Introduction

“Terrorism is a contempt for human dignity”-Kjell Magne Bondevik

The UK the Terrorism Act 2000 defines terrorism as:

The use or threat of action designed to influence the government or an international

governmental organization or to intimidate the public, or a section of the public;
made for the purposes of advancing a political, religious, racial or ideological cause;
and it involves or causes:

 serious violence against a person;

 serious damage to a property;
 a threat to a person's life;
 a serious risk to the health and safety of the public; or
 serious interference with or disruption to an electronic system.1

HISTORICAL TERRORISM

Terrorism is not a 21st century phenomenon and has its roots in early remonstrance.
and political movements. The Sicarii were an early Jewish terrorist organisation
founded in the first century AD they wanted to remove from the power the Romans in
the Middle East. leader of the Zealots , Judas of Galilee, and a key influence on the
Sicarii, believed that the God alone should rule the Jews and armed resistance was
peremptory.

The stratagem employed by the Sicarii were detailed by the historian Josephus
around 50AD: "they would mingle with the crowd, carrying short daggers concealed
under their clothing, with which they stabbed their enemies. Then when they fell, the
murderers would join in the cries of indignation and, through this plausible behavior,
avoided discovery."1

1
https://www.questia.com/library/2988169/air-piracy-airport-security-and-international-
terrorism
 Terrorism have many other key examples in every nook and cranny of the history
before the modern terrorism of the 20th century. Guy Fawkes' failed attempt at
reinstating a Catholic monarch is an example of an early terrorist plot motivated by
religion. Meanwhile, example of state terrorism is the dominion of terror during
the French revolution.

KU KLUX KLAN(An American terrorist group)

The KKK used 3 main forms of terrorism which were lynching, bombings and shootings.
They are the group of people who believe in white supremacy and also use to beat and
whipped black. In America people ring a bell them by masks and pointy white hats. In 1866
by a group of confederate civil war veterans the Ku Klax Klan was set in motion. Orginally it
was not specifically a racist organization but by coincidence a lot of its vehemence was
directed towards blacks because they were the majority of the anti-south republicans at the
time. They were more widely recognized as the racial hate group in the later carnations of the
20’s and 60’s than they are acknowledged to be today.2

Modern terrorism after the second world war

In recent years use of terrorism to further a political cause has augmented. With the
ascend of nationalist movements in the old empires of the European powers modern
terrorism largely came into being after the second world war . Bruce Hoffman,
director of the Centre of Security Studies at Georgetown University writes that, "The
ability of these groups to mobilize sympathy and support outside the narrow
confines of their actual “theaters of operation” thus taught a powerful lesson
to similarly aggrieved peoples elsewhere, who now saw in terrorism an
effective means of transforming hitherto local conflicts into international
issues." In 1960s this blossoming paved the way for international terrorism..

September 11 attacks

September 11 attacks, also called 9/11 attacks, series of airline hijackings and
suicide attacks committed in 2001 by 19 militants associated with the Islamic
extremist group al-Qaeda against targets in the United States, the deadliest terrorist
attacks on American soil in U.S. history. The attacks of September 2001 is also
generally known as 9/11 . It also marked as the threshold of the ‘war on terror’.

2
https://www.history.com/topics/ku-klux-klan
The subsequent table throws light on the terrorist attacks pre- and post-9/11. It blows
the lead off that terrorism pre-9/11 was telescoped in Latin America and Asia, but
shifted to the Middle East post-9/11--Peru, Chile and El Salvador and exhaustively
disappear from the top 10.3

1970 to 9/10/2001 9/11/2001 to 2008

Rank Country % of All Attacks Country

1 Colombia 8.88 Iraq** 25.77

2 Peru* 8.35 India 9.48

3 El Salvador* 7.38 Afghanistan** 9.03

4 Northern Ireland 5.13 Pakistan 7.63

5 India 4.61 Thailand** 5.84

6 Spain 4.14 Philippines 3.85

7 Turkey 3.49 Russia 3.65

8 Chile* 3.15 Colombia 3.22

9 Sri Lanka 3.03 Israel 2.89

10 Philippines 2.96 Nepal** 2.55

In the following map kaleidoscopic of the concentration of global terrorist

activity can seen.

3
https://www.newamerica.org/in-depth/terrorism-in-america
Terrorism In India
History of terrorism in India
The main attribute of the terrorist activities in the form of religious terrorism is India’s
main talk through. The motivation of religious terrorism is typically rooted in the
based dogmas and is performed by group of cookies. To spread or enforce a system
of belief, viewpoint or conjecture on religion terrorist acts throughout the centuries
have been perpetrated on religious grounds. Till the time India got
independence(1947) , at least 232 of the country’s 608 districts were afflicted,
at different intensities, by various insurrectionist and terrorist movements. 800
terrorist organizations are operational in the country in the current framework.

The major incident of terrorist attack on India is 4

12 March 1993 - Series of 13 bombs go off killing 257

14 March 2003 - Bomb goes off in a train in Mulund killing

10

29 October 2005- Delhi bombings

2006- Varanasi bombings

11 July 2006 - Series of seven bombs go off in trains

killing

26 November 2008 to 29 November Coordinated series of attacks killing at

2008 - least170 .

This data shows that after 1980, the terrorist hullabaloos are increased in India.

4
Editorial, Reuters. "TIMELINE: Major attacks in India since 2003".
 26/11 attacks in India

The grim event of 26/11 have passed nine years. There is still , no shortage of similar events
in recent history. September 11 , 2001 attacks of Al Qaeda, the carnage at Al – Rawadh
mosque in Egypt , the massacre of school children in Beslan, and even the terrorist attack on
Mumbai in 1993 and 2006- all of these have taken a life greater than 26/11. Yet 26/11 have
stirred up two quintessential blowouts in India’s politics sermon. Firstly it has led to a
sublimation of public vexation and botheration with police and intelligence dispensation ,
which seemed unable to bulwark India’s citizens. It straightened out the agitation of citizens
against the India’s state meagerness to act on Pakistan’s sponsorship of terrorist group.
Undoubtedly, it can be that pleaded in favor that Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s search
for peace with Pakistan lost much of its legitimacy that middle of the night. For all the terms
of disparagement 26/11 gave rise to, though, neither of these issues can be said to have been
dispatched in a meaningful way. There are chronic inadequacy and insufficiency of
everything from personnel with specialist technology skills to language and area specialists.
India has unable to be in conformity with its incumbency to modernize basic policing and
emergency facilities. Intelligence, investigation and forensics potentialities are abysmal.5
Secondly India’s relationship with Pakistan remains most nerve wracking. A hawkish posture
has been sanctioned and acceded by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi – underlined by last
year’s cross- Line of Control raids earmarking targeting the Lashkar –e- Taiba. The actual
turnouts from his policies though, are deficient. Like the Bourbons, India has bygone nothing
and illuminated nothing.

5
https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/mumbai-26-11-attack-nine-years-later-lessons-unlearnt-al-
qaeda-attacks-terrorism/
6

ROHINGYA CRISIS (Buddhist Terrorism)

There are one millon Rohingaya people in Myanmar’s Rhakine state. The have
breathed there for generations and are predominantly Muslims ethnic group . An
ethnic group is a group of people who share, or are descended from, the same
cultural background.7 The Rohingaya people exclaim they have been ill-treated,
battered and abused by Myanmar’s government and military for many years. This
has often gave rise to violence and has caused rigidity between them 8 . The

6
https://im.rediff.com/news/2017/jun/05peace4-1.jpg
7
“ethnicity: definition of ethnicity
8
https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/41242024
Myanmar government says the Rohingya people are illgal immigrants from
Bangladesh who don’t have a rightful place in the country. The UN’s top official said
that the way the military responded to the attack at the end of August was “ clearly
disproportionate”. This means he does not conjecture that it was a fair way to reply
to the Rohingya attack by Arsa. Tens and thousands of Rohingyas had fled across
the border from their home state of Rhakine to Bangladesh, a country proximate
neighbor , in scout out safety. But Bangladesh does not give it’s eyeteeth for the
refugee Rohingyas into the country as it does not chime there. This is vamoosing
many Rohingya people with nowhere to accommodate. The UN says it has took
possession of reports of the Myanmar military breaking the law in how violent it has
been towards ordinary Rohingya people. Its top human right official aslo exclaimed
that he thinks the way the Rohingya people have been treated shows how the
authorities are trying to get rid off them from Myanmar. To exterminate a group of
people like this is christened ethnic cleansing9

The Rohingya people have became a emblem of human rights violations. Intimidated in
Myanmar and ejaculated on their flight to Bangladesh, the Burmese authorities mobilize law
and force to subjugate this ethnic-religious community. In the country, the supremacy of one

9
Rubenstein, James M. (2008). The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography. Pearson,. ISBN
9780131346819.
ethnic group hedges, highlighting their bones of contention , has made a shifting of constant
inhibition. This instance may cast our mind back too one of the Tamils in Sri Lanka.10

Peshawar school massacreTerrorist Attack

On December 16, 2014 , seven heavily armed Taliban fighters blustered
an army-run primary and secondary school in Peshwar , Pakistan. In
Peshawar school massacre attack 150 people were killed ,of whom at least
134 were students.
The Right to Education

The attacks in Peshawar are contemporary in a series of violations of Article 26 of

the Universal Declaration of Human Rights(1948)- The right to education- that had
occurred in at minimal of 30 countries across the world due to armed confrontation.11

In Pakistan, there were at over 838 attacks on school between 2009 and 2012
leaving hundreds of school annihilated and vindicating the lives of both students and
teachers. Mostly government-run school were high-flown , and exponents of female
education are particularly at danger.12

National Action Plan

In June 2014, in North Waziristan, Pakistan massive military action against
the local and foreign militants was set in motion but school attack showed
clearly to be the catalyst for the National Action Plan(NAP) by civil and
military leadership to restraint terrorism.

10
http://expertlegalreview.com/human-rights-rohingya-international-community/
11
https://www.britannica.com/event/Peshawar-school-massacre
12
https://gemreportunesco.wordpress.com/2014/12/18/peshawar-and-the-human-right-to-education/
Sri Lanka- the deadliest terror attacks since 9/11
On 21 April 2019, Eater Sunday , three churches in Sri Lanka and three extravagance hotels in
the commercial capital Colombo was over-blown and synchronized suicide bombings. In due
course that very day itself there were minor explosions at a housing complex in Dematagoda and
a guest house in Dehiwala. 258 people were killed including at least 46 foreign nationals.

The Easter attacks symbolize one of the most fatal and serious terrorist operations
since the September 11 attacks in the United States, outside of attacks within one
conflict zone.

The Easter weekend attacks represent the Al- qadea attacks of the 2000s than they
do currnt attacks of IS. Like the 2000 attacks on the USS Cole in Yemen, the 201
attacks in New work and Washington, the 2002 bombings in Bali,the 2003 truck
bombs in Istanbul, the 2004 train bombings in Madrid, the 2005 tube and bus
bombings in London, multiple attackers acting in concert were involved in Sri
Lanka. With the peculiarity of September 11, all of these also involved
spontaneous explosive instruments.

Over the past reigns, Al- Qaeda has been unable to accomplish out notable attacks
outside of conflict zones. It has tended to avoid indiscriminate mass killings, all the
whilst flourishing its global network of branches.

With the emergence of IS there was transformation of terrorist attacks. Most

attacks perched in conflict zones( Iraq, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan , southern
Philippines).

A number of considerable attacks were conducted well outside the field of

operations. On the minimum or lower limit there were at least four such attacks in
2014 , 16 in 2015 , 22 in 2016, 18 in 217 , and 10 in 2018. By lone actors vast
majority of these attacks were conducted.
Why Sri Lanka?
The other matter of contention is how one of the deadliest terrorist attacks ever was
able to be carried out in Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka was a soft target. In decade ago through military Sri Lanka had
successfully defeated the Tamil Tigers rebelgroup a decade ago. So Sri Lanka
became complacent . So the need for developing police and non military
intelligence capacity to converse terrorism were unheeded.13

The extensive attacks in Sri Lanka over Easter serve to remind us the point of issue
that were the energetic network will knock in future.

November 2015 Paris Attack

On November 13th 2015 there was an attack in Paris,France. In Stande de France ,

Saint- Denis three bombers struck outside the stadium during a football match. 130
people were killed by the attackers and seven of the attackers also died. Since the
second world war November 2015 attacks was the deadliest in France and the
second deadliest in the European union since the Madrid train bombing in 2004.

In aftermath to the attacks , a 3 month state of emergency was declared all over the country to
help fight against terrorist. As a result public demonstration was officially forbidden and police

13
https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/lessons-learnt-from-2014-peshawar-school-attack-that-killed-147-
people-1.60970454
were granted permission to search without a warrant, they got the power to put anyone under the
arrest without trall and websites were also blocked that supported act of terrorism.

New Emergency Powers Threaten Right

The expanded emergency powers made permissible to the government

to put a person under house arrest without consent from a judge,
without a judicial warrant conduct searches were allowed so they got the
power to seize any computer files it find, and they also got the power to
block websites which conceived to had terrorism without prior judicial
assent.

The uncanny law had grants the French government immense domain
to restrict liberty of movement and could direct to restriction on
movement that develop into deprivation of liberty. Freedom of
movement and the right to liberty are guaranteed under the European
Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), both of which France has ratified.
According to the new law, the interior minister were allowed to to put
under house arrest anyone “ against whom there are serious reasons to
believe his or her behavior constitute a threat to public order and
security.” The immense capacity for the minister, with no requisite for
the judicial authorization or review, had expeditiously led to abuse.

The law further was added which made that if the person has undergone
house arrest and had been convicted of a grave terrorism offense in the
past and has completed serving their sentence lea than eight years earlier
then the interior minister had got the power to monitor the movement
of that very particular person with a device, but not without the person’s
consent.

With the coming of new law it can also be said that here was violation to
freedom of expression and to privacy under ECHR and ICCPR by
empowering the authorities authorizing the search to access and copy
digital data saved on electronic devices on the site or accessible from
those devices. To safeguards to limit the application, dissemination of
data collected ,retention and even if there was no connection of
wrongdoings search could be made.
The law also allowed the government dissolve organisaton and groups
broadly illustrated as “ participating in carrying out acts that seriously
breach public public order or whose activities facilitate carrying out or
incite such an activity.”

“France has a responsibility to ensure public safety and try to prevent further attacks,
but the police has used their new emergency powers in abusive, discriminatory, and
unjustified way.,”said Izza Leghtas, Western Europe researcher at Human
Rights Watch. “This abuse has traumatized families and tarnished
reputations, leaving targets feeling like second-class citizens”14

So it can be said that France had made unjustified laws which resulted in
violation of a human rights.

Incident 1 : In one house raid, police entered in a disabled man’s house

and bused up his four teeth and later they realized that he wasn’t the
same person they were searching for. In a further case , a single mother’s
children were handed over to foster care following a raid. People were
now fearful of police and were also ostracized by their acquaintance.

Measures like searches and aids should always be done with judicial
authorization, and even in urgent scenario it should take place under
accelerated steps keeping in mind that right of a human should not be
violated.

Incident 2: The majority of searches and home arrest which took place
was particularly targeted to the people who were of North African
descent and of muslim community. Many people said that they were
targeted because they were Muslims.

Under article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights

(ECHR) and article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights (ICCPR), the government can impose restrictions on
certain rights, including freedom of movement, expression, and
association, during states of emergency, but only “to the extent strictly
14
required by the exigencies of the situation.” Any governs and steps taken
must guarantee that the law is strictly commensurate with the aim
carried out and the powers are not executed in a prejudiced manner and
do not discriminate people of a particular social group, ethnicity an
religion.

Incident 3 ; “ Ayub” a Muslim who was residing in France as a refugee

for 10 years and lives with his wife and four children, said police raided
his home on November 2, 2015, and placed him under a house arrest
on grounds of being a “ radical” and gathering and sending money to
fund jihad in Syria, which he absolutely and unconditionally disowns.

Ayub said that he has a prosthetic leg and going to his local police
station thrice a day becomes trouble for him as it requires more physical
hard pull than his day to day routine and because of his health condition
it results in a physical pain. The order also restricts his from leaving the
small town situated near Orleans where he reside and from heading out
between 8 p.m and 6.00 am.

“The police station is seven kiloetres from my home ”;he said. “ The bus
stop is 300 metres from my home, and every time (I walk there)in hurts
. I cant walk fo more betweem 100r 200 metres.”

Ayub said that “ I’m tired morally and physically depressed because of
this house arrest” he takes a extra medication to relieve the pain, he is
suffering for abdominal bleeding for which he was ushered into hospital.
He also said that the walking had created excruciation and agony which
has created trouble for him.
Jihad it is most common term use to radicalize Muslim youth to take wepons in their
hand and took innocent life in the name of religion and to please almighty. To have
a place in heaven

Jihad

Jihad literally means struggle or effort, and it means much more the holy
war.

Muslims use the word Jihad to describe three different kinds of struggle:
 A believer's internal struggle to live out the Muslim faith as well as
possible

 The struggle to build a good Muslim society

 Holy war: the struggle to defend islam, with force if necessary

Many modern writers claim that the main meaning of Jihad is the internal
spiritual struggle, and this is accepted by many Muslims.

However there are so many references to Jihad as a military struggle in

Islamic writings that it is incorrect to claim that the interpretation of Jihad
as holy war is wrong.

What a Jihad is not

If following are intension then it is not Jihad:

 Forcing people to convert islam

 Colonizing Nation

 Conquer area for economic gain

 Demonstrating a power of leader

Although the Prophet engaged in military action on a number of

occasions, these were battles to survive, rather than conquest, and took
place at a time when fighting between tribes was common.

The Qur'an on Jihad

The Qur'an has many passages about fighting. Some of them advocate
peace, while some are very warlike. The Bible, the Jewish and Christian
scripture, shows a similar variety of attitudes to war.

Fight in the way of Allah against those who fight against you, but begin
not hostilities. Lo! Allah loveth not aggressors.

Qur'an 2:190

To those against whom war is made, permission is given (to fight),

because they are wronged;- and verily, Allah is most powerful for their
aid.
Qur'an 22:39

Therefore if they withdraw from you but fight you not, and (instead) send
you (Guarantees of) peace, then Allah Hath opened no way for you (to
war against them).

Qur'an 4:90

But if the enemy incline towards peace, do thou (also) incline towards
peace, and trust in Allah: for He is One that heareth and knoweth (all
things).

Qur'an 8:6115

I asked a Islamic scholar What Jihad maens? He Replied:

“Jihad is an ideological religious war against evil forces residing in oneself & others. The
main purpose of Jihad is to eradicate impure thoughts from human bodies and raise war
against evil thought prevalent in society. Literal meaning of Jihad is to win over our
weakness and frailties and go beyond them. Therefore it is wrong to say that jihad is war
against non-Muslims. It is true Jihad gets distorted to mean it terrorism and support for
terrorism. It is totally wrong that it promotes radicalism among Muslim youth. It teaches
about peace, compassion tolerance and co-existence. It is clear if any person succeeds to get
evil thoughts rid of his mind he become pure, free from any dark ideas. One who wins over
his bad things in himself he becomes pure and he contributes peace to be spread among
different civilization. The critic of Islam always misunderstood tenant contains in Jihad and
acquiesce Islam on the basis of these to promote terrorism which is not correct.”

In my opinion:
“Attempts must be made to warn Muslim youth who are easy target of Islamic fundamentalist
who misguide them to radicalism by misinterpreting Jihad to them and excite them to be
means of destruction. Therefore it is need of hour to wage war against Islamic terrorism in
scantly so that youth among Muslim are not got attracted to dark forces of destruction.”

15
https://www.whyislam.org/faqs/verses-of-quran-on-jihad/