The Effect of Temperature and Substitution of Lapindo Mud Powder Waste

(Sidoarjo) as an Active pozzolan Material toward the compressive strength

Characteristic of Paving Blocks
Danang, Faisal Aidiansyah Fakhri, S. Adam Jannata

INTRODUCTION
The physical development in Indonesia such as housing complex and
infrastructures increases along with increasing population. Repairing infrastructure in
the village is increasingly done by the government to raise social economics and
welfare. The demand of paving block gets higher due to the development because
paving block is more easily constructed, affordable, and water absorpable. Therefore,
it is necessary to make experiments about material innovation in making paving block
in order to make high quality paving block, but in affordable price.
One of the efforts to reduce building cost is using the waste of local construction
materials. It is easy to obtain and eco-friendly (as it reduces pollution). Furthermore,
using waste from construction materials gives financial advantages for the society. For
that reason, there is a research of utilizing mud flows of Lapindo in Sidoarjo to be basic
materials (active pozzolan) in making paving block.
Paving block is one of materials used for road surface besides asphalt and
concrete. This material is commonly used for pavement in parking lot, sidewalk,
garden, housing complex’ s road, connector of building to building, and lane. Paving
block is more popular nowadays than other kinds of pavement. The consuments likely
use paving block because it is easy to construct, easy to set up, easy to maintain. Paving
block is also affordable and it has good aesthetic value. Moreover, paving block is eco-
friendly material as it allows water to absorb. It supports soil conservation and
minimizing floods.
Lapindo Mud contains higher silica (SiO2) than cement does. However, it
contains less limestone (CaO) than cement. Silica is functioned as filler, while
limestone has role in fastening. The 900 oC temperature calcination for 5 hours results
the total of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 more than 82%. Therefore, it is suitable for
pozzolan material. Based on that content, Lapindo mud can be utilized as subtitional
material for cement in volume context of making paving block.
This article was made to find out the best mixture of Lapindo mud on paving
blocks so it formed environmentally friendly, affordable price, and good quality.
MAIN BODY
The Sidoarjo Mud are consist of 56.75% of Sillicon dioxide (SiO2), 23.31% of
Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3), 7.37% of Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), 2.13% of Calcium
Hidroxide (CaO), 2.95% of Magnesium oxide (MgO), 1.04% of Kalium oxide (K2O),
0.14% of Mangan oxide (MnO), 0.01% of Chromium oxide (Cr2O3), 2.7% of Natrium
oxide (NA2O), 0.38 of Titanium dioxide (TiO2), 0.96% of Sulfur Trioxide (SO3), 1.2%
of Loss of ignition (LOI). Based on the chemical composition of the test result with
element of silica, Alumina and Iron, the content of the element, it is good material to
use for ingredient of pozzolan artificial. Another important thing is the missing part
incandescent (LOI) was Little indicates that very low organic matter including the
elements sulfur which can interfere with the binding cement and durability of the
concrete or mortar and micro warp suitably qualified ISO 2460: 2014.
Water absorption is defined as the ratio of the volume of hollow space empty
which is owned by solids with the amount of the volume of solids which is occupied
by solids. Absorption on a material expressed in percent (%) cavity of the volume
fraction of an existing cavity in the material.
Method
The method of research used here is experimental by burning lusi and making
testing object. The testing objects are cubical mortar (5 cm x 5 cm x 5 cm) and
cylindrical concrete (10 cm x 20 cm) with micro lusi composition as subtitutional
material for cement. It consists of four variations, these are 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and
40%. The tools used are scales, shieve shaker machine, oven, a set of ASTM sieve,
mixer, paving block mold, measuring cup, 6 cm 10,5 cm x 21 cm bar mold, picnometer,
mounting table, tub, shovel, brass, hammer, calipers, ruler and furnace.
The materials used here are cement, Lumajang sand as fine aggregate, dust from
Lapindo mud, and water.

Result
Based on the chemical analysis, micro lusi is suitable for ASTM requirement about
coal flying ash and natural raw or calcinated pozzolan, so that it can be used for making
mortar and concrete. Lapindo Mud contains higher silica (SiO2) than cement does.
However, it contains less limestone (CaO) than cement. Silica is functioned as filler,
while limestone has role in fastening. The 900 oC temperature calcination for 5 hours
results the total of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 more than 82%. Therefore, it is suitable
for pozzolan material. Based on that content, Lapindo mud can be utilized as subtitional
material for cement in volume context of making paving block. Paving block is
concrete which has 75% solid cross section or wider than entire section. It has solid
volume more than 75% of entire volume. (PUBI-1986)
DISCUSSION

Chemical Content Analysis

The chemical content analysis of hydraulic adhesive from each mixture is
needed. It makes the analysis of Lapindo mud utilization as cement subtitution easy.

Atterberg Limits Examination

The value of decreasing limit of Lapindo mud is 13,226%. The short value of
decreasing limit shows that lapindo mud has delicate particles. Meanwhile the high
index plasticity value shows that Lapindo mud has plastical character.

Press Strenght Test for Paving Block

The average press strenght of paving block from mixture A to mixture E reduces.
It is due to increased CaO from mixture A to mixture E. CaO is chemical content
functioned as fastening stuff. Meanwhile SiO2 content functioned as filler from
mixture A to mixture E significantly increases. Therefore, decreased CaO dominantly
affects the less press strenght, despite increased SiO2 content.

Water Absorbing Test in Paving Block

Based on graphics of average water absorption volume, it can be seen that there
happens reduced absorption of water from mixture A to mixture D. However, the water
absorption rises again in mixture E. The increase of SiO2 in each mixture has decreased
the material porosity. Hence, the water absorption volume from mixture A to D
reduces. Based on regression analysis, the saturation point of decreasing water
absorption is between mixture D and E (exactly in 24,56% mud with 18,215% ater
absorption). It is due to the little content of CaO causing less tightening among
materials. Thus, the little water absorption power is affected by the high SiO2 amount.
However, it is also supported by amount of CaO in keeping the tightening materials in
paving block.

CONCLUSION
From the result of this research, there are several conclusion earned. If it is from press
strenghten point of view, the stir for getting paving block in B2 quality is utilizing
Lapindo mud for 7,25%. Meanwhile, if it is analyzed from water absorption method,
to get the least water absorption , there must be 24,56% Lapindo mud usage. The most
ideal mixture is using 24,56% Lapindo mud because the usage of Lapindo mud is
maximum in this mixture. By the water absorption, the mixture is included into B1
quality paving block. From the results obtained, there are some suggestions as follows:
For the construction which endures the load and is exposed to any weather, it will be
very good if the mixture uses 7,25% Lapindo mud. Meanwhile for the construction
which endures the load, is protected from weather, and has high humidity, there will
be good if the mixture uses 24,56% Lapindo mud.
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