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Study of Grain Cipher
Adarsh Anand
Aayushi Chaudhary
Indian institute of technology, Delhi
15 February, 2019
Adarsh Anand Aayushi Chaudhary (IITD) Study of Grain Cipher 15 February, 2019 1 / 22
Topics which were covered in mid- semester 2 presentation
Basics of Cryptography and its applications in day to day life.
Key classification: Symmetric, Asymmetric.
Stream Cipher: Structure, building blocks and its properties.
Grain Cipher: Design and working of LFSR with mathematical

description.
Continue
Grain Cipher: Design and specifications
Key initialization
Implementation In C
Grain Cipher
Grain Cipher is based on three building blocks: LFSR (Linear

Feedback Shift Register) NFSR (Non Linear Feedback Shift Register)
Non Linear Filter Function
Grain family of cipher is synchronous stream cipher
Grain Cipher
The contents of the two shift registers represent the state of the
cipher and their sizes are |K | bits each, where K is the key.
The NFSR is updated with the function g(x) and LFSR is updated
with a function f(x).
Grain Cipher
For keystream generation, 1 input is taken from NFSR and 4 inputs

from LFSR and passed through boolean function h(x) that gives a
one bit output.
That one bit output is again combined with the rest bit of the NFSR
to generate a keystream that will be xored with the plaintext to
generate the ciphertext.
Key Initialization of Grain
Secret key is loaded in NFSR.
The first 64 in case of 80 bits cipher and first 96 in case of 128 bits
cipher are loaded with IVs in the LFSR.
Remaining bits of LFSR are filled with 1s.
If Key size is K, cipher is clocked 2K times.
Diagram depicting key initialization
Diagram depicting key Generation
Members of Grain Family
There are four members of Grain family of stream cipher:
1. Grain V0
2. Grain V1
3. Grain 128
4. Grain 128a
Grain V0
It is a 80 bit stream cipher that uses two feedback shift registers; one
LFSR and one NFSR of 80 bits each.
The feedback polynomial of LFSR used to update the register is

defined as:
f (x) = 1 + x 18 + x 29 + x 42 + x 57 + x 67 + x 80 .
Grain V0
The update function of LFSR is defined as :

si+80 = si + si+13 + si+23 + si+38 + si+51 + si+62 .
where st is the content of LFSR .
The feedback polynomial for NFSR is:

g (x) = 1 + x 17 + x 20 + x 28 + x 35 + x 43 + x 47 + x 52 + x 59 + x 65 +
x 71 + x 80 + x 17 x 20 + x 43 x 47 + x 65 x 71 + x 20 x 28 x 35 + x 47 x 52 x 59 +
x 17 x 35 x 52 x 71 + x 20 x 28 x 43 x 47 + x 17 x 20 x 59 x 65 + x 17 x 20 x 28 x 35 x 43 +
x 47 x 52 x 59 x 65 x 71 + x 28 x 35 x 43 x 47 x 52 x 59 .
Grain V0
From the two registers, 5 variable are taken as input to a Boolean

function, h(x) and gives a single output.
h(x) = h(x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 )
= x1 + x4 + x0 x3 + x2 x3 + x3 x4 + x0 x1 x2 + x0 x2 x3 +
x0 x2 x4 + x1 x2 x4 + x2 x3 x4 .
Key stream generation function is defined as:
M
zt = xt h(yt+3 , yt+25 , yt+46 , yt+64 , xt+63 ).
Grain 128
It supports a key size of |K |= 128 bits. The initial value size is |IV |=
96 bits.
It uses a 128 bit LFSR and a 128 bit NFSR.
The feedback polynomial of the LFSR, f(x), is a primitive polynomial

of degree 128.
f (x) = 1 + x 32 + x 47 + x 58 + x 90 + x 121 + x 128
Grain 128
The nonlinear feedback polynomial of the NLFSR, g(x) is:
g (x) = 1 + x 32 + x 37 + x 72 + x 102 + x 128 + x 44 x 60 + x 61 x 125 +

x 63 x 67 + x 69 x 101 + x 80 x 88 + x 110 x 111 + x 115 x 117
Nine variables are taken as input to the Boolean function, h(x).
Two are taken from the NFSR and 7 are taken from the LFSR.
h(x) = x0 x1 + x2 x3 + x4 x5 + x6 x7 + x0 x4 x8
Grain 128
The key stream function is defined as:
M
zt = bt+j + h(x) + st+93
j∈A
where j ∈ {2,15,36,45,64,73,89}
Key size is larger in Grain 128 in comparison to Grain V0.
Implementation in C language
For Grain V0
For Grain 128 without authentication
For Grain 128 with authentication
Improvisation of C programme
Inclusion of special character like space between words.

Conversation of image into binary form using matlab.
Encryption of binary form of image through Grain cipher.
Implementation using MATLAB and core block
Image processing in MATLAB.

Image encryption using Grain cipher.
Summary
Improvisation of encryption program which was presented in Part-1 of

the project.
Generalisation and introduction of some new characters.
Implementation on image.
Studying of some general attacks.
References
1 Christof Paar and Jan Pelzl, 2009, Understanding Cryptography,

Springer Hei-delberg Dordrecht London New York, page number 4-49
2 Alexander and Maximov, 2006, SomeWords on Cryptanalysis of

Stream Ciphers Ph.D. Thesis, Lund University, page number 13-42
and 173-177.
References
3 Maximov, Alexander, 2006, Cryptanalysis of the Grain family of

stream ciphers.In: Lin, F., Lee, D., Lin, B., Shieh, S., Jajodia, S.
(eds.) ACM Symposium on Information, Computer and
Communications Security (ASIACCS 2006), pp.283288. ACM, New
York .

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Study of Grain Cipher

Indian institute of technology, Delhi

Basics of Cryptography and its applications in day to day life.

Key classification: Symmetric, Asymmetric.

Stream Cipher: Structure, building blocks and its properties.

Grain Cipher: Design and working of LFSR with mathematical

Grain Cipher: Design and specifications

Grain Cipher is based on three building blocks: LFSR (Linear

Grain family of cipher is synchronous stream cipher

For keystream generation, 1 input is taken from NFSR and 4 inputs

Secret key is loaded in NFSR.

Remaining bits of LFSR are filled with 1s.

If Key size is K, cipher is clocked 2K times.

There are four members of Grain family of stream cipher:

The feedback polynomial of LFSR used to update the register is

The update function of LFSR is defined as :

where st is the content of LFSR .

The feedback polynomial for NFSR is:

From the two registers, 5 variable are taken as input to a Boolean

Key stream generation function is defined as:

It uses a 128 bit LFSR and a 128 bit NFSR.

The feedback polynomial of the LFSR, f(x), is a primitive polynomial

f (x) = 1 + x 32 + x 47 + x 58 + x 90 + x 121 + x 128

The nonlinear feedback polynomial of the NLFSR, g(x) is:

g (x) = 1 + x 32 + x 37 + x 72 + x 102 + x 128 + x 44 x 60 + x 61 x 125 +

The key stream function is defined as:

Key size is larger in Grain 128 in comparison to Grain V0.

For Grain 128 without authentication

For Grain 128 with authentication

Inclusion of special character like space between words.

Image processing in MATLAB.

Improvisation of encryption program which was presented in Part-1 of

1 Christof Paar and Jan Pelzl, 2009, Understanding Cryptography,

2 Alexander and Maximov, 2006, SomeWords on Cryptanalysis of

3 Maximov, Alexander, 2006, Cryptanalysis of the Grain family of

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