GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Chandkheda, Ahmadabad.
Affiliated

MARWADI EDUCATION FOUNDATION GROUP OF INSTITUTE

A Report on-

REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE BY CERAMIC

WASTE IN GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

Under subject of

DESIGN ENGINEERING

B. E. CIVIL, Semester - V
(Civil Engineering)

Group ID: 1182510

Submitted by:

Sr. Name of students Enrolment No.

1. Kelvin virani 150570106064

2. Rudra Gami 160570106022

3. Kaushik Maji 160570106036

4. Hardik Maheshwari 180570106018

Faculty Guide: TEJPAL GODA

Head of the Department: Dr. Ankur Bhogyta

(Academic year: 2018-19)

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 INDEX

TITLE PAGE NO.

 Abstract…………………………………………………03
 Introduction to geopolymer concrete…………………...04
 Introduction to ceramic waste…………………………..05
 Introduction to sodium silicate………………………….06
 Introduction to sodium hydroxide………………………06
 Introduction to aggregate……………………………….07
 Introduction to fly-ash………………………………….07
 Introduction to sand…………………………………….08
 Objectives of study of geopolymer concrete…………...08
 Purposes of geopolymer concrete………………………09
 Literature review………………………………………..10
 Material specifications………………………………….12
 Result and Discussion…………………………………..13
 Photographs of canvas…………………………………..14
 References………………………………………………18
 Websites………………………………………………...19

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ABSTRACT

Geopolymer is used as the binder, instead of cement

paste, to produce concrete.The geopolymer paste binds the
loose coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and other un-
reacted materials together to form the geopolymer
concrete. The manufacture of geopolymer concrete is
carried out using the usual concrete technology methods. As in
the port-land cement concrete, the aggregates occupy the
largest volume, that is approximately 75% to 80% by mass, in
geopolymer concrete. The silicon and the aluminum in the fly
ash are activated by a combination of sodium hydroxide
and sodium silicate solutions to form the geopolymer paste
that binds the aggregates and other unreacted materials.

Geopolymer results from the reaction of a source material

that is rich in silica and alumina with alkaline liquid. It is
essentially cement free concrete. This material is being studied
extensively and shows promise as greener substitute for
ordinary portland cement concrete in some applications.
Research is shifting from chemistry domains to engineering
applications and commercial production of geopolymer
concrete.

In this particular report coarse aggregates are been

replaced by ceramic wastes by weight.

INTRODUCTION TO GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

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 Generally geopolymer results from the reaction of a
material that is reach in silica and alumina with alkaline
liquid.

 It is essentially cement free concrete.

 It has been found that geopolymer concrete has good

engineering properties with a reduced global warming
potential resulting from the total replacement of ordinary
port-land cement.

 It is the greener substitute of ordinary concrete.

 It gives more strength in less time than ordinary concrete.

 Its pollution free concrete.

 In the coming future days of the global earth geopolymer

concrete will give competition to ordinary concrete used
now a days.

INTRODUCTION TO CERAMIC WASTE

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 The principle waste coming into the ceramic waste industry
is the ceramic powder specially in the powder form.

 Ceramic wastes are generated as a waste during the process

of dressing and polishing.

 Ceramic waste can be used in concrete to improve its

strength and other durability factor.

 Ceramic waste can be a partial replacement of cement or as

a partial replacement of coarse aggregate as a
supplementary addition to achieve different properties of
concrete.

 Since it is angular in shape so it can be used for replacement

of angular shape aggregates.

 Angular surface have more surface area as compare to

round surface so, it gives more binding to fly-ash.

INTRODUCTION TO SODIUM SILICATE

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 Sodium silicate is the common name for compounds with
the formula (Na2SiO2)nO.

 It is also known as the water glass or liquid glass, these

materials are available in aqueous solution and in solid
form.

 Sodium silicate are colour less glassy or crystalline solids, or

white powders. Excepts for the most silicone-rich ones, they
are readily soluble in water, producing alkaline solutions.

INTRODUCTION TO SODIUM HYDROXIDE

 Sodium hydroxide, also known as Iye and caustic soda is an

inorganic compound with formula (NaOH).

 It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium

cations Na+ and hydroxide anions OH.

 It is highly soluble In water.

 It has lower solubility in polar solvents like methanol and

ethanol.

INTRODUCTION TO AGGREGATE

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 Aggregate in materials science, a component of a composite
material that resist compressive stress.

 Construction aggregates materials used in construction,

including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled crushed
concrete.

INTRODUCTION TO FLY-ASH

 Fly-ash is also known as “pulverised fuel ash” in the united

kingdom is a coal combustion product composed of fine
particles that are driven out of the boiler with the fuel gases
in industries.

 Ash that falls in the bottom of the boiler is called bottom

ash. In modern coal-fired power plants, fly ash is generally
captured by electrostatic precipitators or the other particles
filtration equipment before the flue gases reach the
chimneys.

 Together with bottom ash removed from the bottom of the

boiler, it is known as coal ash.

INTRODUCTION TO SAND

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 Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of
finely divided rock and mineral properties.

 It is defined by size, being finer than gravel and coarser than

silt.

 Sand can also refer to a textural class of soil or soil type, I.e:
a soil containing more than 85%.

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

 In order to identify the strength of material.

 To use as an alternative product of ordinary port-land

cement.

 Substantial curb on production of carbon dioxide, as 01

Mega tonne of CO2 is released with every 03 Mega tonne of
ordinary port-land cement is produced.

 Converse land used for disposal of coal, combustion

products.

 Durable infrastructure with design life hundreds of years.

 To compare properties with conventional properties of

concrete.

PURPOSES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE MATERIAL

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 Geopolymer concrete is an innovative and eco-friendly
construction material and an alternative to ordinary port-
land cement.

 It reduces the demands of port-land cement which is highly

responsible for high CO2 emission.

 Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by product

from the blast furnace used to make iron.

 Producing one tonne of cement requires about 2 tonnes of

raw materials (shale and lime stones) and releases 0.87
tonne(H2 1 tonne) of CO2 , about 3 Kg of Nitrogen Oxide
(NOx), an air contaminant that contributes to ground level
smog and 0.4 Kg of PM10 (particulate matter of size 10
micro meter), an air borne particulate matter that is harmful
to the respiratory tract when inhaled.

 With proper formulation of mix ingredients, 24 hours

compressive strengths of 25 to 35 MPa can be achieved
without any need for any special curing.

 As day by day pollution is been increased in very rapid

manner so geopolymer can be takes place as a greener
substitute to an ordinary port land cement. Which can
reduce pollution as well as global warming.

LITERATURE REVIEW

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This represents a brief review of past studies on geopolymer
concrete and ceramic waste in concrete.

 “Investigation of early compressive strength of fly-ash

based geopolymer concrete”, (Paul Ziehl, Mohammad K.
ElBatanouny, Edward (Eddie) Deaver, Lateef N. Assi, 2016).

This study shows the effect of activation solutions, curing

condition and source materials such as fly-ash on compressive
strength of geopolymer concrete.

 “Geopolymer concrete: A review of some recent

developments”. (S.K. Bhattacharyya, M.Gupta, Ishwarya
G., B. singh-2015)

This paper describes the use of alkaline activator of

alumino silicate formed by the formation of geopolymer
concrete and its use in the construction of the opportunity.
With regard to the fresh and hardened state of the concrete,
the properties of the concrete made from Si-Al based adhesive
material are discussed.

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 “Mechanical properties of concrete utilizing waste ceramic
as a coarse aggregate ”, (Derrick J. Anderson, Scott T.
Smith, Francis T.K. Au-2016)

This paper reviews a coarse aggregate replacement in

normal concrete is investigated with three different waste
ceramic tile materials with replacement ratios of ceramic tiles
waste to normal aggregates including 20%, 25%, 35%, 50%,
65%, 75%, 80%, and 100%. Result shows that the ceramic waste
can be used with replacement to normal coarse aggregate in
concrete which shows in mechanical changes in properties of
concrete.

 “An overview of ceramic wastes management in

construction”, (Sh.K. Amin, H.A.Sibak, A. El-Sherbiny, M.F.
Abadir-2016)

This article gives information on the construction

materials including different kinds of ceramic wastes. The
traditional methods for producing construction materials are
using the readily available natural resources with some amount
of process. The industrial and urban management systems are
generating solid wastes, and most of them were dumped in
open fields. These cause serious environment pollution. So, to
save environment many types of efforts required to recycle
such types of wastes.

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MATERIALS SPECIFICATIONS

The proportions are been carried out by referring past

research papers and Tagochi’s method.

Sodium silicate: 4.5Litre

Sodium hydroxide: 0.720Litre

Water: 0.780Litre

Fly-ash: 11Kg

Coarse aggregate:
9.75Kg(50%w/w)

Fine aggregate: 17Kg

Ceramic waste: 9.75Kg(50%w/w)

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
We have taken 15x15cm cubes for testing.
80

70 66.77
63.85
Compressive Strength(in MPa)

60 55.35
49.17
50

40

30

20

10

0
GPC25 GPC35 GPC45 GPC50
Mix Design

From
above results we can conclude that load bearing capacity and
stress bearing capacity of geopolymer concrete is more than
normal concrete and also as this graph shows that at certain
proportions of replacing coarse aggregate to ceramics waste, it
gives higher compressive strength but after GPC35 its gradually
decreasing the value.

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