helical springs

5. Define Helical Spring with its examples.

It is a torsion spring and made up of a wire coiled into a helix.

6. Write the formula for the Energy Stored and stiffness for the Spring.
The energy stored in the spring :

1
U  W  Unit : Nmm
2

Stiffness : W
S

Unit : N / mm

THREE MARKS
1. Explain the types of Spring with its examples.
• Thus, in general, the springs of the following two types depending
upon the type of resilience.
 Bending spring
 Torsion Spring
Bending Spring : A spring, which is subjected to bending only, and the
resilience is also due to it is known as bending spring.

Example : Leaf springs

Torsion Spring : A spring, which is subjected to torsion or twisting

moment only and the resilience is also due to it is known as a torsion
spring.
Example : Helical springs

2. Explain the types of Helical Spring with its examples.

• The types of helical springs:
 Closely – coiled helical springs.
 Open – coiled helical springs.

Closely – coiled helical springs:

In a closely coiled helical spring, the spring wire is coiled so close that
the each turn is practically a plane at right angles to the axis of the
helix. The wire is subjected to torsion

Open – coiled helical springs.

In an open helical spring, the spring wire is coiled in such a way, that
there is large gap between the two consecutive turns.

As a result of this the spring can take compressive load also .

3. A close coiled helical spring is to carry a load of 500 N. Its

mean coil diameter is to be 10 times that of the wire diameter.
Calculate these diameters if the maximum shear stress in the
 material of the spring is 80 N/mm2.
Given Data:

load W = 500 N

Mean diameter, D = 10 d

shear stress fs = 80 N/mm2

To find :

Mean diameter D and wire diameter d

Solution: 16WR
fs 
d 3

16WR
d3 
  fs

16  500  5d
d3 
3.14  80

d 2  159.23
d  12.62mm

D 10  d
D  1012.62
D  126.2mm
Result :
Mean diameter D  126.2mm
Wire daimeter d  12.62mm
4. A close coiled helical spring is to carry a load of 120 N and the
mean coil diameter is to be 9 times the wire diameter. Calculate
these diameters if the maximum shear stress is 100 N/mm2.

Given Data:
load W = 120 N
Mean diameter, D = 9 d
shear stress fs = 100 N/mm2
To find :
Mean diameter D and wire diameter d

Solution: 16WR
fs 
d 3

16WR
d3 
  fs

16 120  4.5d
d3 
3.14 100

d 2  27.51
d  5.24mm

D 10  d
D  9 5.24
D  47.2mm
Result :
Mean diameter D  47.2mm
Wire daimeter d  5.24mm
5. A helical spring is made of 12 mm diameter steel wire by winding it
on A 120 mm diameter mandrel. If there are 10 active turns what is
the spring constant? Take C = 8.2 x 104 N/mm2. What force must
be applied to the spring to elongate it by 40 mm?
Given data:

wire diameter d = 12mm

Mandrel diameter = 120 mm

No.of turns, n = 10

C = 8.2 x 104 N/mm2

To find :

Spring constant S and force or load W

Solution:

64WR 3n

cd 4

Mean radius = mandrel radius + wire radius

R = 60 + 6
R = 66 mm

64W  663 10


8.2 104 124
 40  0.1082W

40
W
0.1082

W  369.4 N
Stiffness of spring:
W 369.4
S   9.24 N / mm
 40

RESULT : Stiffness : S  9.24 N / mm

Load : W  369.4 N

FOUR MARKS.

1. A closely coiled helical spring is made out of 10 mm diameter steel

rod, the coil consisting of 10 complete turns with a mean diameter
of 120 mm. The spring carries an axial pull of 200 N. find the
maximum shear stress induced in the section of the rod. If C = 8 x
104 N/mm2, find the deflection of the spring, the stiffness and the
strain energy stored by the spring.
Given Data:

wire diameter, d = 10 mm

No.of turns , n = 10

Mean diameter , D = 120 mm

 load , W = 200 N

C = 8 x 104 N/mm2

To find: shear stress fs, deflection ,stiffness of spring S and

strain energy U

Solution:

16WR
 Shear stress: fs  D
d 3 R  60mm
2

16  200  60
fs 
 103

fs  61.10 N / mm2

Deflection:

64WR 3n

cd 4

64  200  603 10


8 104 104

  34.56mm
 Stiffness of spring:

W
S

200
S
34.56

S  5.78 N/mm of deflection

Strain energy stored:

1
U  W
2
1
U   200  34.56
2
U  3456 Nmm

Result :

shear stress fs  61.10 N / mm Deflection

2
  34.56mm
Stiffness S  5.78N / mm Strain energy U  3456 Nmm
2. A 100 mm diameter safety valve is to be designed to blow of at a
gauge pressure of 1.2 N/mm2. The valve is held in position by a
180 mm diameter close coiled compression helical spring whose
initial compression is 25 mm, find the diameter of the rod of the
spring and the number of turns required if the shear stress is not to
exceed 80 N/mm2. Take C = 8.5 x 104 N/mm2.
Given Data :
Valve diameter = 100 mm
pressure = 1.2 N/ mm2
Mean diameter = 180 mm
Shear stress fs = 80 N/ mm2
C = 8.5 x 104 N/mm2

To find :
diameter of spring d, and number of turns n.

Solution:


Total force on spring W  2
* (d v ) * p
4

 * (1002 ) *1.2
4
 9424.8N

16WR
fs 
d 3
 16WR
d3 
fs
16 * 9424.8 * 90
d3 
80 * 3.14

d  37.8mm

64WR 3n

cd 4
 * cd 4
n
64WR 3
25 * 8.5 *104 * 37.84
n
64 * 9424.8 * 903

n  9.87turns
n  10turns

Result:
 Diameter of the rod d  37.8mm

 Number of turns n  10turns