LIVESTOCK RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN: PRESENT
Afzal* and
STATUS AND FUTURE TRENDS
ABSTRACT
Pakistan is endowed with diverse livestock genetic
resources. In fact it is postulated that one of the
centres of animal domestication lay in this part of the
world. Pakistan has a large livestock population, well
adapted to the local environmental conditions. Current
population of farm animals in Pakistan consist of 23.34
million buffaloes, 22.42 million cattle, 24.24 million
sheep, 49.14 million goats and 0.77 million camels.
Pakistani buffaloes are riverine type and belong to
two breeds i.e. Nili-Ravi and Kundi. Nili-Ravi is the
best dairy buffalo breed of the world. There are ten
distinct breeds of cattle found in Pakistan. However,
these breeds probably only make up 30 percent of
the population and the rest of the population is generally
classified as non-descript. Cattle breeds of Pakistan
are Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Cholistani, Dhanni,
Tharparker, Bhagnari, Djal, Lohani, Rojhan and
Kankrej. There are 30 local breeds of sheep in the
country. Important sheep breeds are Bucchi, Lohi,
Thalli and Salt Range in Punjab; Bumbi, Kachhi and
Kooka in Sindh; Balkhi, Damani and Kaghani in NWFP
and Baluchi, Bibrik, Harnai and Rakhsani in
Balochistan. For goats, 37 breeds have been
described. The important goat breeds include Beetal,
Dera Din Panah and Teddy in Punjab, Barbari and
Kamori in Sindh, Kaghani and Jatal in N.W.F.P. and
Khurassani, Lehri and Pahari in Balochistan. Twenty-
one breeds of running, baggage and dairy camels have
been described.
Analysis of livestock population trends show that
buffalo population increased 392%, cattle 219%,
sheep 299%, and goats 650% in the last 45 years
(1955-2000). Livestock-production system is mostly
mixed crop-livestock farming. Production systems of
cattle and buffaloes are subsistence small-holdings,
market oriented small-holdings, rural commercial
farms and peri-urban dairy farms. Farming systems
of small ruminants and camels are nomadic,
transhumant and sedentary-household. Systematic
genetic improvement programmes for livestock have
been limited and half hearted. Some of these are land
grants, herd-book scheme, provision of pedigree bulls,
establishments of government livestock farms,
* Animal Sciences Division, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad.
Quarterly SCIENCE VISION Vol.9 No.1-2 (Jul - Dec, 2003) & 3-4 (Jan - Jun, 2004)
M.
A.N. Naqvi
provision of artificial insemination service, progeny-
testing programme for Nili-Ravi buffalo and Sahiwal
cattle, import of exotic stock and crossbreeding.
These programmes have been addressing productivity-
issues and have been limited to a few breeds of
animals. It is feared that if proper research and
development efforts are not carried out, many of the
livestock genetic resources (breeds) will be lost.
Survival of a breed in the farming system will depend
on its economic utility.
Important areas of research and development in animal
genetic resources are; development of low-cost
performance-recording system, evaluation and
strengthening of on-going progeny-testing programmes,
starting of progeny-testing programmes for important
breeds, phenotypic characterization of breeds to
identify specific traits of economic importance,
development of beef breed, genetic characterization
of different breeds of livestock and development of
molecular markers for economic traits.
INTRODUCTION
Livestock are natural factories to convert roughage
(grasses, shrubs, etc) into quality-food i.e. milk and
meat. It is an established nutritional fact that animal
proteins are superior to vegetable proteins for the
supply of essential amino acids. Livestock also provide
raw material for industries and create markets and
capital. For a large population of rural household in
rain-fed agricultural production system, livestock
provide security against crop-failure. For the poor in
the villages, it is a form of social security, cashing it at
the time of need. Livestock are also used in sports
and entertainment and are also considered a symbol
of prestige in certain areas of Pakistan.
Livestock is an important sub-sector of agriculture and
accounts for 37.5 percent of agricultural value-addition
and about 9.4% of the Pakistan GDP. Its net foreign
exchange earnings were approximately 53 billion
rupees in 2000-2001, which is almost 12.3% of all the
export earnings of the country [Government of
Pakistan, 2002]. Livestock sector provides
employment to a large number of rural households
1
Livestock Resources of Pakistan: Present Status and Future Trends

and about 35 million people are engaged in livestock- Production characteristics of Pakistani buffaloes are
related activities, earning about 40% of their income given in Table-2. Nili-Ravi is the best dairy buffalo-breed
from it [Government of Pakistan, 2002]. of the world [Shah, 1991]. Buffaloes are mainly found
in Punjab (60.9%) and Sindh (31.8%). In fact in the
Pakistan has a large livestock population, well adapted 60’s and 70’s, very few buffaloes were found in NWFP
to the local conditions and has some of the best and Balochistan. However, over the years, buffalo
tropical dairy breeds. Current livestock-population population has increased significantly in these areas,
(2000-2001) of the country include 23.34 million particularly in NWFP.
buffaloes, 22.42 million cattle, 24.24 million sheep,
49.14 million goats and 0.77 million camels (Table-1). There are ten distinct breeds of cattle found in Pakistan
These produce 32.695 million tonnes of milk, 1.010 [Wahid, 1975; Naqvi and Jafar, 1989; Bhutto et al,
million tonnes of beef, 0.666 million tonnes of mutton, 1993]. Their production characteristics are given in
39.2 thousand tonnes of wool and 46 million skins Table 3. However, these breeds probably make up only
and hides [Government of Pakistan, 2002]. The present 30 percent of the population and the rest of the
article describes main characteristics of livestock- population is generally classified as non-descript.
breeds, livestock population trend, production Cattle were originally kept for draught purpose but,
systems, government efforts to improve livestock with mechanization gaining momentum, cattle are
genetic resources and future research-agenda for the being kept for dairy and meat purposes. Crossbreeding
improvement of animal genetic resources in Pakistan. of local cattle with exotic semen (particularly Holstein-
Friesian and Jersey) for improved milk-production has
LIVESTOCK BREEDS AND THEIR PRODUCTION become popular and more than 2 million crossbred
CHARACTERISTICS cattle are present in Pakistan [Khan, 1994]. Although
no specific breed of beef-cattle is present in Pakistan,
Pakistan is endowed with rich livestock genetic some local breeds have the potential for beef
resources. Pakistani buffaloes are riverine type and production and many farmers keep cattle to sell on
mainly belong to two breeds i.e. Nili-Ravi and Kundi. Eid ul Azha, a muslim festival following the annual
pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj), for sacrificial purpose.
Table - 1: Livestock Population of Pakistan (2000-2001)
(000 heads)
Province Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Camel
NWFP 4813 1462 3223 8587 63
Punjab 9677 14201 5887 18251 143
Sindh 6490 7415 4418 11685 228
Balochistan 1444 257 10708 10616 333
Pakistan 22424 23335 24236 49139 767

Table - 2: Main Characteristics of Buffalo-Breeds of Pakistan

Breed Type Areas of Concentration Adult Weight (Kg) Age: Maturity Milk Yield (Lit) Remarks
(days) per Lactation
Male Female
Nili Ravi Milch Lahore, Sheikhupura, 800 597 915-970 2300 Best dairy
Faisalabad, Toba Tek buffalo
Singh, Sahiwal, Okara, breed of the
Multan, Vehari, Bahawalpur world.
Kundi Milch Dadu, Hyderabad, Karachi, 600 375 1230 2000
Larkana, Nawabshah,
Sanghar and Thatta.

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50000
40000
POPULATION (000)
30000
20000
10000
0
1950 1960
Figure - 1: Livestock Population Trend in Pakistan
There are 30 local breeds of sheep in the country
[Husnain, 1985; Bhutto et al,1993; Ishaque, 1993; Isani
and Baloch, 1996]. The production characteristics of
these breeds of sheep are shown in Table-4. Important
sheep breeds are Bucchi, Lohi, Thalli and Salt Range
in Punjab; Dumbi, Kachhi and Kooka in Sindh; Balkhi,
Damani and Kaghani in NWFP and Baluchi, Bibrik,
Harnai and Rakhsani in Balochistan. Sheep farming
is an important economic activity in Balochistan and
more than 44 percent of the total sheep are raised in
Balochistan.
There are 37 breeds of goats reported in Pakistan
[Bhutto et al, 1993, Isani and Baloch, 1996]. The
production characteristics of these breeds are given
in Table-5. The important goat breeds are Beetal, Dera
Din Panah and Teddy in Punjab, Barbari and Kamori
in Sindh, Kaghani and Jatal in N.W.F.P. and
Khurassani, Lehri and Pahari in Balochistan Goat
production is almost evenly distributed among all
regions of the country.
Camels are mainly raised for draught and baggage
purposes and the population is more in areas where
road-infrastructure is less developed. Dairy camels of
Pakistan are also very famous. More than 43 percent
of camel-population is present in Balochistan only.
There are a few studies on the breeds of camels in
Pakistan and recently a study [Isani and Baloch, 2000]
has described 21 breeds of camels (Table-6). However,
Quarterly SCIENCE VISION Vol.9 No.1-2 (Jul - Dec, 2003) & 3-4 (Jan - Jun, 2004)
M. Afzal and A.N. Naqvi
Cattle
Buffaloes
Sheep
Goats
1970 1980 1990 2000
CENSUS YEAR
some of these described breeds may not be true breeds
and may be just off-shoots of the others.
TRENDS OF LIVESTOCK POPULATION
Population of all major species of livestock (cattle,
buffaloes, sheep and goats) has been constantly
increasing over the years. However, growth-rate is
different for various species. Growth-rate of buffalo is
higher than that of cattle (Figure-1). In fact, in 1955,
when the first livestock-census was carried out, cattle
population was much higher than of buffaloes. Cattle
in Pakistan have mainly been used as draught-animal,
in addition to milk production and, with mechanization
gaining momentum in 60s and 70s, cattle-population
increased at a nominal rate. Introduction of
crossbreeding for improved milk-production resulted
in increased interest in cattle-raising in the 80s and
90s. In contrast, the buffalo is the main dairy-animal
of Pakistan, and its population continued to grow at
almost 1.75 times the growth-rate of cattle. Thus,
whereas population of cattle in 1955 was 172% more
than buffaloes, the buffalo-population is currently higher
than cattle. Buffalo milk contains higher butter-fat and
total solids and has a richer taste, and it is preferred
by Pakistani people who have developed a taste for it.
In fact, cow milk is sold at a cheaper price than buffalo
milk in most parts of the country.
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Livestock Resources of Pakistan: Present Status and Future Trends

In small ruminants, the growth-rate is much higher in
goats than sheep. At the time of first livestock-census
in 1955, the numbers of sheep were higher than goats.
However, now the situation is absolutely different; goats
outnumber sheep and are even more than twice the
number of sheep in Pakistan. Goat’s meat is preferred
by customers in Pakistan and is usually sold at a
higher price in most parts of the country.
Camel population has shown a static or decreasing
trend over the years. Development in areas of camel-
production is resulting in better road-access and
mechanical transport, thus the utility of camels as
means of transport of men and baggage is decreasing.
Furthermore, camel-milk is not cherished in Pakistan
and there is practically very little market for camel’s
milk and meat.
HERD-STRUCTURE IN LIVESTOCK
Majority of national livestock-herd is distributed in small
units throughout the Pakistan [Agricultural Census
Organization, 1998]. Small holders keep a major share
of population in large ruminants, and 60% buffaloes
and 55.5% cattle are raised by farmers with less than
6 animals per family (Table-7). Large-scale farming is
limited in Pakistan and only 6% buffalo and 9.8% cattle
population is kept by farmers with more than 20 animal
per household. However, the trend of keeping medium
(7-20 animals) and large herd-sizes ( > 20 animals) is
increasing in recent years.
The trend of keeping small ruminants is different from
large ruminants and the distribution of herd-sizes for
goats and sheep vary significantly. Small holders (<30
animals/household) raise only 35.5% sheep, but make
a lion’s share of goat-raising i.e. 66.2% [11]. Similarly,
larger flocks (>100 animal/flock) for sheep constitute
36.5% of population, but only 14% of goat population.
One of the reasons for this discrepancy is that larger
herd-sizes are kept in Northern areas, NWFP and
Balochistan, where sheep-raising is more popular than
goat husbandry.
ANIMAL-PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN PAKISTAN
Except for nomadic sheep, goats and camels, and
peri-urban dairying, production of livestock is closely
integrated with crop-production. Most farms are fully
integrated mixed units, with cattle, buffaloes and
sometimes sheep or goats or both. Traditionally, cattle
were kept as draft animals, with milk as a by-product
and buffaloes as milking animals. With the
mechanization of agriculture, however, cross-bred cattle

Table - 3: Main Characteristics of Cattle-Breeds of Pakistan

Breed Type Areas of Concentration Adult Weight (Kg) Age at Milk Lactation
Maturity Yield/ 305 length
Male Female (days) days (Days)
Red Sindhi Milch Western Sindh and Lasbela in 530 325 852 1675 270
Balochistan
Sahiwal Milch Sahiwal, Okara, Multan and 544 408 861 1852 283
Faisalabad
Bhagnari Draught Bhag Territory in Kalat and 650 480 966 950 262
(Kachhi) Northern Sindh
Dhanni Draught Attock, Rawalpindi, Chakwal 412 285 910 800 204
and Jhelum
Lohani Draught Loralai and D.I. Khan 315 253 900 613 163
Rojhan Draught Suleman Range of Mountains, 370 267 - 735 192
D.G. Khan, D.I. Khan, Kohat
and Bannu
Tharparkar Dual Thatparkar and surrounding 470 285 891 1584 277
areas
Cholistani Milch Cholistan area 470 341 609 1471 285
Kankreg Dual South West part of Tharparkar 591 432 - 1200 -
Dajjal Draught Dajal area of D.G. Khan 587 400 - 900 257

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are replacing the low-producing breeds.
Dairy Production
There are four main types of system [FAO, 1987;
Afzal,1998] for the production of milk from cows and
buffaloes in Pakistan:
• Rural subsistence smallholdings, producing milk
for the family at minimal cost. The average
subsistence-unit consists of three buffaloes,
including one or two adults. Grazing provides more
than half of the feed-requirement. Some green
fodder and straw is provided and a small quantity
of concentrate is given to milking cows. This
traditional system makes heavy demands on family
labour.
• Rural, market-oriented smallholdings, with
satisfactory access to milk-markets, producing
milk in excess of family-requirements for sale.
These farmers usually keep better-quality animals.
A typical unit consists of fewer than six buffaloes
and cattle, with two or three in milk. Milking animals
are generally stall-fed with seasonal green fodder,
straw and concentrate while dry cows and herd
followers are grazed. There is usually no adult bull
in the herd. Calves are retained during lactation,
and then the males are disposed of while females
are kept as replacements. This system is the main
source of milk in Pakistan.
• Rural commercial farms, with more than 40
animals, 90% buffaloes and 10% cattle, on mixed
crop-livestock farms or specialized farms for
breeding and milk production. Fodder crops are
grown and straw may be home-grown or
purchased. Concentrates are fed and dry females
and heifers are, if possible, grazed. There is usually
a bull for natural mating and the government
artificial insemination service is also used. These
farms are well organized and kept good records,
but their contribution to the total milk supply is
small.
• Peri-urban commercial dairy farms, around all big
cities, the largest being at the Landhi Cattle
Colony, Karachi, where more than 250,000 milking
animals are kept. Most herds in this sector have
15 to 50 animals and more than 90% are buffaloes,
mostly adult lactating females. Turnover is very
high. Animals close to calving or in calf are
purchased, the calf is allowed to suckle for a few
Quarterly SCIENCE VISION Vol.9 No.1-2 (Jul - Dec, 2003) & 3-4 (Jan - Jun, 2004)
M. Afzal and A.N. Naqvi
days and is then sold, generally for slaughter. Dry
females are either sold for slaughter or returned
to the rural areas for breeding. Most cows are not
mated, as pregnancy reduces milk-yield. Green
fodder is purchased, but feed consists mainly of
concentrate and straw. Since this is a high-cost
system, only high-potential animals are kept.
In the cities, families sometimes keep one or two
animals and sell the surplus milk, usually to
neighbours.
Sheep and Goats
The vast majority of small ruminant-flock owners are
small-scale farmers, sometimes landless. Mixed flocks
are common, although separate flocks of sheep or
goats can also be seen. The production-systems
[Ishaque, 1993; Afzal, 1998] are:
• Nomadic, found mostly in parts of Sindh and
Baluchistan. These flocks, with more than 100
animals, move constantly throughout the year in
search of grazing. Most of the lambs and kids are
born between January and April, when flocks are
at lower elevations. Females are retained for flock-
replacement or enlargement, but males are sold
before they are one year old. Grazing is mainly
free, but in some areas grazing or fodder may have
to be purchased. Sheep are mostly shorn twice.
There is some milking, to provide for family-
consumption and for sale in the local market.
• Transhumant, where flock-owners have a fixed
base, but move with their families to another
grazing-area for a major part of the year. This
system is prevalent in tribal areas in parts of the
North West Frontier Province, in parts of Sindh
and Baluchistan and throughout the Northern
Areas. Average flock-size is about 100 animals.
Grazing is mainly on rangeland or crop residues,
and sometimes areas have to be rented. The flock-
owners have easy access to the market and sell
the male progeny, often at low weight. Sheep are
shorn two or three times each year. There is some
milking for family consumption or for the sale of
milk or milk products.
• Sedentary – household, where flocks remain in
the same locality throughout the year and are
taken out to graze during the day and brought
back in the evening. Flocks are small, usually
5
Livestock Resources of Pakistan: Present Status and Future Trends

Table - 4: Main Characteristics of Sheep-Breeds of Pakistan

Sheep Breed Type Areas of Concentration Adult Weight Daily Milk Fleece Weight
(Kg) Yield (Lit) (Kg/Year)
Male Fem al
Dumbi Mutton Dadu, Shahdad kot, Jacobabad in Sindh 36 30 0.4-0.7 1.38
and Sibi in Balochistan
Kachhi Mutton, Milk and Dadu, Shahdadkot, Jacobabad, 40 29 1.09 2.03
Wool Hyderabad Larkara & Naw abshah
Kooka Mutton and w ool Dadu, Shahdadkot, Jacobabad, 26 23 0.4 2.13
Hyderabad, Larkana, Naw abshah
Buchi Wool and Mutton Bahaw alpur, Bahaw alnagar, Rahim Yar 26 23 0.3 3.12
(Bahaw alpuri) Khan, Multan and Muzaffarabad
Kajli Wool and Mutton Sargodha, Khushab, Mianw ali and Gujrat 46 34 0.1-0.25 2.49
Balki Meat Tribal areas and adjoining areas in NWFP 54.6 38 0.4 1.28
Balochi Meat and Wool Kalat division and suburb of Quetta dow n 38 32 0.1-0.9 2.25
to Sibi
Baltistani Meat and Wool Baltisan in Northern areas 30 24.8 0.87 1.5
Bibrik Meat & Wool Marri-Bugti tract of Sibi and Loralai 37 32 0.23-0.68 1.55
Cholistani Meat and Wool Cholistan and adjoining areas of Rahim 36 30 - 3.2
Yar Khan, Khanpur and Bhaw alpur
Dumbi Mutton Dadu, Shahdad kot, Jacobabad in Sindh 36 30 0.4-0.7 1.38
and Sibi in Balochistan
Kachhi Mutton, Milk and Dadu, Shahdadkot, Jacobabad, 40 29 1.09 2.03
Wool Hyderabad Larkara & Naw abshah
Kooka Mutton and w ool Dadu, Shahdadkot, Jacobabad, 26 23 0.4 2.13
Hyderabad, Larkana, Naw abshah
Buchi Wool and Mutton Bahaw alpur, Bahaw alnagar, Rahim Yar 26 23 0.3 3.12
(Bahaw alpuri) Khan, Multan and Muzaffarabad
Kajli Wool and Mutton Sargodha, Khushab, Mianw ali and Gujrat 46 34 0.1-0.25 2.49
Balki Meat Tribal areas and adjoining areas in NWFP 54.6 38 0.4 1.28
Balochi Meat and Wool Kalat division and suburb of Quetta dow n 38 32 0.1-0.9 2.25
to Sibi
Baltistani Meat and Wool Baltisan in Northern areas 30 24.8 0.87 1.5
Bibrik Meat & Wool Marri-Bugti tract of Sibi and Loralai 37 32 0.23-0.68 1.55
Cholistani Meat and Wool Cholistan and adjoining areas of Rahim 36 30 - 3.2
Yar Khan, Khanpur and Bhaw alpur
Rakhshani Meat Rakhshan valley including Jangal, Jang 32 28 0.5-0.7 0.93
Kharan, Makran and Kalat
Salt Range or Meat and Wool Jhelum, Raw alpindi, Attock, Mianw ala 35 30 0.25-0.5 1.9
Latti and Sargodha
Sipli Meat and Wool Bahaw alpur and Bahaw alnagar 32.8 29 0.2-0.4 5.6
Thalli Meat and Wool Bahaw alpur, Bahaw alnagar, Rahim Yar 35 30 0.3 1.8
Khan, Multan and Muzafargarh
Tirahi or Afridi Meat and Wool Tribal areas of Tirah and Kurran valley 37 33 0.7 1.9
Waziri Meat Waziristan and Bannu 40 30 0.7 1.38
Wool type= Fleece w eight >1.5 kg/year
Milk type= Milk production >1.0 lit/day

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between 20 and 40 animals, and graze on stubble,
roadsides, canal banks, waterlogged areas,
rangeland and weeds. Women frequently keep a
few animals, mostly goats, near the house and
feed them on household scraps, weeds and
nearby grazing.
• Before the feast of Eid-ul-Azha, at the end of the
annual pilgrimage to Mecca, some entrepreneurs
purchase 50-100 male sheep and goats, which
they fatten and sell at a high price.
Camel Production
• Camels are generally raised for draught-purpose,
with milk, meat and hair as secondary products.
Camel-production systems can generally be
classified [Jasra and Isani, 2000] as:
• Nomadic, found mainly in mountainous areas of
Balochistan and, to a greater extent, in sandy
deserts. Nomadic herds are diversified and include
other species of livestock, mostly sheep and
goats. Lack of grazing-forage and shortage of water
is the push-factor for roaming from place to place.
Three to four nomad families keep their livestock
together. Each nomad family have about 15 to 35
camels of various ages, with mostly (about 2/3)
female in the herd.
• Transhumant, move between specific locations and
follow a fixed route for migration. They move
seasonally, due to shortage of fodder and forage.
Within transhumant communities, camels are
mostly owned by small farmers, peasants and
landless labourers or pastoralists. Transhumant
herds are mixed, with camel numbers ranging from
1 to 5, with small ruminants. This production-
system is mainly seen in Cholistan and parts of
Balochistan.
• Sedentary, seen mainly in irrigated plains and
South Western mountains of Balochistan. Camels
are rarely moved away from their base area.
Camels are generally reared by small farmers,
peasants or landless pastoralists. These animals
are supplemented with cheap stall-feeding. Herd
size is generally small.
GENETIC IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMMES
A limited number of genetic-improvement programmes
in livestock have been undertaken by the government.
This has primarily been due to long incubation period
Quarterly SCIENCE VISION Vol.9 No.1-2 (Jul - Dec, 2003) & 3-4 (Jan - Jun, 2004)
M. Afzal and A.N. Naqvi
of the selective breeding and government’s desire to
sponsor projects that yield quick and visible results.
Livestock-breeders themselves have tried to improve
the breeds of their interest. In the absence of
production- records kept at the farms, the breeders
mainly selected animals on the physical breed
characteristics, like colour of eyes, coat colour, tail
length and shape of horns, etc. Major government-
sponsored genetic improvement programmes are given
below:
I.. Supply of Bulls: Pedigreed or selected bulls from
elite mothers were supplied to the interested
farmers in certain localities by the government.
These bulls or bull calves were either selected
from the government livestock-farms or purchased
from some progressive farmers. At places, these
bulls were also kept in the veterinary hospitals for
free breeding-services to the interested farmers.
Similarly, bulls were also maintained in some of
the villages through Lumbardari schemes. In these
schemes, the Lumbardar (village head) was
granted some land for the maintenance of bull for
the purpose of breeding village buffaloes and cattle.
These programmes have been discontinued.
II. Land-Grant Schemes: In pre-partition India, the
British government granted large pieces of land
on long lease as “Land Grants” to the farmers for
conservation and propagation of livestock-breeds.
The significant example is the establishment of
Bahadurnagar Farm, by leasing 3049 acres of land
in 1916 to a private farmer to maintain 400 cattle
of Hissar breed that was replaced with Nili and
Ravi buffaloes in 1936. These schemes have also
been discontinued.
III. Herd-Book Schemes: Government started herd-
book scheme for Sahiwal cattle and Nili-Ravi
buffaloes in their home tract, to encourage keeping
of proper animal production records. The scheme
was run under the supervision of government
livestock-department and the participating farmers
were given land and veterinary aid, as incentives.
The most important example is the Shergarh Herd-
Book Scheme in Sahiwal district.
IV. Provision of Artificial Insemination Services:
Artificial insemination was started in Pakistan in
late 50s. However, the pace has been slow and,
still, only 5% of breedable buffaloes and 7% of
breedable cattle are bred through artificial
insemination. Currently, there are 189 A.I. Centres
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Livestock Resources of Pakistan: Present Status and Future Trends

Table - 5: Main Characteristics of Goat-Breeds of Pakistan

Goat Breed Type Areas of Concentration Adult Weight Daily Milk Hair
(Kg) Yield Productio
(Lit) n Kg/year
Male Fem ale

Barbari Milk and Meat Dadu, Sukkur, Naw abshah & Mirpur Khas in 40 25 1.00
Sindh. Sahiw al, Lahore, Jhang, Faisalabad &
Sargodha in Punjab.
Chappar or Meat Dadu, Jacobabad, Naw abshah, Tharparkar, 27 23 0.65 – 9
(Kohistani or Jabli) Karachi and Lasbela
Kamori Milk and Meat Hyderabad, Naw abshah, Larkana 60 50 1.8-2.2
Sindh Desi Milk and Meat Dadu, Shikarpur, Sukkur Naw abshah 27.2 22.2 0.9-1.8
Beetal Milk and meat Multan, Sahiw al, Lahore, Faisalabad, 55 45 1.8-2.7
Sargodha, Jhang, Okara, Jhelum, Gujranw ala,
Gujrat and Sialkot.
Nachi (Bikaneri) Meat and hair Bhaw alpur, Multan, Sahiw al 38 32 0.60-0.90 0.81
Dera Din Panah Milk, meat and hair Muzaffargarh, Leiah and Multan 55 50 1.3-2.2 1.2
Teddy Meat Gujrat, Jhelum, Sargodha and Raw alpindi 34 23
Kaghani Hair and meat Kaghan Valley (Abbotabad, Mansehra, 37 32 0.4-0.7 1.0
Kohistan and Sw at)
Khurassani Milk and meat Quetta, Loralai, Zhob, Chagi in Balochistan 30 25 0.9-1.3
Damani Milk, meat and hair Dera Ismail Khan and Peshaw ar 35 30 1.1-1.4 0.7
Gaddi Milk, Meat and Hair Kaghan Valley 50 41 0.4-0.7 1.4
Lehri Hair and Meat Lehri Tow n in Kachi area of Sibi 33 30 - 1.8
Kajli (Pahari) Meat, Hair and Milk Loralai in Balochistan and D.G. Khan in Punjab 30 25 0.9-1.3 0.8 to 1.0

Baltistani Milk and Meat Baltistan in Northern Areas 28.8 25.6 1.1
Bari Meat Hyderabad, Dadu, Larkana, Khairpur, 29 24 0.8-1
Naw abshah and Jacobabad
Beiari Meat Kotli and Mirpur 25 20 0.9
Buchi Meat and Hair Neelam Valley and Muzzafarabad 30 22 0.6
Bugi Toori Meat and Hair Eastern part of Hyderabad and Tando Allah 33 25 0.5-0.75
Yar Taluka
Bujri Milk meat and hair Badin and Thatta 45 35.5 1-1.25
Jarakheil Milk and Meat Chilas in Diamir district 51.5 42 1.39
Jattal Milk, Meat and Hair Kotli and Maripur 23 19 0.53
Jattan Milk and Meat Mirpurkhas 78 50 1.5-3
Kacchan Milk and Meat Hyderabad and Parts of Badin 68 45 2-3
Kail Meat and Hair Azad Kashmir 28.12 23.58 0.62
Koh-I-Ghizer Meat Strip along Kohi-Ghizer from Gilgit to Yasin, 41 35.6 0.97
Gupis and Imit
Kooti Milk and Meat Neelam Valley 20 15 0.71
Kurri Milk and Meat Kandhkot, Jacobabad, Sukhur, Naw abshah & 50 35 1
Kashmore
Labri Milk and Meat Muzaffarabad & Poonch 45 35 1.12

continues on next page...

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 M. Afzal and A.N. Naqvi

continued...

Kooti Milk and Meat Neelam Valley 20 15 0.71

Kurri Milk and Meat Kandhkot, Jacobabad, Sukhur, 50 35 1
Naw abshah & Kashmore
Labri Milk and Meat Muzaffarabad & Poonch 45 35 1.12
Lohri Meat Kacha area of river Indus, Dadu, 58 45 0.75
Larkana, Khairpur, Sakkur

Lehri Meat and Hair Lehri Tow n of Karachi, Sibi and 32.8 30.5 0.9 1.8
surroundings
Pamiri Meat Hunza near Khunjrab and adjoining Pamir 40.5 36 0.8
region.
Pateri Milk and Meat Sanghar, Tando Adam and Shahadpur 70 45 1.0-2.0
Potohari Meat Potohar area in Punjab and Poonch 28 22 0.73
Shurri Meat and Hair Muzafarabad and poonch 38 30 0.9
Tapri or Lappi Milk and Meat Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas to Khipro and 33 25 0.5-1.0
Khairpur districts of Sindh
Tharki or Tharri Meat Semi arid and arid parts of Thar 32 24 0.5-0.75

Milk type = Milk >1 lit/day

Hair type = Hair production >0.7 kg/year

and 7 Semen-Production Units in the country.
Semen of buffaloes (both Nili-Ravia and Kundi) and
cattle (Sahiwal and Red Sindhi) is produced locally
at four Semen-Production Centres. In addition to
these, semen from Holstein-Friesian and Jersey
cattle is produced locally, as well as imported from
other countries.
Bull-selection for A.I. (Artificial Insemination) has
been a major problem. Bulls were initially
purchased from farmers having better producing
animals or from government livestock-farms.
However, in 1980 a progeny-testing programme
was launched for Nili-Ravi buffaloes, which was
later expanded to include Sahiwal cattle. With
occasional break, this programme is still
continued and now candidate bulls for these two
breeds (Nili-Ravi buffaloes and Sahiwal cattle) are
picked from 10-15% topmost elite females, being
maintained at government farms or with registered
farmers. There is, however, a limited number of
these bulls and the rest are still selected on
available limited pedigree record.
V. Progeny-Testing Programme: A progeny-testing
programme for Nili-Ravi buffalo-bulls was started
in 1978. The work was, later on, expanded to
include Sahiwal cattle also. Three buffalo-
populations i.e. government farms, private buffalo
farms and selected village buffalo-population, at
27 sub-centres in three districts of Okara,
Faisalabad and Sahiwal, were included in this
progeny-testing programme. However, progeny-
testing programme of Sahiwal cattle has only been
limited to public-sector farms and surrounding
villages. So far, 13 batches having 276 bulls of
Nili-Ravi buffalo have been included in the
programme. Similarly, 12 batches having 94 bulls
of Sahiwal cattle have been handled. Fifty-one
buffalo and 21 Sahiwal bulls with positive predictive
values have been identified through this
programme. Semen of these bulls is available in
A.I. network, as well as stored in the semen bank.
VI. Import of Exotic Germplasm: Like many other
countries, Pakistan has also imported exotic cattle
in an effort to establish these breeds in the local
environment. Several exotic breeds of cattle,
notably Holstein-Friesian, Jersey, Red Dane and
Australian Illawara shorthorn have been imported
with different objectives such as establishment of
nucleus herds, use in crossbreeding programmes
or as demonstration and commercial units of
modern dairy-farming. These importations have
been done in both public and private sector. In
addition to poor adaptability, these animals under

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Livestock Resources of Pakistan: Present Status and Future Trends

Table - 6: Main Characteristics of Camel-Breeds of Pakistan

Cam el Type Areas of Concentration Adult Weight Age at Milk Yield Lactation
Breed Maturity (lit/lact) Length
(year) (days)
Male Fem ale
Brahvi * Ploughing and Chagai, Qubo Saeed Khan, Shahdad 705 690 3.94 1619.82 587.14
Baggage Kot, Garhi Khairo, Larkana and
Jacobabad
Kachhi * Riding and Baggage Kachhi in Balochistan, Jacobabad, 680.5 660 4.45 2017.73 515.91
Shikarpur and Sukkur
Kharani * Ploughing and Kharan, Jhalaw an and Kalat 640.75 622.5 4.14 1928.52 522.11
transportation and
lifting w ater from
w ells
Lassi * Riding and Baggage Lasbella district and adjoining areas 570 550 3.7 1305 300
in Sindh and Balochistan
Makrani * Baggage, Makran, Kharan, Lasbella, Thalw an, 659 675 3.82 1928.53 518.01
transportation & milk Karachi and Dadu
Pishin * Baggager Quetta, Pishin and surroundings 715 700 4.09 1720.44 353.68
Rodbari * Transportation and Gw adar, Pasni, Turbat, Daska, 720.5 705.5 2.96 1692.98 466.53
lifting of w ater from Kappar, Punigur and Khuzdar
underground
Gaddi @ Used for Lucky Murw at, Waziristan Agency 600.75 588.5 3.02 1310 315
transportation and D.I. Khan
Ghulmani @ Transportation and D.I.Khan, Bhittari, Marw at, Dera 745 735 4.04 2040.69 538.3
riding Ghazi Khan, Muzaffar Garh, Multan
and Zhobe
Khader @
Transportation D.G. Khan range lands 685 670 3.6 1656.45 450
Maya @ Draught type also North Western hilly areas of NWFP, 730.75 720.5 2.96 1518.9 480.9
used for riding Waziristan
Bagri # Riding and racing Cholistan and Thal area of Mianw ali 670 kg 650 kg 4.25 2056.3 564.78
to Multan and Dera Ghazi Khan
Brela or Transportation/ good Sargodha, Mianw ali, Gujranw ala, 700.5 689.59 2.9 2840.83 478.25
Thalocha # fighting camel Multan, Muzaffargarh & Faisalabad
Cambelpuri # Draught, riding The area of distribution lies betw een 750.5 740.3 3.04 1659.61 552.78
Indus and Jehlum rivers.
Kala Chitta # Draught and riding Lohi Bher, Pabbi, Kala Chitta, Margalla 702.75 690 3.33 1495.6 310
Hills, Sohaw a and Salt Range
Morecha # Riding, loading and Bahaw alpur, Rahimyar Khan, 655 635 3.7 4179.51 479.29
milk Bahaw alnagar and adjoining areas.
Dhatti + Riding and racing Tharparkar, Khairpur and Badin 578.5 569 3.19 2844.66 529.59
(Mehari)
Kharai + Riding, loading and Mirpur Sakro to Sujaw al district of 620 600 3.54 1833.53 320
milk Thatta, Badin and Karachi
Larri + Riding and loading Badin, Hyderabad, Dadu, 770.5 765.5 4.5 1817.67 511.95
(Sindhi) Naw abshah, Khairpur, Sanghar and
Mirpur Khas
Sakrai + Riding and loading Thatta 585.75 570 3.45 1480.1 312
Bactrin Draught and pack Koh-e-Gizar (20 speciments) 800 785 4 1150.1 250
Note: * denotes Balochistan, @ NWFP, # Punjab and + Sindh.

10 Quarterly SCIENCE VISION Vol.9 No.1-2 (Jul - Dec, 2003) & 3-4 (Jan - Jun, 2004)
 M. Afzal and A.N. Naqvi

Table - 7: Distribution of Livestock by Herd-Size in Pakistan (Livestock Census 1996)

Large Ruminants Small Ruminants
Herd Size Percent share in population Herd Size Percent share in
population
Buffalo Cattle Sheep Goat
1-2 18.1 16.3 1-5 6.5 21.4
3-4 24.5 (42.6) 22.0 (38.3) 6-15 13.2 (19.7) 28.5 (49.9)
5-6 17.4 (60.0) 17.2 (55.5) 16-30 15.7 (35.5) 16.3 (66.2)
7-10 19.6 (79.6) 20.0 (75.5) 31-50 12.8 (48.2) 9.9 (76.1)
11-15 10.2 (89.8) 9.9 (85.4) 51-75 8.5 (56.7) 5.7 (81.8)
16-20 4.2 (94.0) 4.8 (90.2) 76-100 6.8 (63.5) 4.2 (86.0)
21-30 2.9 (96.9) 4.3 (94.5) 101-150 9.1 (72.6) 4.9 (90.9)
31-50 1.6 (98.5) 2.9 (97.4) 151-200 7.5 (80.1) 3.1 (94.0)
> 50 1.5 (100.0) 2.5 (99.9) 201-350 12.2 (92.3) 4.3 (98.3)
> 350 7.9 (100.2) 1.5 (99.8)
Values in parentheses indicate cumulative value indicating %age of total animals up to that herd size.

local environmental and managemental conditions,
usually lost their high production. A limited number
of small Friesian and Jersey cattle-herds are still
being maintained by the public sector. Males are
usually sold to interested farmers for
crossbreeding of local non-descript cattle.
Awassi and Rambouillet sheep and Angora goats
have also been imported in the country. Angora
goat have been raised as pure-bred animals for
mohair production. Both Awassi and Rambouillet
sheep have been used in crossbreeding to
increase mutton and wool production of local
sheep.
VII. Crossbreeding: Crossbreeding in Pakistan has
been carried out in cattle and to a limited extent
in sheep. Among the ten breeds of cattle, only
two (Sahiwal and Red Sindhi) can be classified
as dairy breeds; all others are low milk-producers.
Furthermore, pure-bred cattle in Pakistan only
comprise 25-30% of the population and the rest
are non-descript low producers. Cattle
crossbreeding was started in Pakistan in 1970.
Experiments at public-sector farms clearly showed
that crossbred animals were better (50 to 150%)
producers. Thus, crossbreeding has been carried
out through government A.I. network, as well as
provision of male exotic animals to the interested
farmers. Exotic semen used in crossbreeding
included Holstein Friesian, Jersey, Australian
Illawara shorthorn, Black Welch, Chinese Black
and White and Swedish Red and White, etc.
Initially, crossbreeding experiments were carried
out using Sahiwal and Cholistani cattle. However,
later a national breeding-policy was formulated,
which encourages selective breeding in Sahiwal
and Red Sindhi cattle and crossbreeding was
limited to only non-descript cattle. Currently, there
are about 2 million crossbred cattle in Pakistan.
Crossbreeding in sheep has focussed on
Rambouillet x Kaghani for improved wool and
mutton production, and on Awassi x Lohi and other
breeds for improved mutton production.
Rambouillet x Kaghani crosses have better wool-
yield and live-weight and the quality of wool is also
significantly improved. These crossbreds are now
a common sight in Swat, the home tract of
Kaghani.
CHANGING PATTERN OF MILK AND MEAT
PRODUCTION
Traditionally, large ruminants (buffaloes and cattle) have
been raised in Pakistan for milk and draught, and small
ruminants (sheep and goats) for meat production. There
is now a changing pattern of milk-production from
subsistence to commercial production. Market-access
for milk-sale and increasing demand of the milk are
the main factors pushing this change. Market-oriented
rural milk-production and peri-urban dairying are
becoming more important for supply of milk to the urban
centers. Peri-urban dairying is particularly a high input-

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Livestock Resources of Pakistan: Present Status and Future Trends
high-output system and is fast turning into a
commercial activity, rather than farming in the
traditional sense. Cap on the price of livestock products,
particularly milk and meat works, as disincentive for
the promotion of livestock in the country.
Beef production has typically been a by-product of
dairy and draught power in Pakistan. Price of meat
(beef and mutton) has been controlled by the
government and has been artificially kept at lower level,
to favour the city consumers. Contrary to international
trend, beef is the cheapest meat in the country. Thus,
fattening of animals (which is an important requirement
for meat development) has never got hold in our farming
system. Fattening of animals for sale at ‘Eid –ul Azha’
is the only exception, where fattening pays off and
this practice is gaining momentum in recent years.
Research and development studies, carried out at
different institutions of the country, clearly indicate
potential of beef-production in local cattle and buffalo-
breeds. Many studies have reported a weight-gain of
more than one kg per day in local cattle and buffalo
and 175 to 250 grams per day in sheep and goats,
over a fattening period of 90 to 120 days. Although
some of the weight-gain could be attributed to
compensatory growth, the studies clearly demonstrate
the potential of local breeds for meat-production [Muller,
1986, Alvi, 1991]. However, economically, fattening of
animals was not feasible until recently. Meat prices in
major cities have risen to a level where fattening seems
to be now feasible and is expected to gain momentum.
Furthermore, export of meat to Gulf countries has also
given an incentive for the fattening enterprises.
There are some additional constraints to meat-
production in the country. Fattening operations require
a continuous source of supply of feeder-animals. In
the absence of large livestock farms, purchase of
feeder-animals has to be from the livestock-markets
where basic infrastructure of weighing of animals is
not present. Furthermore, animals coming from different
sources, when reared together, require special
management skills.
Introduction of beef breeds has been debated in
Pakistan since long. Non-availability of good-quality
range has worked as disincentive for this introduction.
Efforts to develop a beef-breed have been carried out
at Beef Development Centre, Sibi (Balochistan), where
Australian Draught Master was used to cross with
12 Quarterly SCIENCE VISION Vol.9 No.1-2 (Jul - Dec, 2003) & 3-4 (Jan - Jun, 2004)
Baghnari cattle in order to develop a local beef breed.
On-farm results have shown improvement in weight-
gain, as well as other productive and reproductive
parameters of the newly developed breed i.e.
NariMaster but these animals have never been
evaluated under farmers’ fields. There is need to first
evaluate local cattle, like Sahiwal, Dhanni, Baghnari,
Thari and Lohani cattle and Nili-Ravi and Kundi
buffaloes for their beef-potential under optimum feeding
and management conditions. Research and
development work, however, should continue to improve
local breeds through selection and crossbreeding for
their beef-potential.
THREATS TO LIVESTOCK BREEDS
Human preferences and environmental pressures may
result in erosion of livestock diversity. For livestock, it
is usually changing farming or production systems,
economy of the area and relevance of a specific breed
in the changed economic and farming system that
determine the survivability of the breed. Peri-urban
dairying is growing and subsistence farming is fading
in Pakistan. Consumers prefer buffalo milk to cow milk
and goat meat to sheep meat. Furthermore, human
population-pressure is resulting in decrease in
rangelands and other grazing areas and crop-production
patterns are changing. These factors will result in
preferences for breeds that are more productive and
suitable in the changing farming systems. Buffaloes
occupy a central position in milk production in Pakistan
and, since both buffalo breeds are reasonably good
milk producers, this animal will continue to flourish.
Traditionally, cattle have been used as a draught power
for agriculture in Pakistan. With the introduction of
machinery, their utility for draught power is being
challenged. In fact, demographic changes are already
being seen in cattle population. The two milch breeds
i.e. Sahiwal and Red Sindhi, are medium producers
and inferior to crossbred animals in milk-production,
thus their survival will be threatened if no selective-
breeding programmes for the improvement of these
breeds are carried out.
Rojhan, Lohani, Dajjal and Kankrej cattle-breeds will
probably face a real threat for their survival in the next
two decades. These breeds are low milk-producers
and have less potential of being developed as beef-
breeds also. Furthermore, areas of concentration of
these breeds are being developed for crop-production,

irrigation-facilities are being developed, and grazing
areas are shrinking. These conditions will favour buffalo
and crossbred animals.
Sheep and goat breeds are at higher risk of losing
their identity, due to indiscriminate breeding and lack
of any breeding-policy or directive from the government.
In fact government has never seriously undertaken any
significant development-project or programme for
improvement or selective breeding of local breeds.
Sheep breeds will be more vulnerable as, in many
areas, sheep-raising is being replaced by goat
husbandry. Furthermore, grazing-places and
rangelands are decreasing, thus reducing nutrient
availability to these animals. Since phenotypic and
genetic characterization of the sheep-breeds have not
been carried out, the value of each breed is judged
only from their mutton-potential, thus breeds with lower
adult weight will be more liable to disappear.
Government-sponsored project of crossbreeding
Rambouillet with local Kaghani sheep has clearly
shown this trend. In fact in Swat, the home tract of
Kaghani, every 3rd or 4th sheep is a crossbred now,
within a short span of 10 years, the popularity being
due to higher weight-gain and better-quality wool.
Camel breeds face the real threat. Although 21 breeds
of camel have been described in one study, these may
not describe the real situation. Many of these may
not be true breeds and require phenotypic and genetic
characterization studies. Furthermore, the habitat of
camels is changing fast. Road-infrastructure is
resulting in greater vehicle-transport in these areas
and irrigation facilities are resulting in crop husbandry
and keeping buffaloes and, cattle. Camel population
is also decreasing and, without any significant market
for camel milk and meat, many breeds may not be
able to survive.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
Improvement of livestock-productivity per unit animal
remains the primary concern of research and
development efforts. Only those breeds of livestock
will survive that will be useful in the changing farming-
systems scenario. Thus, there is a real danger that
many of the breeds may not susrvive and some
conservation programme has to be put in place.
Furthermore, genetic-improvement programmes have
to be put in place for the promising breeds. Due to
small herd-sizes and a large number of farmers involved
in livestock activities, many of them part-time, it is
Quarterly SCIENCE VISION Vol.9 No.1-2 (Jul - Dec, 2003) & 3-4 (Jan - Jun, 2004)
M. Afzal and A.N. Naqvi
generally felt that livestock genetic-improvement
programmes developed in western countries cannot
be applied to the local farming system. Furthermore,
there is practically no identification and production-
recording system in vogue in the country; thus the
genetic improvement programmes become an uphill
task. These concerns have been expressed in many
seminars and workshops on the subject. Major
research and development needs in the area of genetic
improvement of livestock are listed below:
1. Introduction of a uniform performance-recording
system is a basic requirement of any genetic
improvement programme. A low-cost self-
sustaining model for performance-recording needs
to be developed and implemented in different
socio-economic and geographical locations of the
country. Will there be one model for dairy animals,
meat animals and small ruminants or separate
recording-systems have to be evolved for different
situations? The performance-records then can be
used for genetic improvement of animals.
Alternately, development of molecular markers for
selection of animals for economic traits, at an early
age, can provide an easy tool for genetic
improvement. It is known that most of the
production-traits are controlled by more than one
gene. However, research on genes associated with
milk-production and growth-rate needs to be
studied, to develop molecular marker assisted
selection in large and small ruminants.
2. There is need for evaluation and strengthening of
progeny-testing programme of Nili-Ravi buffalo and
Sahiwal cattle. Cost:benefit ratio needs to be
calculated and how the sustainability of the
programme can be ensured? There is need to start
breed-improvement programmes for Kundi
buffaloes and Red Sindhi cattle in Sindh province.
This programme will have to focus on involving
farmers, organizing them into organization(s) that
can take over this programme in the long run.
3. Development of breed-associations is another area
for R&D in Pakistan. The interested farmers needs
to be organized. Once established, how will these
associations be self-sustaining without
government support? Initially there is need to start
with breed associations of Nili-Ravi and Kundi
buffaloes and Sahiwal and Red Sindhi cattle, which
can be expanded to include other breeds later on.
4. Undefined off-shoots of buffalo breeds (Azakheli,
white Nili-Ravi and Bhuri Kundi buffaloes) need to
be studied for their production-potential and
genetic relationship with main buffalo-breeds.
13
Livestock Resources of Pakistan: Present Status and Future Trends
5. There is need to genetically characterize all breeds
of cattle. Some of these cattle-breeds may not be
economical in the changing farming-system. Thus
there is need to determine genetic relationship
among different breeds. Furthermore, there is need
to determine specific phenotypic characteristics
of each cattle-breed e.g. disease-resistance, tick-
resistance, etc., and then conservation-policy
needs to be developed.
6. Model selective breeding-programmes for main
sheep breeds i.e. Lohi, Kajli, Thalli and Sipli in
Punjab; Bibrik, Baluchi and Rakhshani in
Balochistan; Waziri, Hashtnagri and Damani in
NWFP; Kacchi, Kooka and Dumbi in Sindh and
Kail in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, needs to be
started. These programmes should in the long run
be self-sustaining.
7. Goat breeds of Beetal, Kamori and Dera Din Panah
should be developed as dairy-cum-meat breeds,
through sustainable selective breeding-
programmes.
8. There are a large number of sheep and goat breeds
in Pakistan. Although general production-traits of
these breeds are known, peculiar genetic and
phenotypic characteristics need to be studied. Are
all these really breeds? Many of these breeds may
be off-shoots of other breeds. Molecular genetic
studies need to be carried out, to answer this
question. Results of these studies will define the
breeds to be conserved.
9. Local breeds of cattle should be evaluated for their
beef-potential under optimum nutritional and
management conditions. Those showing potential
for beef-production, may be selected for growth-
rate and other beef parameters. Development of
synthetic beef breed, using exotic blood may also
be a topic of future research and development.
Similarly, efforts may also be made to identify
buffalo-strains with high potential for beef.
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